Hybrid artificial intelligence approach to urban planning

Knowledge-based modeling and implementation of the various urban planning processes represent an intensive research area. This paper presents a hybrid artificial intelligence system using a knowledge-based approach, neural networks and fuzzy logic that automates the decision-making process in urban planning. The system is used for developing urban development alternatives based on real-world data. Results show that, by integrating knowledge-based systems, artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems, the system achieves improvements in the implementation of each respective system as well as an increase in the breadth of functionality within the application. With this approach, the best of three technologies can be compiled together to solve complex urban problems. We discuss the structure of the combined technologies, as well as providing examples of its application in the field of urban development.     

Composition of image analysis processes through object-centeredhierarchical planning

This paper presents a new approach to the knowledge-based composition of processes for image interpretation and analysis. Its computer implementation in the VISIPLAN (Vision Planner) system provides a way of modeling the composition of image analysis processes within a unified, object-centered hierarchical planning framework. The approach has been tested and shown to be flexible in handling a reasonably broad class of multi-modality biomedical image analysis and interpretation problems. It provides a relatively general design or planning framework, within which problem specific image analysis and recognition processes can be generated more efficiently and effectively. In this way, generality is gained at the design and planning stages, even though the final implementation stage of interpretation processes is almost invariably problem- and domain-specific     

A knowledge-based framework for image enhancement in aviation security

The main aim of this paper is to present a knowledge-based framework for automatically selecting the best image enhancement algorithm from several available on a per image basis in the context of X-ray images of airport luggage. The approach detailed involves a system that learns to map image features that represent its viewability to one or more chosen enhancement algorithms. Viewability measures have been developed to provide an automatic check on the quality of the enhanced image, i.e., is it really enhanced? The choice is based on ground-truth information generated by human X-ray screening experts. Such a system, for a new image, predicts the best-suited enhancement algorithm. Our research details the various characteristics of the knowledge-based system and shows extensive results on real images.     

Implementation of a knowledge-based PID auto-tuner

This paper presents a particular implementation of a knowledge-based control system. It attempts to show how heuristics developed in recent research on intelligent PID control can be implemented to attain some of the visionary goals of knowledge-based control. The other characteristics of the implementation are the blackboard architecture of the knowledge base, and the clear separation of heuristic logic from the numerical algorithms.     

Knowledge-based image retrieval with spatial and temporalconstructs

A knowledge-based approach to retrieve medical images by feature and content with spatial and temporal constructs is developed. Selected objects of interest in an image are segmented and contours are generated. Features and content are extracted and stored in a database. Knowledge about image features can be expressed as a type abstraction hierarchy (TAH), the high-level nodes of which represent the most general concepts. Traversing TAH nodes allows approximate matching by feature and content if an exact match is not available. TAHs can be generated automatically by clustering algorithms based on feature values in the databases and hence are scalable to large collections of image features. Since TAHs are generated based on user classes and applications, they are context- and user-sensitive. A knowledge-based semantic image model is proposed to represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics. The model provides a mechanism for accessing and processing spatial, evolutionary and temporal queries. A knowledge-based spatial temporal query language (KSTL) has been developed that extends ODMG's OQL and supports approximate matching of features and content, conceptual terms and temporal logic predicates. Further, a visual query language has been developed that accepts point-click-and-drag visual iconic input on the screen that is then translated into KSTL. User models are introduced to provide default parameter values for specifying query conditions. We have implemented the KMeD (Knowledge-based Medical Database) system using these concepts     

一种基于FPGA和DSP的视频处理系统

该文介绍了一种基于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）和数字信号处理器（DSP）的实时视频处理系统,此系统以FPGA为数据缓冲和逻辑控制单元,DSP为图像数据处理单元.该文介绍了此视频处理系统的整体结构,详细讨论了从色空间RGB到YCbCr的转换,并给出了转换前后的图像对照.同时也介绍了视频数据流的缓冲处理,以及DSP和FPGA轮流对双口RAM的控制,最后介绍了用DSP实现图像压缩的过程.通过此系统的实现可以看出,使用FPGA实现视频处理系统的控制,可以提高系统的性能,同时使得系统的适应性和灵活性强,设计调试方便.     

