S2R2:基于相关性与冗余性分析的半监督特征选择

特征选择是模式识别与数据挖掘的关键问题之一,它可以移除数据集中的冗余和不相关特征以提升学习性能。基于最大相关最小冗余准则,提出一种新的基于相关性与冗余性分析的半监督特征选择方法(S2R2),S2R2方法独立于任何分类学习算法。该方法首先对无监督相关度信息度量进行分析与扩充,然后结合信息增益,设计一种半监督特征相关性与冗余性度量,可以有效识别与移除不相关和冗余特征,最后采用增量搜索技术贪婪地构建特征子集,避免搜索指数级大小的解空间,提高算法的运行效率。本文还提出S2R2方法的快速过滤版本,FS2R2,以更好地应对大规模特征选择问题。多个标准数据集上的实验结果表明了所提方法的有效性和优越性。     

Unsupervised text feature selection technique based on hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm with genetic operators for the text clustering

The text clustering technique is an appropriate method used to partition a huge amount of text documents into groups. The documents size affects the text clustering by decreasing its performance. Subsequently, text documents contain sparse and uninformative features, which reduce the performance of the underlying text clustering algorithm and increase the computational time. Feature selection is a fundamental unsupervised learning technique used to select a new subset of informative text features to improve the performance of the text clustering and reduce the computational time. This paper proposes a hybrid of particle swarm optimization algorithm with genetic operators for the feature selection problem. The k-means clustering is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the obtained features subsets. The experiments were conducted using eight common text datasets with variant characteristics. The results show that the proposed algorithm hybrid algorithm (H-FSPSOTC) improved the performance of the clustering algorithm by generating a new subset of more informative features. The proposed algorithm is compared with the other comparative algorithms published in the literature. Finally, the feature selection technique encourages the clustering algorithm to obtain accurate clusters.     

基于中心距离比值准则的无监督特征选择算法

特征选择是模式识别中的一个重要组成部分。针对未知类标号的样本集,提出基于中心距离比值准则的无监督特征选择算法。该算法利用爬山法确定聚类数目范围和估计初始聚类中心,再通过K-均值聚类算法确定特征子集的最佳分类数,然后用中心距离比值准则来评价特征子集的分类性能,并通过特征间的相关性分析,从中选择出分类效果好,相关程度低的特征组成特征子集。     

基于遗传算法的无监督分形属性规约技术

属性规约是应对“维数灾难”的有效技术,分形属性规约FDR（Fractal Dimensionality Reduction）是近年来出现的一种无监督属性选择技术,令人遗憾的是其需要多遍扫描数据集,因而难于应对高维数据集情况;基于遗传算法的属性规约技术对于高维数据而言优越于传统属性选择技术,但其无法应用于无监督学习领域。为此,结合遗传算法内在随机并行寻优机制及分形属性选择的无监督特点,设计并实现了基于遗传算法的无监督分形属性子集选择算法GABUFSS（Genetic Algorithm Based Unsupervised Feature Subset Selection）。基于合成与实际数据集的实验对比分析了GABUFSS算法与FDR算法的性能,结果表明GABUFSS相对优于FDR算法,并具有发现等价结果属性子集的特点。     

Attribute clustering using rough set theory for feature selection in fault severity classification of rotating machinery

Features extracted from real world applications increase dramatically, while machine learning methods decrease their performance given the previous scenario, and feature reduction is required. Particularly, for fault diagnosis in rotating machinery, the number of extracted features are sizable in order to collect all the available information from several monitored signals. Several approaches lead to data reduction using supervised or unsupervised strategies, where the supervised ones are the most reliable and its main disadvantage is the beforehand knowledge of the fault condition. This work proposes a new unsupervised algorithm for feature selection based on attribute clustering and rough set theory. Rough set theory is used to compute similarities between features through the relative dependency. The clustering approach combines classification based on distance with clustering based on prototype to group similar features, without requiring the number of clusters as an input. Additionally, the algorithm has an evolving property that allows the dynamic adjustment of the cluster structure during the clustering process, even when a new set of attributes feeds the algorithm. That gives to the algorithm an incremental learning property, avoiding a retraining process. These properties define the main contribution and significance of the proposed algorithm. Two fault diagnosis problems of fault severity classification in gears and bearings are studied to test the algorithm. Classification results show that the proposed algorithm is able to select adequate features as accurate as other feature selection and reduction approaches.     

一种新的无监督前景目标检测方法

针对基于无监督特征提取的目标检测方法效率不高的问题,提出一种在无标记数据集中准确检测前景目标的方法.其基本出发点是:正确的特征聚类结果可以指导目标特征提取,同时准确提取的目标特征可以提高特征聚类的精度.该方法首先对无标记样本图像进行局部特征提取,然后根据最小化特征距离进行无监督特征聚类.将同一个聚类内的图像两两匹配,将特征匹配的重现程度作为特征权重,最后根据更新后的特征权重指导下一次迭代的特征聚类.多次迭代后同时得到聚类结果和前景目标.实验结果表明,该方法有效地提高Caltech-256数据集和Google车辆图像的检测精度.此外,针对目前绝大部分无监督目标检测方法不具备增量学习能力这一缺点,提出了增量学习方法实现,实验结果表明,增量学习方法有效地提高了计算速度.     

