Efficacy of the Satz-Mogel short form WAIS—R for tumor patients with lateralized lesions.

The ability of the P. Satz and S. Mogel (1962) short form Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) to provide equivalent information about IQ scores and age-corrected scale scores was examined as a function of side of lesion for 34 left hemisphere damaged (LHD) and 29 right hemisphere damaged (RHD) patients having primary brain tumors. Correlations between the 2 forms were significant for all WAIS—R scores with the exception of the Object Assembly subtest for RHD patients. The short form significantly overestimated Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, Similarities, and Picture Arrangement subtest scores. It significantly underestimated Object Assembly subtest scores. A marked percentage of patients showed 1 or more category changes for most WAIS—R scores and 2 or more category changes for some of these scores. The distribution of discrepancies between scores and the number of category changes did not differ significantly for LHD and RHD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.

30 male veterans (mean age 51.63 yrs) referred for neuropsychological evaluation were administered the WAIS and the WAIS-R by a procedure that avoided the repetition of identical items. The IQ scores and all subtest scores were compared and found to be significantly different, with the WAIS scores being higher than the WAIS-R scores. Computed IQs and subtest scores were correlated with only 1 correlation below .90. All correlations were significant. Comparison of the 2 test forms found them to be reliable but not equivalent. The difference in test scores is considered large enough to be important to the clinician. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individual intelligence testing without the examiner: Reliability of an automated method.

Designed and constructed a system capable of totally automating the administration of several psychological tests and treatment procedures, programmed to administer the WAIS. A total of 30 volunteers and clients in counseling programs were given 2 sessions of the automated WAIS with a mean of 9.4 days between tests. The product-moment reliability coefficients for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ were .97, .95, and .98. The subtest reliabilities were higher than the split-half subtest reliabilities reported in the WAIS manual. High test-retest reliabilities were found for several non-IQ response dimensions, including total time for responding, total words used, and the ratio of the number of different words divided by the total number of words. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Estimation of WAIS—R premorbid intelligence: Current ability and demographic data used in a best-performance fashion.

The validity of a technique for estimating premorbid intellectual functioning based on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R; D. Wechsler, 1981) subtest performance and demographic information used in a best-performance fashion was investigated. Premorbid IQ scores were predicted using the highest score from (a) all 11 R. D. Vanderploeg and J. A. Schinka (see record 1996-13380-001) regression equations (BEST-11) and (b) the 3 most robust regression equations (BEST-3). These results were compared with premorbid estimates based solely on demographic information. In the WAIS—R standardization sample the BEST methods were more highly correlated with actual WAIS—R IQ than were A. Barona et al (see record 1985-04035-001) estimates. The BEST-11 and BEST-3 approaches resulted in overestimates of about 9 points and 5 points, respectively. In matched samples of neurologic patients and normal controls, Pearson correlations between actual and estimated IQ scores were significantly higher for the BEST-3 than the Barona et al method. The BEST-3 method also was superior at predicting group membership (normal vs brain-damaged). These studies support the use of the BEST-3 approach to premorbid estimation of cognitive abilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Changes in seizure frequency and test-retest scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Test-retest performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) of two groups of adult epilepsy patients are presented and compared. In one group, Seizures Improved (SI) group, seizure frequency had decreased during the test-retest interval, and in the other group, Seizures Unimproved (SU) group, the number of seizures had either increased or stayed the same over the test-retest interval. The SI group showed a significant test-retest improvement on WAIS Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, as well as on eight of 11 WAIS subtests. In comparison, the SU group showed significant increases only on the Performance IQ and Object Assembly subtest. Furthermore, differences between the two groups were observed in the pattern of test-retest changes seen on the Performance measures relative to the Verbal measures. The results suggest that change in seizure frequency is one of the factors associated with test-retest changes in the intellectual functioning of epilepsy patients.     

A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS—R.

Investigated the efficacy of the variables age, sex, race, education, occupation, rural–urban residence, geographic residence, and handedness in predicting premorbid IQ on the WAIS—R. Data were from the 1981 WAIS—R standardization sample. Results indicate that education, race, and occupation were the most powerful predictors of premorbid IQ and that the present estimation formulas can assist in predicting premorbid IQ on the WAIS—R. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Standardization of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised for persons 75 years and older.