Parallel thinning algorithms on multicomputers: experimental study on load balancing

In this work, a practical implementation of two parallel thinning algorithms on a multicomputer system are described. The solution has been conceived for a multiprocessor using the SPMD (single program multiple data) programming model. Our main goal is intended to describe our experiences on data partition/distribution among processors for parallel thinning algorithms as a representative type of algorithm where communications take place between neighbor processors and the work load for each processor depends on the input data. It will be shown how the efficiency of the parallel implementation can be improved through the application of a preprocess. This preprocess is based on the analysis of the work load balance. An analysis of the communication cost is also made. Although the results shown here are concerned with the implementations of two parallel thinning algorithms we think that our proposal about data distribution is general and useful for a wide set of algorithms in the field of image processing. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implementation of a knowledge base for interpreting and driving integrated circuit floorplanning algorithms

An experimental integrated circuit floorplanning system is presented. The system uses a combined knowledge-based/algorithmic approach. The knowledge-based system drives the algorithms and interprets their results. This approach permits the automation of tasks that have not been automated before and permits the definition of a floorplanning strategy that successfully manages the complexity of the problem. In addition, the combined approach permits an early pruning of the solution space of the combinatorial floorplanning problem. The implementation of the approach needs a careful choice of knowledge and context representation. The nature of the knowledge domain dictates the use of design quality factors which play an important role in rule conflict resolution. Extracts of the system operation are given with floorplanning examples that show the advantages of the approach.     

Multilabel partition moves for MRF optimization

This paper presents new graph-cut based optimization algorithms for image processing problems. Popular graph-cut based algorithms give approximate solutions and are based on the concept of partition move. The main contribution of this work consists in proposing novel partition moves called multilabel moves to minimize Markov random field (MRF) energies with convex prior and any likelihood energy functions. These moves improve the optimum quality of the state-of-the-art approximate minimization algorithms while controlling the memory need of the algorithm at the same time. Thus, the two challenging problems, improving local optimum quality and reducing required memory for graph construction are handled with our approach. These new performances are illustrated on some image processing experiments, such as image restoration and InSAR phase unwrapping.     

Test data generation based on a formal analysis of the project configuration data

A method of preparation of the test data that provides a specified level of coverage of the requirements for functional testing is proposed. The application of the method simplifies the maintenance of the project life cycle data configuration, which includes the requirements, source code, and generated tests, in a consistent state. A classification of software defects is introduced. An approach to formalization of the analysis requirement and implementation of the tested system based on the presentation of a partition into classes of equivalency in the form of a logic equation system is proposed. An approximate method of solving the acquired equations is proposed. The applicability of the method in real processes of industrial projects is discussed.     

高层次综合的实有化逻辑图自动生成关键技术的研究

研究的逻辑图自动生成系统是“九五”微电子重点科技预研项目的成果“实用化专用集成电路高层次自动化设计系统－Talent系统”的子系统,该系统通过对电路网表有效的识别与划分、逻辑单元的布局及互连信号线的布线等,自动生态具有一定逻辑功能且布局美观规范的逻辑原理图。该文重点研究逻辑图自动生成实用化过程中的关键技术,将人工智能基于规则的知识表示与形式化算法相结合,提出有效的自动布局方法;应用模式识别理论和方法解决逻辑图的自动布线问题,提出基于决策树的通道分配方法,并设计一套完整的规则体系;进而,文中给出详细的划分模型,并在此基础上,结合逻辑原理图的特点实现了两种有效的划分算法：（1）种子生成的构造式划分算法;（2）迭代改进划分算法。其中算法（1）的设计思想主要源于贪婪构造,而算法（2）则对经典的最小分割划分算法Kernigham－Lin算法进行改进。基于上述研究实现的逻辑图自动生成系统,能够在很短的时间内生成美观规范、可读性好的逻辑图,为整个系统实用化做出了贡献。     

超分布超并行智能处理的同步均质竞争行波方法

本文提出的竞争行波的原理，机制和算法，用于超分布超并行智能处理，克服了传统的符号逻辑串行算法和通常的神经网络方法在人工智能问题求解方面面临的许多困难。本文集中论述了竞争行波中最基本的一类同步均质竞争行波，及其超分布超并行问题求解算法，讨论了它们的性质和应用，并与其它著名的经典搜索算法相比较，表明了本文方法多方面的优点及广泛的应用前景     

Synthesis of mathematical-modeling software

Sinapse, a knowledge-based, domain-specific system for synthesizing mathematical-modeling software, is discussed. Sinapse generates Fortran-77, Connection Machine Fortran, or C programs from specifications of mathematical equations and numerical methods. The synthesis process is divided into phases of refinement that attempt to duplicate the users' problem-solving processes in the design, implementation, and evolution states of mathematical modeling. These phases, with automated implementation, help modelers increase their productivity because they can write concise specifications and quickly experiment with variations on their models and algorithms by modifying specifications rather than implementations     

