太阳电池组件上纳米多孔SiO_2减反射膜的制备和增透性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米多孔SiO_2减反射薄膜,通过对不同制备工艺的探索(如陈化时间、提拉速度)以及所制备的纳米SiO_2薄膜的微观结构的研究,探究SiO_2溶胶特性对薄膜结构的影响以及薄膜纳米结构对其光透过率的影响,寻找最优化的制备工艺制备纳米多孔SiO_2减反射薄膜,进一步提高太阳电池组件上超白玻璃的透过率问题. 结果表明以氨水为催化剂、陈化时间为4天、提拉速度为1.25mm/s的工艺制备减反射薄膜效果最好. 在超白玻璃盖板上镀减反射膜后, 透过率 (400～1100nm)由90%提高到96%,对太阳电池组件应用可进一步增加6%左右的可见光利用.     

高可见光透过、高紫外截止镀膜玻璃的制备

为了提高镀膜玻璃的可见光透过率, 本研究通过反胶束溶液刻蚀法制备出一种新型玻璃基板, 即表面多孔玻璃。玻璃表面形成了蜂窝状的多孔膜层, 减小了对可见光的反射率, 从而使可见光平均透过率提高了7%。通过一系列射频磁控溅射实验, 探索了可见光平均透过率高, 紫外阻隔率最高的最佳工艺条件。在此条件下, 分别在制备的表面多孔玻璃和普通玻璃上镀CeO₂/TiO₂防紫外线膜, 并采用紫外-可见分光光度计、SEM、XRD、XPS等测试手段对样品进行了分析表征。结果表明, 在相同的镀膜条件下, 当镀膜后表面多孔玻璃与镀膜普通玻璃的紫外光阻隔率均为99%时, 表面多孔玻璃镀膜后的可见光平均透过率为85%, 而普通玻璃镀膜后的可见光平均透过率仅为79%。此外, 玻璃表面上的孔结构还提高了薄膜与基板的接触面积, 使膜基结合力提高2倍左右。     

ZrO2-SiO2薄膜对离子交换增强玻璃的光学和力学性能影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在玻璃表面制备出ZrO₂-SiO₂薄膜, 然后通过离子交换形成镀膜增强玻璃, 研究了薄膜组成对离子交换增强玻璃的力学和光学性能的影响。利用紫外可见分光光度计、激光椭偏仪、纳米压痕、三点抗弯和能谱(EDX)分析了薄膜结构及性能。结果表明: 所有薄膜均连续均匀, 纯ZrO₂薄膜为四方相结构, 含Si薄膜为无定形结构; 薄膜具有较高弹性恢复率(>60%)以及H/E比(>0.1), 有利于强度增强; 随Si含量增加, 可见光透过率增大, 但表面硬度和杨氏模量随之降低; 0.5ZrO₂-0.5SiO₂薄膜综合性能最佳: 表面硬度为18 GPa, 抗弯强度为393 MPa, 厚度~45 nm时可见光透过率大于85%。     

过渡族金属掺杂对TiO2薄膜光催化性能的影响

本文采用溶胶凝胶旋涂法在普通玻璃上制备了掺杂不同Fe3+浓度及不同Zn2+浓度的TiO2薄膜,并对薄膜进行了500℃退火处理。分析讨论不同Fe3+及Zn2+掺杂浓度下TiO2薄膜的光催化性能,得出了铁离子最佳掺杂浓度为0.5%,锌离子最佳掺杂浓度为5%。并利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis对不同掺杂离子的薄膜进行了对比分析,结果表明:Fe2O3/TiO2和ZnO/TiO2薄膜在可见光范围内均具有很好的光透过性(>80%),ZnO/TiO2薄膜光催化性能略优于Fe2O3/TiO2薄膜,最佳状态下ZnO/TiO2薄膜的光降解率能达到Fe2O3/TiO2薄膜的两倍。     

TiO2缓冲层对掺钨氧化钒热敏智能玻璃的制备及性能影响

用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃基片上先沉积TiO2缓冲层,再用直流/射频反应磁控共溅射法制备掺钨VOx薄膜,然后在氮气中退火.用X射线衍射、原子力显微镜、紫外可见光分光光度计、红外光谱仪等对薄膜的结构、表面形貌、光透过率等进行测试分析.结果表明:在溅射气压为1Pa,氧氩气体比例为1:4,Ti靶采用100 W直流电源时,所制备的TiO2缓冲层上的掺钨VOx薄膜致密,晶粒大小均匀.掺钨VOx薄膜样品的相变温度降低至35℃,可见光透过率较高,对红外光的屏蔽效果明显.     

