QUANTIFICATION OF BITUMEN PARTICLES IN AEROSOL AND SOIL SAMPLES USING HP-GPC

ABSTRACT

A method for identifying and quantifying bitumen particles, generated from the wear of roadway asphalts, in aerosol and soil samples has been developed. Bitumen is found to be the only contributor to airborne particles containing organic molecules with molecular weights larger than 2000 g pr. mol. These are separated and identified using High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC) with fluorescence detection. As an additional detection method Infra Red spectrometry (IR) is employed for selected samples, The methods have been used on aerosol, soil and other samples.     

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND IR SPECTRAL STUDIES OF THE PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM EXTRACTIVE DISINTEGRATION OF COAL

ABSTRACT

Assam coal was extracted in anthracene oil, in quinoline and in liquid paraffin. The gases evolved during the extraction/reaction of Assam coal in anthracene oil and in liquid paraffin, were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The IR spectra of residual coals were compared with the IR spectrum of original Assam coal. An increase in absorption at 710 cm^?1, decrease in 2940-2860 cm^?1 and increase in nitrogen contents of residual coal was observed in the residual coal obtained from the extractive disintegration.     

STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE OF HEAVY OILS

ABSTRACT

The structural parameters of six heavy oils have been calculated with n-d-M, Brown-Ladner and ¹HNMR/IR method in this paper. The aliphatic H/C atomic ratio Hs/Cs i.e. x values were obtained from IR spectra combining with ¹HNMR spectra. The comparison of structural parameters calculated by ¹HNMR/IR, Brown Ladner and n-d-M methods were carried out for the six heavy oils. It is proposed that the ¹HNMR/IR method gives more precise average molecular parameters than the Brown-ladner method. N-d-M method can gives right molecular structural parameters for some heavy oils with lower molecular weight, but the information of molecular structure obtained by it is limited.     

COMPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF V1SBROKEN RESIDUES

Abstract

Visbroken residues (150°C⁺) obtained from soaker visbreaking of a short residue under different severity conditions were characterized for structural and compositional details by IR, H-n.m.r, Column Chromatography VPO and other classifical techniques. The variation of these parameters/data with severity of operation measured in the term of conversion (wt % yield of 150°C) were used to explain the reactions occurring and quality of fuel oil produced.     

A STUDY ON ACIDITY AND CATALYTIC PROPERTY OF [B] ZSM-5 CATALYST MODIFIED WITH SILICON COMPOUND BY CHEMICAL SURFACE DEPOSITION OF LIQUID-PHASE TECHNIQUE

ABSTRACT

The boron heteroatom zeolite catalyst has been modified with silicon compound by Chemical Surface Deposition of Liquid-phase (CLD) technique and the catalytic property of the modified catalyst is studied. Meanwhile, the acidity of the modified zeolite catalysts is characterized through TPD and IR technique, and the fluid adsorption method is used to determine its pore structure. The relationship between the catalytic property of the zeolite catalyst and its pore structure, its acidity has been found. The results of toluene–ethylene alkylation reaction indicate that the selectivity of p-ethyltoluene on the modified zeolite catalyst is higher than that on the zeolite catalyst before silanizated, reaching 94.14%.     

On the photochemical phenomenon in TATB

Abstract

TATB (1,3,5 triaminotrinitrobenzene) is a yellow compound that slowly changes to green upon exposure to sunlight. IR, UV-Visible, and ESCA data pertaining to this phenomenon are presented. It is shown that various types of irradiation can induce NO₂ loss, radical formation, or secondary amine production in TATB. Molecular orbital calculations are used to dispute the previously assigned structure of the radical in irradiated TATB.     

UPGRADING OF COAL-DERIVFD LIQUIDS. 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF UPGRADED LIQUIDS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DISTILLATION

ABSTRACT

Gas chromatographic distillation (GCD) based ors ASTM 02887 has been applied to characterizing the boiling range distribution of upgraded coal-derived liquids. It has beer demonstrated that the GCD method based on ASTM D2887 can be used as a substitute for ASTM D2892. A variety of coal-derived liquids can be characterized and the procedure may be effective for estimating the degree of conversion as a means of screening for hydroconversion catalysts.     