Knowledge-based control for finite element analysis

This paper shows that control logic may be separated from analysis software and that a knowledge-based expert system can use this logic to perform interactive computation. Heuristics that control a simple interactive finite element analysis program are represented using a rule-based format and are used by a goal-driven logic processor to invoke analysis activity.Traditional algorithm-oriented control and the proposed knowledge-based control are compared in a simple displacement computation scenario to identify the advantages/disadvantages of the two approaches. General activities and constraints, practical methods of reasoning and representation, and knowledge-based expert systems are discussed with emphasis on applications to interactive finite element analysis.An analysis control expert system has been developed for use in the numerical analysis of two-dimensional linear problems in solid and structural mechanics. An example problem is used to clarify the methods used to direct activity and to identify the problems associated with conditional task processing for interactive analysis.The main difference between the analysis program described in this paper and conventional analysis programs is related to the control architecture. The general conclusion of this paper is that knowledge-based control is more effective and flexible than algorithm-oriented control.     

Designing a knowledge-based system for benchmarking: A DEA approach

First developed by Xerox in 1979, benchmarking provides measurement and comparison to improve processes and achieve higher performance. Benchmarking has proven a powerful tool for total quality management and process improvement. Successful benchmarking implementation is based on an effective benchmarking tool. To effectively implement benchmarking processes, this work proposes an integrated framework for the benchmarking tool and knowledge-based system using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, and then develops an intellectual benchmarking knowledge-based system (BKBS) for benchmarking, performance evaluation and process improvement. Accordingly, this work illustrates how the benchmarking knowledge-based system (BKBS) is implemented in a medical center. This system can help determine the particular benchmarking partners to evaluate the relative efficiency and fill the gaps between the benchmarking partners in the healthcare industry. Finally, the intellectual benchmarking knowledge-based system offers a very fast way to implement the benchmarking processes.     

生成诊断公式的有限状态进程等价验证

分析有限状态进程互模拟等价判定技术,探讨了诊断公式的生成问题.给出了将有限状态进程转化为带标号的迁移系统,修改了Paige和Trajan求解最粗划分的算法,使其适用于带标号的迁移系统.给出生成Hennessy-Milner逻辑描述的诊断公式的算法,当两个进程不能互模拟时,产生两个诊断公式.算法的时间复杂度为O(m log n),空间复杂度为O(m+n).     

Video image scaling technology based on adaptive interpolation algorithm and TTS FPGA implementation

With the rapid development of digital multimedia terminals, the scaling of video images has solved the needs of high-end displays for low-resolution signals and high-definition signals displayed by low-end displays. The main purpose of this article is to convert the input video image signal into a video image signal with the required resolution through video image scaling. This article mainly studies various image scaling algorithms, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages, and adopts a top-down design method to implement FPGA video scaling design and verify the correctness of the results. This article introduces various traditional image interpolation algorithms. On the basis of comparing the subjective and objective quality of the image after the summation of various algorithms, the fuzzy interpolation algorithm is used to zoom the video image. In FPGA design, horizontal scaling and vertical scaling are handled separately, which reduces the computational complexity of image upgrades and facilitates control logic and specific implementation. The experimental results of this paper show that the maximum working frequency that the designed image scaling unit can reach is 153.12 MHz, which can process 1080p video signals in real time. Video image scaling technology has broad market prospects.     

Knowledge-directed inspection for complex multilayered patterns

Combining the knowledge-based processing with image processing is considered a key issue in the future of visual inspection of complex patterns such as multilayered semiconductor wafers. However, present technology restricts this combination, mainly because of the exhaustively long time usually required for each type of processing. To cope with this situation, a unique knowledge-directed image processing method is proposed, in which every image processing step is controlled in real time by parametric knowledge driven by design patterns. The resulting structure of the image processor is a pipeline, in which each piece of knowledge is embodied as a combination of a hardware processing unit and control unit. In this paper the types of knowledge and their implementation are explained, and an inspection machine for logic IC wafers based on this pipelined knowledgedirected image processing is introduced.     

A fuzzy PLC with gain-scheduling control resolution for a thermal process – a case study

This paper presents a case study on the practical implementation of a fuzzy-PLC system for a thermal process. The theoretical study indicates that the inferior performance of fuzzy-controlled processes around a reference point is often caused by insufficient resolution of the fuzzy inference. The limitations of ladder logic cannot support complex algorithms for resolution improvement. A simple gain adaptation method is presented here, to achieve smooth fuzzy control, that can be easily implemented in a PLC system. Real-time experiments on an unidentified thermal process show the effectiveness of the approach, as well as the robustness of the fuzzy controller with respect to the time-varying features of the process.