砂型铸造Mg-6Al-xZn合金凝固行为及晶粒尺寸

采用双电偶热分析技术和SEM表征了Mg-6Al-xZn合金(简称AZ6x合金,x=0,2,4,6,质量分数,%)在砂型铸造过程中的凝固行为和显微组织;采用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)分析对合金的晶粒尺寸进行定量表征.利用Pandat热力学软件计算了合金的平衡截面相图、非平衡Scheil模型凝固过程,以及枝晶生长抑制因子(growth restriction factor,或称为Q值).结果表明,在AZ6x合金的砂型铸造凝固过程中,AZ60合金中只有非平衡凝固的g-Mg17Al12,而AZ62~AZ66合金的铸态组织中除了g-Mg17Al12相,还出现了F-Mg21(Al,Zn)17相,并且随着Zn含量的增加,g-Mg17Al12相减少而F-Mg21(Al,Zn)17相增多.热力学计算结果表明,AZ60~AZ64合金中g-Mg17Al12相和F-Mg21(Al,Zn)17相在一定温度下能够完全固溶到a-Mg中,而AZ66合金中的F-Mg21(Al,Zn)17相在任何温度下都不可能完全固溶.研究结果还表明,Zn含量高的合金具有高的Q值、小的晶粒尺寸及低的枝晶相干点固相分数fs DCP;并讨论了Q值、晶粒尺寸与fs DCP的关系.     

TiC对金属型铸造ZA104合金铸态组织、力学性能及凝固行为的影响

研究了TiC对金属型铸造ZA104合金铸态组织、力学性能及凝固行为的影响.结果表明:添加0.5%TiC对ZA104合金组织的构成没有影响,组织由a-Mg基体、Mg32(Al,Zn)49和Al2Mg5Zn2相组成.但添加TiC可使合金组织细化,并使Mg32(Al,Zn)49相从连续状变为半连续状和/或颗粒状分布,且分布更加弥散均匀.添加0.5%TiC可使金属型铸造ZA104合金的室温和高温抗拉性能以及抗蠕变性能提高,对合金凝固过程中的相变类型也没有影响,但可使合金的凝固温度范围降低和铸造流动性提高.     

金属型铸造Mg-10Zn-2Al合金的凝固行为及铸态组织

用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X 射线衍射分析、差热分析等方法,研究了金属型铸造Mg-10Zn-2Al合金的凝固行为及铸态组织特征,并结合差热分析结果和Mg-Zn-Al三元液相投影图,阐明了合金凝固过程中的相变反应.结果表明,合金铸态组织由α-Mg相、Mg32(Al,Zn)49相和MgZn相组成,Mg32(Al,Zn)49相结晶形貌呈连续/半连续网状骨骼形态,均匀分布在晶界以及枝晶间;合金的液相线温度为609.4℃,固相线温度为300.0℃,凝固温度范围为309.4℃,第二相转变在300.0～332.2℃温度范围内进行.     

金属型铸造Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.25Mn合金的凝固行为及组织特征

研究了金属型铸造Mg-8Zn-4Al-0．25Mn合金的凝固行为及组织特征。结果表明：合金的铸态组织主要由初生α-Mg、Mg32（Al，Zn）49相和Al2Mg5Zn2相组成，其中Mg32（Al，Zn）49相主要呈连续状和／或半连续状分布，Al2Mg5Zn2相主要呈孤岛状分布。此外，根据DSC结果还确定了合金的凝固温度范围、液相线及固相线温度，并阐明了合金凝固过程中的相变。     

定向凝固下Mg-1.5Gd合金的微观结构与微观偏析

研究了不同速率下定向凝固Mg-1.5Gd合金的微观结构和微观偏析。研究发现,Mg-1.5Gd合金的凝固组织为典型胞晶结构,通过线性拟合得到胞晶间距与凝固速率的关系为：λ= 130.2827V^-0.2228,此结论与Trivedi模型拟合较好。通过Scheil模型计算热力学凝固路径,结合试验观察可确定凝固组织为α(Mg)相和α(Mg)+Mg₅Gd二元共晶相。同时,通过Scheil模型计算所得Gd元素的微观偏析与EPMA测量结果基本一致。     