BIODEGRADATION OF NEYVELI LIGNITE AND ASSAM COAL

Abstract

Neyveli lignite and Assam coal were subjected to biodegradation using bacteria and microfungi in the solid state fermentation technique. Neyveli lignite was found to show more biosolubilization than Assam coal. Neyveli lignite was also subjected to biodegradation using liquid state fermentation technique employing corynebacterium renale, Pseudomonas striata, Escherichia coli, spherotilus natans, streptococci microfungi. Solid state fermentation technique yielded better biosolubilization results than liquid state fermentation technique. Extractability of biodegraded coal in chloroform was enhanced. The IR spectral studies indicated oxidation and demineralization of microbially treated coals.     

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL SURFACTANTS FROM CHINESE OIL SAND BITUMENS

Abstract

Natural surfactants(NS) have been isolated from four Chinese oil sand bitumens (NNY,NSY,SNE,SUG) using the method of solvent extraction. These compounds were analyzed by IR and their interfacial tension (γ) against pH were measured. The results were compared with these obtained for fractions separated from the bitumen by conventional methods. The factors of NS to the extraction of bitumen from oil sand by hot water were investigated.     

OXIDATION OF BITUMEN IN THE PRESENCE OF A CONSTANT CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN

ABSTRACT

The rate of oxidation of bitumens oxidised in an approximately constant concentration of oxygen (300 psi air in a pressure vessel) can be accurately described by an equation derived assuming two concurrent simple first order reactions. The equation was successfully fitted to oxidation rate data obtained in terms of viscosity increase of neat bitumen under 300 psi of air at 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, and carbonyl group content in solution (6-15%) at 30°C. Bitumen oxidation can be generalised as consisting of a group of fast reactions obeying approximately first order kinetics, and involving carbonyl and sulphoxide formation and a much slower process involving carbonyl formation which is approximately constant over the experimental time frame. Parameters in the equation can be used as a simple means to compare the durability of bitumens oxidised at temperatures characteristic of field conditions.     

Synthesis OF N,N1-BIS(2–nitro–benzodifuroxanyl) –3,5–dinitro–2,6–diaminopyridine

Abstract

N,N¹-bis(2-nitro-benzodifuroxanyl)-3,5-dinitro-2,6-diaminopyridine has been synthesized from 2,6-diaminopyridine and trinitrotrichlorobenzene, Yields of 80 - 90% were obtained under extremely mild reaction conditions. For this end compound,The structure has been determined by elemental analysis,IR, ¹HNMR, and MS spectroscopies.     

Structural Characterization of Different Asphaltenes of Kuwaiti Origin

Abstract

Asphaltenes obtained by precipitation from crude Kuwaiti oils have been analyzed by proton magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) and Infrared (IR) spectral techniques. The molecular weight and elemental analysis were also determined. These combined analytical data were used for the characterization of these Kuwaiti oils. The asphaltenes molecular weights range from approximately 4200–6500 with an H/C ratio of 0.91–1.1 with an average 45–71% aromatic carbons. The average side chain length was of 4–6 carbons. It can also be concluded that the asphaltenes under investigation contain 5–9 sets of condensed aromatic rings joined together by bridges of alkyl chains or other hetero atoms and the average number of each of these sets of condensed aromatic rings is nearly 7. There are a number of alicyclic rings and condensed alicyclic rings in asphaltene. The IR spectra showed main molecular groups including OH, NH, SH, C=O and aliphatic and aromatic C-H′s.     

EXTRACTION ENHANCEMENT OF COAL THROUGH EPOLYMERIZATION REACTION BY PRIOR ALKALINE TREATMENT

ABSTRACT

Assam coal was treated with sodium hydroxide in phenol. The alkali treated coal was depolymerized using p-toluenesulphonic acid in phenol. The quinoline extractability of depolymerized coal was found to have been enhanced as a result of alkali pretreatment over that of the depolymerized original coal. Different alkali-coal ratios were used in the alkali pretreatment of coal and their effect on the depolymerization reaction has been studied. Depolymerized coal extracts were found to contain increased amount of colloidal matter as a result of alkali pretreatment. Alkali pretreatment also reduced the degree of cross-linking in the structure of depolymerized coals as revealed by swelling studies. This was also confirmed by the IR spectra studies. Effect of alkaline degradation (treatment) on the reduction of catalyst (p-toluenesulphonic acid) amount in the depolymerization reaction has been studied. Alkali pretreatment followed by     

n-DIOCTADECYL FUMARATE–VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER: SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION AS FLOW IMPROVER FOR OILS

ABSTRACT

Monomer n-dioctadecyl fumarate (DOF), and copolymers (C₁₈FVA) of DOF with vinyl acetate were synthesized. Monomer and copolymers were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, VPO and DSC. Due to the special structure of DOF, only copolymers containing 45.9%–97.8% (mol) DOF were obtained. The crystalline CH₂ numbers on polymer side chain χ were calculated from enthalpy determined by DSC, and it was found that χ slightly decreased with increasing vinyl acetate content. C₁₈FVA can be used as flow improver for viscous oil and residual oil, and the more the crystalline CH₂ number on the side chains, the better lattice match between copolymer and wax crystal structure of oils.     