Efficient greedy feature selection for unsupervised learning

Reducing the dimensionality of the data has been a challenging task in data mining and machine learning applications. In these applications, the existence of irrelevant and redundant features negatively affects the efficiency and effectiveness of different learning algorithms. Feature selection is one of the dimension reduction techniques, which has been used to allow a better understanding of data and improve the performance of other learning tasks. Although the selection of relevant features has been extensively studied in supervised learning, feature selection in the absence of class labels is still a challenging task. This paper proposes a novel method for unsupervised feature selection, which efficiently selects features in a greedy manner. The paper first defines an effective criterion for unsupervised feature selection that measures the reconstruction error of the data matrix based on the selected subset of features. The paper then presents a novel algorithm for greedily minimizing the reconstruction error based on the features selected so far. The greedy algorithm is based on an efficient recursive formula for calculating the reconstruction error. Experiments on real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods for unsupervised feature selection.     

一种基于邻域距离的聚类特征选择方法

针对高维复杂的符号数据集在聚类中的聚类效果差和计算耗时过大的问题,首先提出了一种基于邻域距离的无监督特征选择算法,然后在选择到的特征子集上进行重新聚类,从而有效提高了聚类结果的精度,降低了聚类计算的计算耗时。实验结果表明,该算法可以找到有效的特征子集,提高数据集的聚类精度,降低面对高维复杂数据集聚类的计算耗时。     

Subspace learning for unsupervised feature selection via matrix factorization

Dimensionality reduction is an important and challenging task in machine learning and data mining. Feature selection and feature extraction are two commonly used techniques for decreasing dimensionality of the data and increasing efficiency of learning algorithms. Specifically, feature selection realized in the absence of class labels, namely unsupervised feature selection, is challenging and interesting. In this paper, we propose a new unsupervised feature selection criterion developed from the viewpoint of subspace learning, which is treated as a matrix factorization problem. The advantages of this work are four-fold. First, dwelling on the technique of matrix factorization, a unified framework is established for feature selection, feature extraction and clustering. Second, an iterative update algorithm is provided via matrix factorization, which is an efficient technique to deal with high-dimensional data. Third, an effective method for feature selection with numeric data is put forward, instead of drawing support from the discretization process. Fourth, this new criterion provides a sound foundation for embedding kernel tricks into feature selection. With this regard, an algorithm based on kernel methods is also proposed. The algorithms are compared with four state-of-the-art feature selection methods using six publicly available datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that in terms of clustering results, the proposed two algorithms come with better performance than the others for almost all datasets we experimented with here.     

一种基于投票策略的聚类融合算法

在分类算法和回归模型中,融合方法正得到越来越广泛的应用,但在非监督机器学习领域,由于缺乏数据集的先验知识,则不能直接用于聚类算法.提出并实现了一种基于投票策略的聚类融合算法,该算法利用k-means算法每次随机选取聚类中心而得到不同样本划分的特性,将多次运行得到的聚类结果通过投票的方式合并,从而得到最终的结果.通过一系列真实数据和合成数据集的实验证明,这种方法比单一的聚类算法能更有效地提高聚类的准确率.在此基础上,为了降低高维数据运算的复杂性,将随机划分属性子空间的方法应用到上述聚类融合算法中,实验证明,该方法同时也能够在一个属性子空间上获得好的聚类结果.     

基于K-均值聚类的无监督的特征选择方法

模式识别方法首先要解决的一个问题就是特征选择,目前许多方法考虑了有监督学习的特征选择问题,对无监督学习的特征选择问题却涉及得很少。依据特征对分类结果的影响和特征之间相关性分析两个方面提出了一种基于K-均值聚类方法的特征选择算法,用于无监督学习的特征选择问题。     

基于改进ReliefF的无监督特征选择方法

针对特征选择中存在数据缺乏类别信息的问题,提出一种新型的基于改进ReliefF的无监督特征选择方法UFS-IR.由于ReliefF类算法存在小类样本抽样概率低、无法删除冗余特征的缺陷,该方法以DBSCAN聚类算法指导分类,通过改进抽样策略,使用调整的余弦相似度度量特征间的相关性作为去冗余的凭据.实验表明UFS-IR可以有效缩减数据维度的同时保证特征子集的最大相关最小冗余性,具有很好的性能.     

基于Fisher准则和特征聚类的特征选择

特征选择是机器学习和模式识别等领域的重要问题之一。针对高维数据,提出了一种基于Fisher准则和特征聚类的特征选择方法。首先基于Fisher准则,预选出鉴别性能较强的特征子集,然后在预选所得到的特征子集上对特征进行分层聚类,从而最终达到去除不相关和冗余特征的目的。实验结果表明该方法是一种有效的特征选择方法。     

面向分类特征的无监督特征选择方法研究

针对分类特征数据给出一种新的特征重要性程度度量方法.以一趟聚类算法为基础,提出一种无监督特征选择方法.理论分析表明该方法时间复杂度与数据集的大小和特征个数成近似线性关系,适合于大规模数据集中的特征选择.在UC I数据集上的实验结果表明,与文献中的经典方法相比,本文方法具有较好的性能,说明提出的特征选择方法是有效可行的.     