采用温度回升法对任意结晶区间的铸件凝固结晶潜热的数值计算

铸件凝固结晶潜热的释放行为与凝固传热、溶质传输及铸造合金种类与成分等诸多因素有关，合金凝固过程中其温度、固相体积分数与液相成分(T-fs—CL)三者之间一般存在着非线性强耦合关系．采用合金凝固传输统一模型及温度回升(补偿)法提出的处理任意结晶温度区间(包括零结晶区间)凝固潜热释放问题的数值迭代计算方法，对不同合金成分与不同固相反扩散效应的二维Al—Cu合金铸件定向凝固传输过程进行了数值计算，表明该方法对于从纯金属到共晶成分的不同成分合金及从Scheil模型到Lever-Rule模型之间的任意凝固模式均是有效的．将该方法推广应用于叶片铸件三维凝固传输过程的T-fs—CL耦合数值模拟仍显示出高的计算效率．通过对计算结果进行的三维图像数据处理，展示了铸件几何形状对凝固传输行为的重要影响．     

ZAC843镁合金金属型铸造组织和力学性能

在Mg-Zn-Al系镁合金高Zn低Al侧选择新的成分点,通过加入合金化Cu和微量Sr、Ti等元素,研究了ZAC843铸造镁合金在金属型铸造工艺条件下显微组织和力学性能,尤其是Sr,Ti对其显微组织的影响.研究发现:添加合金化元素Cu后,试验合金的相组成为:δ-Mg基体和Mg32(Al, Zn)49,而不再存在Mg17Al12等低熔点相;试验合金进行热处理后,Cu元素在Mg32(Al, Zn)49相中有一定程度的溶入(约1 at %～10at%);ZAC843A同时添加Sr Ti,即使添加量很小,对组织也能够起到较好的细化、变质作用,而ZAC843B单独添加Sr,即使添加量较大,效果也不明显;试验合金在热处理后,使得显微组织更加细化,力学性能得到改善,尤其是ZAC843A实验合金在金属型铸造工艺条件下热处理后的室温力学性能优良,抗拉强度达到253 MPa.     

高Zn超强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金的铸态及均匀化态组织

利用Thermo-cale软件计算及OM、SEM、XRD、DTA等分析手段,对比研究几种高Zn型超强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金的铸态与均匀化态组织。结果表明:高Zn低Cu含量的7037、7056、7097铝合金铸态组织中主要存在a(Al)+Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_2共晶组织,经多级均匀化热处理后非平衡结晶相基本溶解;高Zn高Cu含量的7095铝合金沿晶界呈网状分布的粗大凝固组织主要由a(Al)、Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_2相、T(AlZnMgCu)相以及少量的θ(Al_2Cu)相组成,经均匀化热处理后,仅存在少量AlZnMgCu相;高Zn低Cu含量合金凝固及均匀化组织中非平衡结晶相少的主要原因是合金成分远离极限固溶度曲线。     

Study of Microsegregation In Al--Cu—Zn Ternary Alloys by Experiment and Scheil Model

应用相图计算耦合Scheil模型、简单Scheil方程和实验比较研究了Al-Cu-Zn合金单相凝固过程的凝固路径和微观偏析，相图计算耦合Scheil模型的计算结果显示，Al-Cu-Zn合金单相凝固结束点的溶质含量与凝固初始点的成分同步变化，溶质含量和溶质分凝系数随凝固过程的进行不断增加；在热力学计算出合金分凝系数的基础上，简单Scheil方程可以计算初生相含量，从不同溶质得到的计算结果是自洽的，并与相图计算耦合Scheil模型的预测值一致；实验测定了不同成分铝合金的共晶含量和枝晶间距，实验数据与模型结果基本一致。     

Fe含量对金属型铸造Al-Fe合金组织形态的影响

研究了不同Fe含量的Al-Fe合金在金属型铸造条件下的组织形态.在金属型铸造条件下,亚共晶Al-Fe组织由发达α-Al枝晶与枝晶间隙链接呈网状的细小共晶Al3Fe相所组成;共晶Al-Fe合金组织为弯曲针棒状共晶Al3Fe相和共晶α-Al相共生生长组织;过共晶Al-Fe合金随着Fe含量增加初生Al3Fe相的形态由针棒状向针片状再向长针状转变,初生相周围共晶Al3Fe相依附在初生相表面生长而形成离异共晶组织.并对不同含Fe量时合金的凝固过程进行了分析探讨.     