THE CONCEPT OF ASPHALTENES REVISITED

ABSTRACT

Petroleum asphaltenes are defined as material insoluble in pentane or heptane and the nature of the molecular species that constitute asphaltenes has been a well researched subject over the past three decades. These investigations have led to a general consensus of the majority of researchers that asphaltenes contain condensed aromatic systems carrying alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heteroatom substituents. A variety of molecular models has been developed which have been used to explain the behavior of asphaltenes in feedstocks during recovery and processing operations

However, an alternate concept introduced the idea that asphaltenes can be defined as a complex mixture of organic compounds of varying molecular weight and polarity. This allows asphaltenes to be described more fully in terms of their behavior during processes and properties in products, such as asphalt

Thus, the concept can be used to explain, even predict, the incompatibility of asphaltenes with the other petroleum constituents as well as the deposition of asphaltic material on reservoir rock and the occurrence of sediments during refinery operations.     

SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR COAL LIQUID ANALYSES

ABSTRACT

A review of adsorption chromatography in coal liquids analyses reveals a multitude of closely related methods. This paper the use of distribution coefficient measurement (K_D) as a tool for systematically evaluating chromatographic separations. The KQ for model compounds can be used to select adsorbents, optimize elution solvents, and standardize activity. Such K_D measurements have been used to design a scheme for separating coal liquids Into five well defined fractions.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF WAXES ISOLATED FROM HEAVY OILS PRODUCED FROM NORTHWEST ASPHALT RIDGE TAR SANDS

ABSTRACT

During the late 1970's, the Laramie Energy Technology Center operated two in-situ combustion projects in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge tar sand deposit of Utah. Some of the heavy oils produced were observed to have high pour points, which resulted in handling problems in cold weather. These heavy oils contain waxes, which were found to be n-alkane homologues ranging past carbon number 60. These alkanes seem to have been derived from what are probably Ozokerite veins, which are found in the tar sand deposit. Samples from these veins and waxes derived from produced heavy oils were studied using 13C NMR, IR, and chemical ionization mass spectrometry.     

FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE USE OF BITUMEN AND HEAVY OILS TO PROCESS COAL

ABSTRACT

The use of oil sands bitumen, heavy oil and liquids derived therefrom can be successfully used to liquefy an Alberta subbituminous B coal. The data indicate that by co-processing coal with these solvents, coal conversions and yields of liquid products are favorably compared with those obtained using anthracene oil as solvent.     

AN APPROACH TO THE CHANGES OF NON-HYDROCARBONS DURING THE DETERIORATION OF THE STABILITY OF FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKED DIESEL

ABSTRACT

The problem of the instability of Fluidized Catalytic Cracked (FCC) Diesel is becoming an increasing concern in the refinery industry. The objective of this paper is to study the changes of non-hydrocarbons in FCC diesel during the deterioration of the stability by IR, GC and UV. It is demonstrated that during the storage or under stressing conditions, the diesel becomes deteriorated, and some unstable phenols, thiols and some nitrogen compounds involve in the color change and deposit formation. The content of thiols and phenols reduces during the accelerated aging of diesel. The contents of heteroatoms (S, N, O) in the deposit are a few times higher than that in the diesel. When phenols or thiols in diesel are removed, the stability of diesel is improved to some degree.     

STUDY ON THE PREPARATION OF ASPHALT WITH SPECIAL USES FROM CHINESE TAR SANDS

ABSTRACT

Tar sand heavy oil ( TSHO ) was extracted from Xinjiang Xiaoxigou and Fengcheng tar sands. The basic properties of the TSHO were investigated. It is found that the TSHOs are not suitable to produce paving asphalt. However, some asphalt products with special uses were prepared from the TSHOs. The results show that Xiaoxigou TSHO can be used to produce anticorrosion asphalt for pipeline. Fengcheng TSHO, blended with kramai vacuum residuum and Gudao vacuum residuum, can be used to produce painting and polishing asphalt. The influence of the blending asphalt's SARA compositions on their qualities was also investigated.