纳米WO3薄膜的制备及其光学性能研究

以钨酸钠为原料，采用溶胶技术结合浸渍镀膜方法制备出WO3薄膜，利用透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见分光光度计、X射线衍射仪对薄膜的性质进行了研究。实验结果表明：草酸浓度的大小对产物粒径和紫外-可见透过光谱特性均有影响，随着草酸浓度的增大，产物的粒径减小，在可见光附近的透过率增大。热处理温度对产物的光透过性有影响，处理温度越高，光透过率越大。     

感光溶胶—凝胶法制备光波导薄膜微图案

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了有机-无机杂化光敏性SiO2-TiO2材料,在单晶硅基片上旋转涂膜,经前烘、紫外光固化、淋洗、后烘等步骤,在硅片上得到复制有掩模微图案的薄膜。用紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计测试了薄膜的光透过吸收性质,用Fourier红外光谱仪测试了不同紫外光辐照时间下薄膜的红外振动吸收光谱,用高倍光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察制备得到的薄膜微图案。结果表明:薄膜在紫外可见光区域的光透过率约为90%,紫外光照能促使不同的官能团间发生缩聚反应,80℃前烘温度处理以及15min左右的紫外光辐照能够得到清晰、精确的薄膜微图案。     

光伏玻璃透光性能评价方法及影响因素研究

鉴于可见光透射比和太阳光直接透射比未能有效表征光伏玻璃在实际应用时的透光性能,采用与太阳能电池光谱响应相匹配的范围内(380~1200nm)有效透过率对该指标加以评价,并利用线性回归的方法获得有效透过率与玻璃中铁含量关系的经验公式。结果表明:玻璃的有效透过率随着铁含量的升高而线性降低,相关系数可达-0.997。     

纳米TiO2/ITO复合薄膜的光诱导亲水性研究

本文采用直流反应磁控溅射法及能量过滤磁控溅射技术,以玻璃为衬底制备了纳米TiO2薄膜和纳米TiO2/ITO复合薄膜.利用X射线衍射(XRD) 、扫描电镜(SEM) 、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-VIS) 、椭偏光谱仪(VASE型)和接触角测定等手段对薄膜进行了表征.研究表明:纳米TiO2/ITO复合薄膜表面水的初始接触角较纳米TiO2薄膜明显减小,ITO膜层的存在抑制了光生载流子的复合,在紫外光照射5min后接触角迅速下降,紫外光照射30min后接近0°,亲水性较纳米TiO2薄膜有明显提高;应用能量过滤磁控溅射技术制备的薄膜晶粒尺寸减小至10nm左右,薄膜表面平整,吸收边波长"蓝移"至320nm;纳米TiO2/ITO复合薄膜在可见光波段的透过率下降至60%左右,较纳米TiO2薄膜的80%明显降低.     

氧化镉薄膜的制备与性质研究

本文以醋酸镉、丙醇、丙三醇、三乙胺组成的先驱体溶液作为起始物，采用溶胶-凝胶法，利用旋转涂覆技术，于玻璃基体上制备了高透过率、低电阻的氧化镉薄膜。研究了薄膜的光学性质、导电性能、表面形貌。薄膜的电阻由双探针法测定，并在热处理温度为270℃时得到了一个最低电阻，其值为58．8Ω；薄膜的透过性能由紫外-可见分光光度计测定，在可见光范围内透过率高达90％以上；薄膜的表面形貌由扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测定。研究结果表明，热处理温度对薄膜的导电和可见光透过性能有很大影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...