Design and performance analysis of side by side,echelon and H‐shaped multiple printed dipole antennas for wireless local area network application

An array of printed dipole antennas for wireless local area network applications is designed and simulated using ads software. In MIMO system, numbers of antenna elements are used in different configuration. This paper presents the simulated results of printed dipole antennas in side by side 4‐element array, echelon and H‐shaped dipole array configurations. The designed antenna is characterized by measuring return loss, radiation pattern, directivity, and gain and also presented the simulated capacity results of different array configurations. The mutual coupling between the dipoles of different orientations is included to make simulation more realistic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种低方向性的球形共形全向天线阵列设计

传统的球形共形天线阵列馈电网络复杂,每个天线单元需要单独馈电和控制相位,导致天线阵列效 率较低。文中提出了一种采用口径耦合馈电的单馈球面共形全向天线阵。为球形天线阵列设计了一个1 分30 的馈 电网络且直接集成在了阵列内部。这样可以通过一个端口给所有的天线单元馈电,从而降低了馈电的复杂度,提高 了天线效率。阵列的方向图在x-y 平面上是全向的。x-y 平面的增益变化小于1 dB,x-z 平面的半功率波瓣宽度约为 120°,实现了比传统全向更大的空间覆盖范围。天线的方向图最大增益为1 dBi。     

Edge-fed patch antennas with reduced spurious radiation

In this paper, a technique to reduce the spurious feed radiation from edge-fed patch antennas by using a dual thickness substrate is presented. A thin microwave substrate is employed for the feed network, and then a transition is made to a thick substrate for the patch antenna element. The new feeding procedure allows the feed network and antenna elements to be optimized independently. Measured results on a single element prototype exhibit a reduction in the level of cross-polarized fields and decreased pattern distortion whilst preserving a reasonable impedance bandwidth. The technique is also proven to be beneficial in an array environment, as an extensive transmission line feed network is required. We present the theoretical and experimental results of a 1 /spl times/ 8 edge-fed patch array that utilizes the dual thickness substrate configuration. Significant improvement in the radiation patterns and gain are observed for the new array compared to a standard edge-fed patch array.     

A study of microstrip array antennas with the feed network

The radiation and losses in microstrip antennas with a corporate feed network are studied. A surface current approach is applied in which the electrical currents in the feed lines are modeled as in ideal transmission lines. The free-space radiation and the surface-wave excitation of typical segments in printed feed networks are studied. A four-element array antenna with its printed feed network is analyzed and predicted radiation patterns, directivity, and gain are presented and compared with experimental results. The gain and directivity of large arrays of 16, 64, 256 and 1024 elements are calculated and measurements in the frequency range of 10 to 35 GHz are reported     

Diversity characteristics of four-element ring slot-based MIMO antenna for sub-6-GHz applications

This paper proposes four-ring slot resonator-based MIMO antennas of 75 × 150 mm² without and with CSRR structures in the sub-6-GHz range. These orthogonal-fed antennas have shown diverse characteristics with dual polarization. L-shaped parasitic structures have increased the isolation (i.e., >40 dB) in the single-element antenna over the band of 3.4 GHz–3.8 GHz. A set of three CSRR structures in the MIMO antenna reduced the coupling between antenna ports placed in an inline arrangement and enhanced the isolation from 12 dB to 20 dB and the diversity characteristics. The S-parameters of both MIMO antennas are measured and used to evaluate MIMO parameters like ECC, TARC, MEG, and channel capacity loss. The simulation results show the variations in the gain and directivity on exciting linear and dual polarizations. The diversity performance of the reported MIMO antennas is suitable for 5G applications.     

Circularly polarized dielectric-loaded planar antenna excited bythe parallel feeding waveguide network

A new receiving planar array antenna for DBS (direct broadcasting satellite) is proposed. The element antenna is a short waveguide aperture mounted in the ground plane, loaded with a dielectric and polarizers, and excited through its side wall by another feeding rectangular waveguide. The gain of the element antenna loaded with a dielectric is so high that the grating lobes can be reduced sufficiently even if the element spacing in the array is wider than the wavelength in free space. Therefore we can reduce the number of the array elements, and parallel feeding by the low loss waveguide network can be feasible to provide a planar array antenna. This paper describes the experimental results of several kinds of the circularly polarized dielectric-loaded element antennas and the planar antennas fed by the waveguide network. In the 12 GHz band the planar antenna with 64-element radiators has a maximum gain of 31.9 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 94.7%, the 1 dB-down frequency bandwidth of the gain is about 800 MHz (6.7% for a center frequency of 11.85 GHz), and the frequency bandwidth of the axial ratio is less than 1 dB of 850 MHz (7.2%)     

基于小间距低耦合阵元的微带天线阵设计*

设计微带天线阵时,减小阵元间距会导致阵元间耦合增加,从而导致增益下降(在考虑口径增益减小的基础上进一步下降).针对该问题,提出一种减弱小间距阵元间耦合的新方法,即通过在地板上蚀刻两条共面波导,引入新的幅度可调的耦合去抵消原有耦合,从而实现减小阵元间耦合的目的.该方法将邻边间距为0.024λ0(λ0是自由波长,中心间距约0.38λ0)的阵元之间的隔离度(IS21I)从6.1dB提高到21dB以上,改善了阵元的辐射特性,使每个阵元的辐射方向图接近单个贴片的辐射方向图.为验证有效性,本文基于该方法设计了一副二元微带天线阵,并对其进行测试,与等口径面的二元阵比较,增益提高了约1.2dBi,与等增益的二元阵比较,面积减少了约10.2％,且副瓣电平有较大改善.     

