Advanced virtual prototyping for cyber-physical systems using RISC-V:implementation,verification and challenges

Virtual prototypes (VPs) are crucial in today's design flow.VPs are predominantly created in SystemC transaction-level modeling (TLM) and are leveraged for earl...     

An integrated approach of designing functionality with security for distributed cyber-physical systems

The Journal of Supercomputing - In this work, we propose a multi-tier architectural model to separate functionality and security concerns for distributed cyber-physical systems. On the line of...     

Cryptanalytic attacks on cyber-physical systems

Cryptography finds its application in various objects used in our everyday life. GSM communication, credit cards, tickets for public transport or RFID tags employ cryptographic features either to protect privacy or to ensure trustworthy authentication. However, many such objects are vulnerable to certain cryptanalytic attacks. In this review we discuss how FPGA-based cryptanalytic hardware may compromise GSM communication, or how standard laboratory equipment may be used for breaking Smart Card security. This review summarizes keynote speech that was given at 5th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO’2016).     

A metamodel for cyber-physical systems

With the advent of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 concepts, cyber-physical systems in civil engineering experience an increasing impact on structural health monitoring (SHM) and control applications. Designing, optimizing, and documenting cyber-physical system on a formal basis require platform-independent and technology-independent metamodels. This study, with emphasis on communication in cyber-physical systems, presents a metamodel for describing cyber-physical systems. First, metamodeling concepts commonly used in computing in civil engineering are reviewed and possibilities and limitations of describing communication-related information are discussed. Next, communication-related properties and behavior of distributed cyber-physical systems applied for SHM and control are explained, and system components relevant to communication are specified. Then, the metamodel to formally describe cyber-physical systems is proposed and mapped into the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), an open international standard for building information modeling (BIM). Finally, the IFC-based approach is verified using software of the official IFC certification program, and it is validated by BIM-based example modeling of a prototype cyber-physical system, which is physically implemented in the laboratory. As a result, cyber-physical systems applied for SHM and control are described and the information is stored, documented, and exchanged on the formal basis of IFC, facilitating design, optimization, and documentation of cyber-physical systems.     

Secure-by-construction synthesis of cyber-physical systems

Correct-by-construction synthesis is a cornerstone of the confluence of formal methods and control theory towards designing safety-critical systems. Instead of following the time-tested, albeit laborious (re)design-verify-validate loop, correct-by-construction methodology advocates the use of continual refinements of formal requirements – connected by chains of formal proofs – to build a system that assures the correctness by design. A remarkable progress has been made in scaling the scope of applicability of correct-by-construction synthesis – with a focus on cyber-physical systems that tie discrete-event control with continuous environment – to enlarge control systems by combining symbolic approaches with principled state-space reduction techniques.Unfortunately, in the security-critical control systems, the security properties are verified ex post facto the design process in a way that undermines the correct-by-construction paradigm. We posit that, to truly realize the dream of correct-by-construction synthesis for security-critical systems, security considerations must take center-stage with the safety considerations. Moreover, catalyzed by the recent progress on the opacity sub-classes of security properties and the notion of hyperproperties capable of combining security with safety properties, we believe that the time is ripe for the research community to holistically target the challenge of secure-by-construction synthesis. This paper details our vision by highlighting the recent progress and open challenges that may serve as bricks for providing a solid foundation for secure-by-construction synthesis of cyber-physical systems.     

Systematization and security assessment of cyber-physical systems

In this paper, the features of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) from the point of view of information security have been considered and CPSs have been classified. The authors have analyzed approaches to security assessments and identified the requirements to indicators of CPS information security. A system of specific assessment indicators based on the system stability criterion and homeostatic approach is proposed.     

Parallel simulation of cyber-physical systems

Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering - Model-based design (MBD) in systems engineering is a well-accepted technique to abstract, analyze, verify, and validate complex systems. In MBD, we...     

Analysis and design of secure cyber-physical systems

Cyber-physical systems （CPSs） are new emerging systems that seamlessly integrate physical systems, communication systems and computation systems. Their wide use has been witnessed in the past decades in many crossdiscipline fields such as smart energy systems, industrial process control, aerospace and automobile engineering, health-care and assisted living, to just name a few. For many of these systems, secure operations are of key con- cerns. In particular, for some safety-critical applications, security is of paramount importance. Diverse motivations and strong incentives exist everywhere and at any time for launching malicious attacks on the CPSs, for example, economic reasons （e.g., by reducing or even not paying electricity charge） and terrorism the purpose of which is apparent.     