Phase Diagrams: The Beginning of Wisdom

This work presents a primer on “How to Read and Apply Phase Diagrams” in the current environment of powerful thermodynamic software packages. Advanced aspects in that context are also covered. It is a brief guide into using this cornerstone of knowledge in materials science and engineering and offers assistance in the proper interpretation of results obtained from state-of-the-art Calphad-type thermodynamic calculations. Starting from the very basics it explains the reading of unary, binary and ternary phase diagrams, including liquidus projections, isothermal and vertical phase diagram sections. Application examples are directly derived from these phase diagrams of Fe, Cu-Ni, Mg-Al, and Mg-Al-Zn. The use of stable and metastable phase diagrams and appropriate choices of state variables are explained for the relevant Fe-C and Fe-C-Si systems. The most useful concept of zero-phase fraction lines in phase diagram sections of multicomponent systems is made clear by coming back to the Cu-Ni and Mg-Al-Zn systems. Thermodynamic solidification simulation using the Scheil approximation in comparison to the equilibrium case is covered in context of multicomponent multiphase solidification and exemplified for Mg-Al-Zn alloys. The generic approach is directly applicable for all inorganic materials, but exemplified in this concise work for a small selection of metallic systems to highlight the interdependences among the phase diagrams. The embedded application examples for real material systems and various materials processes also emphasize the use of phase diagrams for the path from initial off-equilibrium state towards equilibrium.     

常压及高压凝固Al-Mg及Al-Mg-Zn合金中Al相的固溶体结构

采用X射线衍射仪、能谱仪和透射电镜分别对Al-9.6%Mg合金、Al-11Mg-4.5Zn合金和Al-17Zn-1.5Mg合金常压及6 GPa高压凝固后Al相的固溶体结构进行研究。结果表明:6GPa高压凝固后,Al-9.6%Mg合金中Mg在Al相中的固溶度显著增大;在Al-11Mg-4.5Zn合金和Al-17Zn-1.5Mg合金中,Mg、Zn溶质在Al相中的固溶度均增大,但Zn比Mg固溶的比例要大得多。在常压凝固条件下,与纯铝相比,3种合金中Al相的晶格常数均增大。与常压凝固相比,高压凝固Al-9.6Mg合金和Al-11Mg-4.5Zn中Al相晶格常数分别增大了1.178%和0.220%;在Al-17Zn-1.5Mg合金中,Al相晶格常数变化很小。此外,在Al-Mg-Zn合金中,原子半径较大的Mg固溶到Al相中,导致其晶格常数增大,原子半径较小的Zn固溶到Al相中,导致其晶格常数减小,且高压凝固后,溶质的原子半径越小,在Al相中固溶的比例越大。     

热型连铸锌铝合金的缺陷形成与机理

对5种典型锌铝合金在热型连铸工艺条件下的连续定向凝固进行了研究, 探讨该工艺下锌铝合金线材表面缺陷的产生机理, 并对部分缺陷的组织结构进行了显微分析. 结果表明 只有金属液压头、型口温度、拉铸速度和冷却条件诸工艺参数在一定范围内的协调配合, 才能拉铸出表面光滑的锌铝合金线材. 不合理的工艺参数将导致热裂、表面粗糙、糊状型口和拉漏等缺陷. 固液两相区的形状和位置对上述缺陷的形成有重要影响, 当固液两相区位于型口或型内时, 凝固界面将向型内凸入, 如果剩余液体不能抵消凝固收缩, 就会出现表面粗糙; 若凝固界面深入型内较多, 则使型内凝固的铸锭摩擦力过大, 形成热裂; 固液两相区移至型外, 凝固界面将变成平面, 容易发生拉漏.     

Si对ZA84镁合金凝固过程中三元化合物相选择的影响

借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和差示扫描量热仪等分析手段研究了Si对金属型铸造ZA84（Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.3Mn）镁合金中τ（Mg32（Al,Zn）49）和φ（Al2Mg5Zn2）两相之间的相选择影响。结果表明,随着ZA84合金中Si加入量的增加,合金的液相线温度下降,并且凝固区间减小。ZA84合金中的三元金属间化合物主要是τ相,φ相只占少量。当在ZA84合金中加入一定量的元素Si时,三元金属间化合物的优先析出次序发生改变,φ相优先析出而τ相被抑制。对相选择现象进行凝固动力学分析表明,在过冷熔体中存在临界过冷度,τ相与φ相析出时若熔体的过冷度大于此临界值,则τ相优先析出而φ相受到抑制,否则,φ相优先析出而τ相被抑制。     

Thermodynamic predictions of wrought alloy compositions amenable to semi-solid processing