超高频射频识别小间隔双标签天线增益特性研究

该文针对超高频射频识别(UHF RFID)标签自身参数和标签间互相耦合对标签天线增益的影响,推导了相应的理论模型。首先从辐射场的角度将标签等效为带集总负载的对称振子天线,然后基于对称振子天线阵列的理论建立了小间隔双标签天线增益的简化模型,并对密集多标签应用场合进行了简单拓展,仿真研究验证了所建模型的有效性。最后对增益的方向性和辐射效率进行了研究,研究结果对密集标签的性能研究具有一定的指导意义。     

An affordable millimeter-wave beam-steerable antenna using interleaved planar subarrays

Design and fabrication aspects of an affordable planar beam steerable antenna array with a simple architecture are considered in this paper. Grouping the elements of a phased array into a number of partially overlapped subarrays and using a single phase shifter for each subarray, generally results in a considerable reduction in array size and manufacturing costs. However, overlapped subarrays require complicated corporate feed networks and array architectures that cannot be easily implemented using planar technologies. In this paper a novel feed network and array architecture for implementing a planar phased array of microstrip antennas is presented that enables the fabrication of low-sidelobe, compact, beam-steerable millimeter-wave arrays and facilitates integration of the RF front-end electronics with the antenna structure. This design uses a combination of series and parallel feeding schemes to achieve the desired array coefficients. The proposed approach is used to design a three-state switched-beam phased array with a scanning width of /spl plusmn/10/spl deg/. This phased array which is composed of 80 microstrip elements, achieves a gain of >20 dB, a sidelobe level of <-19 dB and a 10-dB bandwidth of >6.3% for all states of the beam. The antenna efficiency is measured at 33-36% in X band. It is shown that the proposed feeding scheme is insensitive to the mutual coupling among the elements.     

宽带无线Mesh网络中的多扇区天线阵列设计

在宽带无线Mesh网络中,为了扩展传输距离和提升链路速率,天线的性能至关重要。提出了一种多扇区天线阵列,每个扇区天线为带反射板的微带偶极子阵列天线,工作频段为5.1～5.9 GHz,其水平主瓣张角为45°,增益为18 dbi。多扇区天线阵列共包括8个扇区,信号在各扇区天线间进行动态切换,从而实现水平360°全向覆盖。通过采用HFSS三维电磁场仿真工具进行仿真及实际生产并在微波暗室中进行测试,结果表明和传统无线Mesh网络所采用的全向天线相比,在满足全向覆盖的同时,天线的方向性有了很大的改善。     

Double-plane pattern enhancement of rectangular slotted waveguide antennas using slotted concave surfaces

Conventional slotted waveguide antennas are well known and prominently used for many military and even marketable applications. This is due to their different advantageous electrical and mechanical characteristics. It is also well known that this type of antennas is a typical array of slots with which the width of the main beam can be controlled in only one plane by using a different number of elements in such antennas. Numerous research, discuss the capability of using an array of such antennas in order to narrow down the main beam in both planes and even achieve a scanning phased array. In this paper, a new and broader approach is presented concerning beam width control of the typical configuration of such antennas. This work presents the ability to control the main lobe in both planes using only one slotted waveguide to a certain extent. Different simulation results are considered at the 2.4 GHz frequency demonstrating improved effectiveness in terms of directivity and high gain as well as minimizing the side-lobe level and mechanically controlling the main lobe of the antenna.     

一种新型高增益宽带圆极化天线阵列的设计

分析了一种具有高增益的宽带圆极化天线。每一个单元都是双面印刷偶极子,为了展宽带宽,采用了宽频带90°巴伦作为馈电网络用于给偶极子阵列馈电。在此基础上,制作了一个2×3 元小型圆极化平面阵,为了压缩尺寸,将馈电网络位于介质板的底层,该天线最高增益可以达到14.2dBi,并可以获得64%（VSWR<2）的阻抗带宽和54.5%（AR<3） 的轴比带宽。     

基于双基线比相测角的收发阵列天线设计

根据双基线比相测角的原理,规划出一条短基线与一条较长基线,经过仿真优化确定出三个接收天线之间的间距,最终设计出一款应用于24 GHz汽车防撞雷达且结构较为紧凑的一发三收的微带阵列天线。采用该收发天线进行测角,既可保证最大无模糊测角的范围,也可提高测角的精度。通过采用基于道尔夫-切比雪夫算法加权的串并联混合馈电网络,使该收发天线实现了高增益、低副瓣的特性。最终,对该一发三收天线进行了实物加工。根据实测结果可知:在中心频率24. 125 GHz处,该10×4 元发射天线与10×2 元接收天线的增益分别为23. 1 dB与19. 3 dB,方位面副瓣电平均小于-20 dB,并且方位面3 dB波束宽度均为8. 4°,满足设计需求。     

