The open and closed mind: A review of dogmatism.

Research on Rokeach's concept of dogmatism is reviewed and structured into 10 areas: authoritarianism, the Dogmatism scale, personality, adjustment, group behavior, parent-child relationships, time perception, cognitive inconsistency, problem solving, and learning. Findings generally support the validity of Rokeach's concept, particularly as a generalized theory of authoritarianism independent of ideological content. Evidence suggests that a "dogmatic personality" style exists and may be readily identified. Limitations of the work done on dogmatism are noted and suggestions for specific areas of future research are made. (4 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cardinal Chomsky's Platonic revival movement: or Linguistics out of HIS mind: A rejoinder to Weimer's article.

Asserts that W. B. Weimer (see PA, 50:2081) has convincingly shown that Chomsky does not need to restrict his intellectual lineage to Cartesian rationalism, but might as well trace it all the way down to the dualistic idealism of Plato. Chomsky's impact on theory is also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on an irrelevant comment: A rejoinder to McGrath.

Suggests that P. McGrath's (see record 1978-02304-001) criticisms corroborate the present author's (see record 1975-24400-001) views on the problems of behavioral psychologists (e.g., they prefer doing to thinking and are ignorant of the basic ideas in the philosophy of science). The distinction between behavioral psychology and behavior therapy is also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Animal rights: A rejoinder.

Responds to the comments by A. N. Rowan (see record 2009-05603-006) on the current author's original discussion regarding animal rights (see record 2009-05603-005). In his original paper, Gallup maintains that there are no inherent rights; they are inventions of the human mind. Thus, animals only have rights if we say the do. Rowan, however, asserts there is more universal agreement as to why some beings have certain rights (e.g. the right to life, or the weaker right not to be caused unnecessary suffering) than Gallup credits. Here, Gallup suggests that Rowan has sidestepped the issue. If rights (be they human or otherwise) are something other than an invention of the human mind, then what are they, what form do they take, from whence do they come, and how are we to identify them? Contrary to what Rowan implies, Gallup says his intention was not to take a stand on whether or not animals have rights. To reiterate, says Gallup, animals only have rights to the extent that we say they do. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Negative effects revisited: A rejoinder.

Responds to A. E. Bergin's critique (see record 1981-08376-001) of the present authors' article (see record 1981-08419-001). Arguments that Bergin offers to support his conclusion that therapy causes deterioration are evaluated. If psychotherapy causes deterioration, one would expect to find at least one adequate outcome study in which a higher rate of decline occurs among the treated patients. This study has yet to be found. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Desensitization: A rejoinder to Morgan.

Considers that specific points raised by W. G. Morgan (see PA, Vol. 50:Issue 6) are debatable on empirical and logical grounds. It is suggested, however, that Morgan's distinction between necessary and useful operations provides a meaningful framework for the advancement of desensitization theory, practice, and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concerning instrumental autonomic conditioning: A rejoinder.

A. Crider, G. Schwartz, and S. Shnidman's (see 43:8) reply to E. S. Katkin and E. N. Murray's (see 42:10) review of instrumental autonomic conditioning makes several valid points but also contains many differences in interpretation based on a contrasting theoretical position. It is contended herein that the acceptability of "facts" as "facts" and "evidence" as "evidence" is determined often by predisposing epistemological orientations. Many of Crider et al.'s points are well taken, but the evidence on instrumental autonomic conditioning in humans remains far less convincing than the evidence available from animal studies. The methodological questions raised by Katkin and Murray's earlier paper appear to be clarified substantially by some of Crider et al.'s comments; however, the clarification has not reduced the danger of artifacts being interpreted as substantive evidence. (30 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Keeping the voter's limits in mind: A cognitive process analysis of decision making in voting.

Developed and tested a model of voting that considers the information-processing limits of the human mind. The predecision information-search behavior of 20 undergraduates was recorded along with their concurrent verbal protocols as the Ss prepared to vote in 3 simulated elections. Based on these data and other research in decision making, the following 2-stage process model of voter cognition was constructed: (a) If candidate receives a negative overall evaluation, vote against candidate. (b) Otherwise, compare candidates on a few salient particular items and choose the favored candidate on these items. The process model was tested in a survey of 107 registered voters before an actual election. For those survey respondents who expressed a candidate preference and for whom the model made a prediction, the model's prediction matched the indicated vote preference in 94% of the cases. The model's strengths and weaknesses are discussed, and a slightly modified version of the model is suggested. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multicultural approaches in psychotherapy: A rejoinder.