This project expanded the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) normative tables for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs and age-corrected subtest scores to persons aged 75 yrs and older. A sample of 130 normal volunteers was selected according to 1983 census data on the variables of age, education, sex, and race. Means for age and education were 81.24 yrs (SD?=?5.24) and 9.54 yrs (SD?=?2.50). There were 74 White women, 42 White men, 9 Black women, and 5 Black men. Ss lived in the states of Kansas (60.7%), Missouri (34.6%), and Iowa (4.6%), with 90% residing in urban centers and 10% in rural communities. All Ss were administered a complete WAIS—R by trained examiners. On the basis of the raw scores, Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ conversion tables were developed separately for persons 75–79 yrs of age (n?=?60) and aged 80 yrs and older (n?=?70). Conversion tables (M?=?10; SD?=?3) for age-corrected scaled scores were also developed for both age groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Utility of WAIS–R seven-subtest short form as applied to the standardization sample.

Summary scores from the full Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS–R; D. Wechsler, 1981) and the 7-subtest abbreviated form of the WAIS–R were examined across age and education levels in the standardization sample. Full scale IQ (FSIQ) scores demonstrated the highest comparability between forms, followed by verbal IQ (VIQ) and then performance IQ (PIQ) scores. In comparison with FSIQ and VIQ, correlations between the test versions were consistently lower for PIQ. Lower reliability was found among education groups and tests that included subtests that demonstrated greater variability. Age grouping did not impact the alternative forms reliability. The findings support the use of the 7-subtest short form of the WAIS–R primarily for VIQ and FSIQ summary scores with the additional caution that results from abbreviated scores result in reduced reliability and a larger standard error of measure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rising verbal intelligence scores: Implications for research and clinical practice.

Evidence suggests that scores on various intelligence tests have been rising at a fast rate. To find out whether performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Vocabulary subtest has also been rising, the authors searched major psychology journals for investigations involving healthy younger and older adult participants and collected the reported WAIS Vocabulary scores. The meta-analysis shows that WAIS Vocabulary scores have been rising at the rate of 0.117/year (corresponding to 1.52 IQ points/decade) for younger adults and 0.367/year (corresponding to 4.79 IQ points/decade) for older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor analysis of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised for persons 75 years and older.

We factor analyzed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) protocols of 130 normal elderly. For age and education, Ms?=?81.24 years (SD?=?5.24) and 9.54 years (SD?=?2.50). Results indicated that the WAIS—R may be interpreted as a 1-, 2-, or 3-factor battery. In the 1-factor solution, interpretative emphasis was placed on the Full Scale IQ as a measure of g. In the 2-factor solution, a Verbal Comprehension factor consisted of Information, Digit Span, Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Similarities. A Perceptual Organization factor comprised Block Design, Object Assembly, and Digit Symbol. In the 3-factor solution, the subtest alignments for the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization factors remained highly similar, whereas Arithmetic constituted a Freedom From Distractibility factor. Overall, 1- or 2-factor models seem to offer the most plausible and parsimonious structures for this sample. Seven subtests had high or intermediate levels of specific variance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Typology and prevailing composition of core profiles in the WAIS—R standardization sample.

The structure and membership of ability profiles found most representative among the 1,880 16- to 74-year-old Ss comprising the standardization sample for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) were analyzed. Scaled score profiles for the 11 (WAIS—R) subtests were grouped according to similar level and shape using sequential minimum-variance cluster analyses with independent replications. A final solution of 9 core profile types met all formal heuristic and statistical criteria. Core types were described according to relative population prevalence, ability level, and unusual subtest configuration, and each type was assessed for prevailing composition by members' demography, birth order, abnormal IQ discrepancies, and hand preference. Procedures are given for determining the relative uniqueness of WAIS—R patterns in research and clinical work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parental problem-solving speed as a correlate of intelligence in parents and their adopted and natural children.

300 families of adoptive parents and their 5–15 yr old adoptive and natural children took the age-appropriate form of the WAIS or the WISC. An index of speed of problem solving was obtained for each parent based on the times taken to solve easy problems of the Block Design subtest. Speed of solution correlated .26 with Verbal IQ and .51 with Performance IQ among the parents. Parental speed was then correlated with the subtest scores of their children on the WISC. Although mothers' speed correlated negligibly with the scores of adoptive and natural children, fathers' speed correlated more positively with their natural children's Performance scores than with their adopted children's scores. Results suggest a relationship of parental problem-solving speed to children's intellectual performance. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WAIS—R subtest scatter using the Profile Variability Index.

The Profile Variability Index (PVI) suggested by B. S. Plake et al (see record 1981-09369-001) was applied to the standardization sample of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). Means, standard deviations, and abnormality cutoff points of the PVI for Verbal, Performance, and Full-Scale IQs were computed for the full sample and for samples broken down by age, sex, race, urban/rural residence, region, years of education completed, occupational level, and IQ level. These PVI base rates may provide a more sensitive index of profile variability for clinicians. A disadvantage of the PVI is that it is computationally more complex than other indices of profile variability; however, it is a more stable index because, unlike other indices of scatter, the PVI is based on all subtest scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cautions in interpretation of comparisons between the WAIS—R and the Wechsler Memory Scale.