Semi-Solid Metal (SSM) Processing or Thixoforming is now a commercially successful manufacturing route producing millions of near net-shape parts per annum for the automotive industry. Currently, effort is directed towards developing wrought performance alloys that are amenable to the thixoforming process. Here, the 7000 series Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system has been studied by means of thermodynamic modelling to identify those compositions likely to be most suitable. The non-equilibrium solidification has been determined by using the Scheil equation and the liquid fraction/temperature relationship obtained. The results show the effect of chemical composition and Zn/Mg ratio on the slope of the liquid fraction/temperature curves. As the Zn+Mg+Cu content increases and the Zn/Mg ratio decreases, the slopes of these curves become less steep. The effect of chemical composition, Zn/Mg ratio and temperature on equilibrium phases is also considered. The phases in equilibrium at a given temperature are strongly affected by the Zn/Mg ratio and Cu content.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and creep resistance of Mg–(8%–12%)Zn–(2%–6%)Al alloys

The microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties and creep resistance of Mg–(8%–12%)Zn–(2%–6%)Al alloys were investigated to get a better overall understanding of these series alloys. The results indicate that the microstructure of the alloys ZA82, ZA102 and ZA122 with the mass ratio of Zn to Al of 4–6 is mainly composed of α-Mg matrix and two different morphologies of precipitates (block τ-Mg₃₂(Al, Zn)₄₉ and dense lamellar ε-Mg₅₁Zn₂₀), the alloys ZA84, ZA104 and ZA124 with the mass ratio of 2–3 contain α-Mg matrix and only block τ phases, and the alloys ZA86, ZA106 and ZA126 with the mass ratio of 1–2 consist of α-Mg matrix, block τ precipitates, lamellar ?-Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ eutectics and flocculent β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ compounds. The alloys studied with the mass ratio of Zn to Al of 2–3 exhibit high creep resistance, and the alloy ZA124 with the continuous network of τ precipitating along grain boundaries shows the highest creep resistance.     

Al-Mg-Zn钎料钎焊镁合金AZ31B接头的显微组织和性能

以Al-Mg-Zn钎料对变形镁合金AZ31B进行了高频感应钎焊,分析了变形镁合金AZ31B钎焊接头的显微组织、钎缝物相和力学性能.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)等仪器分析了钎焊接头的界面组织及钎缝生成相,测试了接头的强度及形成相的显微硬度.结果表明,在钎焊接头的钎缝中钎料与母材Az31B发生反应生成离异共晶组织α-Mg+β-Mg_(17)(Al,Zn)_(12),母材AZ31B的显微硬度最低,钎缝中的β-Mg_(17)(Al,Zn)_(12)相显微硬度最高.对接和搭接接头断口的断裂形式为沿晶脆性断裂,断裂产生在离异共晶组织α-Mg+β-Mg_(17)(Al,Zn)_(12)中的β-Mg_(17)(Al,Zn)_(12)硬脆相处.

Abstract：

High-frequency induction brazing of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B with Al-Mg-Zn fdler metal was investigated. Microscopic structure, the phases and the mechanical properties of brazed joint were studied. The microstructure and formation phases at the interface in the brazed joint were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction instrument(XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The strength of the brazed joint and the microhardness of the formation phases were also tested. The results show that, Al-Mg-Zn filler metal reacting with the base metal AZ31B, and a-Mg+β-Mg_(17) (Al,Zn)_(12) divorced eutectic structure is formed in the brazed joint. Microhardness of the base metal AZ31B is the smallest and β-Mg_(17) (Al, Zn)_(12) phase of the brazed joint is the hardest. Both the butt joint and the overlap joint exhibit intergranular fracture mode, the fracture comes from hard brittle phase β-Mg_(17) (Al,Zn)_(12) of α-Mg+β-Mg_(17)(Al,Zn)_(12) divorced eutectic structure.     

Solidification paths of multicomponent monotectic aluminum alloys

Solidification paths of three ternary monotectic alloy systems, Al–Bi–Zn, Al–Sn–Cu and Al–Bi–Cu, are studied using thermodynamic calculations, both for the pertinent phase diagrams and also for specific details concerning the solidification of selected alloy compositions. The coupled composition variation in two different liquids is quantitatively given. Various ternary monotectic four-phase reactions are encountered during solidification, as opposed to the simple binary monotectic, L′ → L′′ + solid. These intricacies are reflected in the solidification microstructures, as demonstrated for these three aluminum alloy systems, selected in view of their distinctive features. This examination of solidification paths and microstructure formation may be relevant for advanced solidification processing of multicomponent monotectic alloys.