Error probability performance for W-CDMA systems with multiple transmit and receive antennas in correlated Nakagami fading channels

The bit error rate (BER) performance of a two-dimensional (2-D) RAKE receiver, in combination with transmit diversity on the downlink of a wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA) system, is presented. The analyses assume correlated fading between receive antenna array elements, and an arbitrary number of independent but nonidentical resolvable multipaths combined by the RAKE receiver in the general Nakagami-m (1960) fading channel framework. The impact of the array configuration (e.g., the number of transmit antennas and receive antennas, the antenna element separation) and the operating environment parameters (such as the fading severity, angular spread and path delay profile) on the overall space-path diversity gain can be directly evaluated. In addition, the exact pairwise error probability of a convolutional coded system is obtained, and the coding gain of a space-path diversity receiver is quantified.     

互耦效应对超大规模MIMO天线系统信道容量的影响

超大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)天线系统是6G的关键技术,由于天线单元间距很小,多个天线单元的互耦效应是影响其性能的因素之一。建立了基于石墨烯基贴片天线阵列-子阵列架构的超大规模MIMO天线系统,推导出了互耦效应影响下的信道容量表达式。通过电磁场数值计算仿真了超大规模MIMO天线系统的信道容量,结果表明,在不考虑互耦效应时,超大规模MIMO天线系统的信道容量与子阵列天线单元数、子阵列数以及发射机功率正相关;在互耦效应的影响下,系统的信道容量降低,互耦效应的强弱与子阵列天线单元的间距有关,天线单元间间距越小,相邻天线间的互耦效应越明显,系统的信道容量越小。该仿真结果可以为6G中超大规模MIMO天线系统的设计提供参考。     

Improving MIMO capacity with directive antennas for outdoor-indoor scenarios

MIMO systems are usually associated with high scattering isotropic propagation while the use of directive antennas is associated with free space conditions. We found outdoor-indoor channels to be in between these two extremes, in the sense that we observed directivity - and - MIMO gain, for the same ensemble of channels. Our observation is based on measurements with directive (8 dB) and dipole antennas. Median MIMO capacities were found to be about 80% of the ideal (Rayleigh i.i.d.), at 5 dB Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), for both types of antennas. Using properly aimed directive antennas, the SNR was found on average to be 5.4 dB above that obtainable with dipoles, somewhat less than the 7 dB antenna gain difference. Thus, isotropic propagation, which would have negated directivity gains, cannot be justified in general. We empirically established that aiming for largest received power is the best array pointing strategy with directive antennas. Combining MIMO processing and angular search resulted on average in gains of 70% over the median capacities obtained with dipoles. Therefore it may in some cases be convenient to arrange subgroups of antennas for beamforming, and then process the thus reduced number of radio channels for MIMO gain.     

High-gain active composite right/left-handed leaky-wave antenna

A novel high-gain active composite right/left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented. This antenna, which is designed to operate at broadside, is constituted by passive CRLH leaky-wave sections interconnected by amplifiers, which regenerate the power progressively leaked out of the structure in the radiation process in order to increase the effective aperture of the antenna and thereby its gain. The gain is further enhanced by a matching regeneration effect induced by the quasi-unilateral nature of the amplifiers. Both the cases of quasi-uniform and binomial field distributions, corresponding to maximum directivity and minimum side-lobe level, respectively, have been described. An active LWA prototype is demonstrated in transmission mode with a gain enhancement of 8.9 dB compared to its passive counterpart. The proposed antenna can attain an arbitrarily high gain by simple increase of the length of the structure, without penalty in terms of return loss and without requiring a complicated feeding network like conventional array antennas.     

一种用于MIMO系统的三频段天线阵设计

介绍一种用于MIMO系统无线移动终端的小型化天线阵.单个天线采用平面倒F天线(PIFAs),地板尺寸为100 mm x60 mm,天线工作频率:885-915 MHz,1 760～1 870 MHz和2 450～2 510 MHz.为了使天线阵的体积变小,天线之间的距离远小于半波长,这就带来了另外的问题:天线之间的耦合...     

Unidirectional uwb array antenna using leaf-shaped bowtie elements and flat reflector

A study of a UWB array antenna is presented, which is composed of leaf-shaped bowtie radiating elements printed on a dielectric substrate. With the use of a flat reflector, the presented antenna has unidirectional radiation characteristics and higher directivity in comparison with omnidirectional UWB antennas. In the maximum radiation direction of the proposed antenna, the actual gain of 10.3-13.3 dBi is achieved over the frequency range of 4.1-10.0 GHz (-3 dB gain bandwidth of 91%).