Investigated the relation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) to the Wechsler Memory Scale Memory Quotient (MQ) when the WAIS—R rather than the WAIS is used, noting that G. P. Prigatano (1978) found that a MQ at least 12 points below the WAIS FSIQ may be an indication of memory impairment. 120 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 39.95 yrs) completed the MQ and either the WAIS or WAIS—R. Mean WAIS—R FSIQ and MQ were not equivalent, and a 12-point discrepancy between FSIQ and MQ occurred less often with the WAIS—R than with the WAIS. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An examination of differences between native and non-native psychiatric offenders on the MMPI.

Compared Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scores of 57 native and 218 non-native Canadian Prairie psychiatric offenders. All Ss were adult males. In uncontrolled comparisons, considerable cross-cultural profile similarity was observed. Separate native and non-native multiple regressions were performed, using the 13 MMPI scales as criterion variables with age, time served, education level, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Full Scale IQ, and Verbal Comprehension as the predictors. WAIS Full Scale IQ and education level were the strongest predictors of native and non-native MMPIs, respectively. When controlled MMPI comparisons were made using IQ and education as covariates, the previous differences were erased. With covariates, significantly lower native scores were found on Mf, Pa, and Si, while K was significantly higher. The lowered native profile was due primarily to the IQ covariate. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An economical method for the evaluation of general intelligence in adults.

Evaluated the ability of the Wonderlic Personnel Test to replicate the WAIS using 120 persons divided into principal and cross-validation groups. The correlations between Wonderlic IQs and WAIS Full Scale IQs were .93 for the main group and .91 for the cross-validation group. The Wonderlic IQ scores were within 10 points of the WAIS Full Scale scores in 90% of the cases. Differences in age, sex, years of education, level of intelligence, and emotional adjustment did not adversely impact on the reproduction of WAIS Full Scale IQs by the Wonderlic. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

White matter atrophy, ventricular dilation, and intellectual functioning following traumatic brain injury.

Examined the role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) of injury severity measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), white matter atrophy identified by various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometric techniques, and postinjury intellectual functioning measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). MR images of 31 female and 33 male TBI patients were used to calculate corpus callosum (CC) areas, ventricular volumes (estimates of white matter loss), and parenchymal volumes. Results indicated that the men were on the average more severely injured, as indicated by significantly lower GCS scores. CC size correlated significantly with the ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR), but no significant correlations were found between CC size and WAIS—R scores. Significant correlations were found for men only between VBR and Performance IQ and between VBR and the Digit Symbol subtest of the WAIS—R. Implications for the roles of white matter atrophy and intellectual functioning in TBI are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Profile analysis and the abbreviated Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: A multivariate approach.

The abbreviated WAIS by P. Satz and S Mogel, while yielding high correlations with the standard WAIS scales, has been criticized for introducing sufficient subtest unreliability to prohibit profile interpretations. Using multivariate profile analytic techniques (R. B. Cattell's rp and hierarchical grouping analysis) and sampling from both brain-injured and psychiatric populations (ns = 118 and 173, respectively), these forms were compared in terms of overall pattern similarity and actuarial classification agreement. For both populations, results provide strong evidence that the Satz-Mogel abbreviated WAIS may be substituted for the standard WAIS for both general IQ assessment and global profile analysis. It is argued that the multivariate techniques of the present study provide statistically more reliable inferential base for WAIS profile analysis than does the comparison of individual subtests. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Subtest scatter and premorbid intelligence: Lessons from the WAIS—R standardization sample.

This study was carried out to underscore that the psychometric properties of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) make it risky for a clinician to utilize, in isolation, an individual's highest WAIS—R subtest score as a robust measure of that person's supposedly higher level of "premorbid" intelligence, or, furthermore, to interpret the individual's lowest WAIS—R subtest scores as indices of an "impairment" in the brain-behavior functions believed to be mirrored by these low subtest scores. Analyses revealed that sizeable differences (M?=?6.66 points) between the highest and lowest WAIS—R subtests were the norm rather than the exception of the 1,880 Ss used in standardization of this scale. Related psychometric properties of the scale that also bear on the use of the WAIS—R in isolation for determining either premorbid level of intelligence or current impairment are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An index of premorbid intelligence.

Attempted to develop a way of estimating Wechsler IQs from demographic measures. The 3 summary IQs of the 1955 WAIS standardization sample were regressed on age, sex, race, education, and occupation. The resulting R–2s were .53, .42, and .54 for the Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, respectively. The 3 regression equations provide actuarial indices of IQ that can be used as estimates of premorbid ability in neuropsychological assessment and research. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)