In this rejoinder, the authors address several issues raised by R. L. Worthington and F. R. Dillon (see record 2010-26150-001) and C. R. Ridley and M. Shaw-Ridley (see record 2011-00622-001) regarding (a) the measurement of multicultural competencies (MCCs), (b) sampling considerations in multicultural research, and (c) the conceptual frame of multicultural psychotherapy research. The authors challenge the wisdom of exploring MCCs in psychotherapy research and provide a different framework to understand therapists' multicultural effectiveness with clients based on their cultural race/ethnicity. Additionally, the concept of therapists' multicultural orientation or approach is introduced to illuminate the process of aligning with clients about salient cultural issues in psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Television violence and aggression: A rejoinder.

Replies to the criticisms by L. Friedrich-Cofer and A. C. Huston (see record 1987-09776-001) of the author's literature review (see record 1984-30860-001) on the effect of TV violence on aggression. The present author argues that there are sound reasons for exercising caution in generalizing from laboratory results and that research outside the laboratory provides only weak and inconsistent support for the causal hypothesis. Moreover, it is asserted that the bidirectional model suggested by Friedrich-Cofer and Huston is not supported by the available evidence. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A rejoinder to Notarius.

Responds to C. I. Notarius's (see record 1984-11607-001) rebuttal of the present author's (see record 1984-11616-001) criticisms of a study by Notarius et al (see record 1983-05644-001) which supported the discharge model of the facial expressivity/physiological reactivity relationship. It is concluded that only when all data from the Notarius et al study are examined will one know what their results have shown. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-cultural counseling process research: A rejoinder.

Replies to the criticism of J. E. Helms (1986) of the present authors' (1986) study of the effects of Black students' racial identity on perceptions of White counselors. Helms's comments on the way racial identity is conceptualized, operationalized, and measured using a racial identity attitude scale are answered, and their implications for continued cross-cultural counseling process research are explored. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On starting points and priorities: A rejoinder.

Responds to the reply by L. T. Hoshmand and J. Martin (see record 1997-02285-002) to S. C. Yanchar and K. B. Kristensen's comments (see record 1997-02285-001) on Hoshmand and Martin's (see record 1995-28533-001) proposal for a naturalistic epistemological approach to psychological science. Hoshmand and Martin argue that in Yanchar and Kristensen's stance toward some aspects of their proposal, they have attributed to Hoshmand and Martin a relationship between theory, method, and data that they do not hold. According to Hoshmand and Martin, in making their case Yanchar and Kristensen have objected to empirical means of evaluation, and essentially undermined their own argument. The authors clarify their position by responding to these claims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Health promotion and coronary heart disease: A rejoinder.

Replies to the contention of R. C. Lefebvre (see record 1986-20193-001) that the review by the present author (see record 1985-12441-001) of the diet/heart controversy is one-sided and will induce uncertainty. Although there is no disagreement that preventive efforts should be supported, concern is expressed about Lefebvre's suggestion that a discussion of inconsistent scientific data should be avoided. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some problems created by Holt's consistency: A rejoinder.

Replies to R. R. Holt's (see record 1992-27289-001) critique of S. Reisner's (see record 1992-16438-001) article on metapsychology and suggests that the critique is based on fundamental differences in approaches to Freud's studies and their relevance to contemporary psychoanalytic theory and practice. It is argued that Holt underemphasizes the relational, hermeneutic, and epistemological components of Freud's theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A rejoinder on behalf of ABPP.

Argues that the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) has not lowered it standards in an effort to attract applicants as charged by A. R. Howard (1973). Professionals taking advantage of the grandfather clause were required to pass an examination of their credentials, and efforts toward the incorporation of continuing education and periodic recertification are under consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The sex difference in spatial ability: A rejoinder.

Suggests that the article by P. J. Caplan et al (see record 1986-10956-001) questioning the existence of sex-related differences in spatial ability does not constitute a thorough review of the literature on sex differences in spatial ability or of the literature dealing with possible biological mechanisms contributing to such a difference. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A one-factor mind about mind and emotion.

R. B. Zajonc comments that M. H. Birnbaum's (1980) one-factor proof that Zajonc's theoretical position can be rejected on scientific grounds is tenable only if 2 sets of important findings reported in the article are disregarded. Birnbaum's predilection for parsimony is misdirected in the analysis of the affect-cognition problem, for it pre-empts much of the research that needs to be carried out. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A new look at the effects of noise: A rejoinder.

Outlines a composite theory to account for the effects of noise upon performance. The 4 main determinants are (a) masking, both of acoustic cues and of inner speech; (b) distraction; (c) a beneficial increase in arousal when the noise begins, which gradually lessens and falls below normal to produce a decrement in performance when the noise stops; and (d) positive and negative transfer from noise to quiet. Positive transfer results from the more effective learning of the task in noise under the influence of the increase in arousal. Negative transfer results from the techniques of performance used in noise to counteract the masking or distraction, when they are not appropriate in quiet. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)