面向排序学习的层次聚类特征选择算法

大型搜索系统对用户查询的快速响应尤为必要,同时在计算候选文档的特征相关性时,必须遵守严格的后端延迟约束。通过特征选择,提高了机器学习的效率。针对排序学习中快速特征选择的起点多为单一排序效果最好的特征的特点,首先提出了一种用层次聚类法生成特征选择起点的算法,并将该算法应用于已有的2种快速特征选择中。除此之外,还提出了一种充分利用聚类特征的新方法来处理特征选择。在2个标准数据集上的实验表明,该算法既可以在不影响精度的情况下获得较小的特征子集,也可以在中等子集上获得最佳的排序精度。     

维吾尔文无监督自动切分及无监督特征选择

维吾尔文常用切分方法会产生大量的语义抽象甚至多义的词特征,因此学习算法难以发现高维数据中隐藏的结构.提出一种无监督切分方法dme-TS和一种无监督特征选择方法UMRMR-UFS.dme-TS从大规模生语料中自动获取单词Bi-gram及上下文语境信息,并将相邻单词间的t-测试差、互信息及双词上下文邻接对熵的线性融合作为一个组合统计量(dme)来评价单词间的结合能力,从而将文本切分成语义具体的独立语言单位的特征集合.UMRMR-UFS用一种综合考虑最大相关度和最小冗余的无监督特征选择标准(UMRMR)来评价每一个特征的重要性,并将最重要的特征依次移入到特征子集中.实验结果表明dme-TS能有效控制原始特征集的规模,提高特征项本身的质量,用UMRMR-UFS的输出来表征文本时,学习算法也表现出其最高的性能.     

Bayesian model averaging of naive Bayes for clustering.

This paper considers a Bayesian model-averaging (MA) approach to learn an unsupervised naive Bayes classification model. By using the expectation model-averaging (EMA) algorithm, which is proposed in this paper, a unique naive Bayes model that approximates an MA over selective naive Bayes structures is obtained. This algorithm allows to obtain the parameters for the approximate MA clustering model in the same time complexity needed to learn the maximum-likelihood model with the expectation-maximization algorithm. On the other hand, the proposed method can also be regarded as an approach to an unsupervised feature subset selection due to the fact that the model obtained by the EMA algorithm incorporates information on how dependent every predictive variable is on the cluster variable.     

基于正则互表示的无监督特征选择方法

针对高维数据含有的冗余特征影响机器学习训练效率和泛化能力的问题,为提升模式识别准确率、降低计算复杂度,提出了一种基于正则互表示（RMR）性质的无监督特征选择方法。首先,利用特征之间的相关性,建立由Frobenius范数约束的无监督特征选择数学模型;然后,设计分治-岭回归优化算法对模型进行快速优化;最后,根据模型最优解综合评估每个特征的重要性,选出原始数据中具有代表性的特征子集。在聚类准确率指标上,RMR方法与Laplacian方法相比提升了7个百分点,与非负判别特征选择（NDFS）方法相比提升了7个百分点,与正则自表示（RSR）方法相比提升了6个百分点,与自表示特征选择（SR_FS）方法相比提升了3个百分点;在数据冗余率指标上,RMR方法与Laplacian方法相比降低了10个百分点,与NDFS方法相比降低了7个百分点,与RSR方法相比降低了3个百分点,与SR_FS方法相比降低了2个百分点。实验结果表明,RMR方法能够有效地选出重要特征,降低数据冗余率,提升样本聚类准确率。     

基于特征聚类集成技术的在线特征选择

针对既有历史数据又有流特征的全新应用场景,提出了一种基于组特征选择和流特征的在线特征选择算法。在对历史数据的组特征选择阶段,为了弥补单一聚类算法的不足,引入聚类集成的思想。先利用k-means方法通过多次聚类得到一个聚类集体,在集成阶段再利用层次聚类算法对聚类集体进行集成得到最终的结果。在对流特征数据的在线特征选择阶段,对组构造产生的特征组通过探讨特征间的相关性来更新特征组,最终通过组变换获得特征子集。实验结果表明,所提算法能有效应对全新场景下的在线特征选择问题,并且有很好的分类性能。     

基于邻域保持学习的无监督特征选择算法

近邻法对不相关特征的敏感性很高,利用邻域重构系数可以保持原有数据结构的优点,为此,文中提出基于邻域保持学习的无监督特征选择算法.首先根据数据样本和邻域的相似性构造相似矩阵,并引入中间矩阵构造低维空间.然后利用拉普拉斯乘子法选择有效特征子集.在4个公开数据集上的实验表明,文中算法可以有效识别代表性特征.