Efficient online schedulability tests for real-time systems

Many computer systems, such as those for open system environments or multimedia services, need an efficient schedulability test for online admission control of new jobs. Although various polynomial time schedulability tests have been proposed, they often fail to decide the schedulability of the system precisely when the system is heavily loaded. On the other hand, most precise schedulability tests proposed to date have a high complexity and may not be suitable for online tests. We present new efficient online schedulability tests for both the periodic process model [C. L. Liu et al., (1973)] and the multiframe process model [A. K. Mok et al., (1997)] in uniprocessor environments. The schedulability tests are shown to be more precise and efficient than any existing polynomial-time schedulability tests. Moreover, the tests can be done incrementally as each new task arrives at the system. Our proposed tests can also be used for the multiframe model where a task may have different computation times in different periods. We show the performance of the proposed schedulability tests in several simulation experiments.     

Intelligent and pervasive computing for cyber-physical systems

The Journal of Supercomputing -     

Non-migratory feasibility and migratory schedulability analysis of multiprocessor real-time systems

The multiprocessor scheduling of collections of real-time jobs is considered. Sufficient tests are derived for feasibility analysis of a collection of sporadic jobs where job migration between processors is forbidden. The fixed-priority scheduling of real-time jobs with job migration is analyzed, and sufficient tests of schedulability are obtained for the deadline-monotonic (dm) and the earliest-deadline-first (edf) scheduling algorithms. The feasibility and schedulability tests of this paper may be applied even when the collection of jobs is incompletely specified. The applicability of these tests to the scheduling of collections of jobs that are generated by systems of recurrent real-time tasks is discussed. In particular, sufficient conditions for the dm scheduling of sporadic task systems are derived and compared to previously-known tests.     

设计DSP应用系统时实现硬等待的方法

DSP与外部存储器和I/O接口的速度匹配是在设计DSP应用系统时必须解决的一个问题。ADSP2106X支持软等待、硬等待和软、硬等待相结合等四种等待模式。硬等待能够实现较长时间等待,而且有利于对放在同一个分组空间的需要不同等待时间的多个外设实现最优等待控制。本文讨论了三种实现硬等待电路的方法,对ADSP2106X应用系统设计具有很好的参考价值。     

Design optimization for real-time systems with sustainable schedulability analysis

Real-Time Systems - The design of modern real-time systems not only needs to guarantee their timing correctness, but also involves other critical metrics such as control quality and energy...     

Machine vision theory and applications for cyber-physical systems

Multimedia Tools and Applications -     

Formalization and co-simulation of attacks on cyber-physical systems

Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques - This paper presents a methodology for the formal modeling of security attacks on cyber-physical systems, and the analysis of their effects on...     

Resource-efficient cyber-physical systems design: A survey

Many Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) in industrial applications are embedded control systems. With the increasing scale and complexity of such system, the resource efficiency in the system design has become an important issue. The resources of CPSs mainly include: computation resource, communication resource and memory resource. The CPSs combine computation, communication and instruction/data storage closely, and realize the combination and coordination of computing resources and physical resources. This paper classifies the existing mainstream research results from three aspect: computation resource, communication resource and memory resource, reviews the research hotspots of each research field, and discusses the urgent problems related to computation resource, communication resource and memory resource in CPSs, as well as the possible research directions in the future.     

Hybrid systems tools for compiling controllers for cyber-physical systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of going from high-level specifications of complex control tasks for cyber-physical systems to their actual implementation and execution on physical devices. This transition between abstraction levels inevitably results in a specification-to-execution gap, and we discuss two sources for this gap; namely model based and constraint based. For both of these two types of sources, we show how hybrid control techniques provide the tools needed to compile high-level control programs in such a way that the specification-to-execution gap is removed. The solutions involve introducing new control modes into nominal strings of control modes as well as adjusting the control modes themselves.     

Dependency-based security risk assessment for cyber-physical systems

A cyber-physical attack is a security breach in cyber space that impacts on the physical environment. The number and diversity of such attacks against Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are increasing at impressive rates. In times of Industry 4.0 and Cyber-Physical Systems, providing security against cyber-physical attacks is a serious challenge which calls for cybersecurity risk assessment methods capable of investigating the tight interactions and interdependencies between the cyber and the physical components in such systems. However, existing risk assessment methods do not consider this specific characteristic of CPSs. In this paper, we propose a dependency-based, domain-agnostic cybersecurity risk assessment method that leverages a model of the CPS under study that captures dependencies among the system components. The proposed method identifies possible attack paths against critical components of a CPS by taking an attacker’s viewpoint and prioritizes these paths according to their risk to materialize, thus allowing the defenders to define efficient security controls. We illustrate the workings of the proposed method by applying it to a case study of a CPS in the energy domain, and we highlight the advantages that the proposed method offers when used to assess cybersecurity risks in CPSs.