Screening level assessment of risks due to dioxin emissions from burning oil from the BP Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico spill

Between April 28 and July 19 of 2010, the U.S. Coast Guard conducted in situ oil burns as one approach used for the management of oil spilled after the explosion and subsequent sinking of the BP Deepwater Horizon platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of this paper is to describe a screening level assessment of the exposures and risks posed by the dioxin emissions from these fires. Using upper estimates for the oil burn emission factor, modeled air and fish concentrations, and conservative exposure assumptions, the potential cancer risk was estimated for three scenarios: inhalation exposure to workers, inhalation exposure to residents on the mainland, and fish ingestion exposures to residents. U.S. EPA's AERMOD model was used to estimate air concentrations in the immediate vicinity of the oil burns and NOAA's HYSPLIT model was used to estimate more distant air concentrations and deposition rates. The lifetime incremental cancer risks were estimated as 6 × 10(-8) for inhalation by workers, 6 × 10(-12) for inhalation by onshore residents, and 6 × 10(-8) for fish consumption by residents. For all scenarios, the risk estimates represent upper bounds and actual risks would be expected to be less.     

广东省主要叶菜农药残留膳食暴露风险评估研究

为探讨广东省主要叶菜农药残留膳食暴露风险,对2014年和2015年广东省6种叶菜样品中的33种农药残留进行评估分析。采用点评估和基于@Risk v5.7评估软件的概率评估方法,对检出率超过5%的农药进行膳食暴露风险评估(包括急性暴露风险评估和慢性暴露风险评估)。结果显示,有22种农药检出,检出率在1.7%~36.1%之间;检出率超过5%的农药有10种,分别为吡虫啉、啶虫脒、多菌灵、氯虫苯甲酰胺、烯酰吗啉、灭蝇胺、联苯菊酯、苯醚甲环唑、毒死蜱、甲霜灵。其急性暴露风险熵在1.31~28.22之间,99%人群的慢性暴露风险熵在0.87~70.00之间,提示这10种农药残留膳食暴露风险水平在可接受范围,但慢性暴露风险熵较高的农药种类如毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑等应引起关注。本研究为蔬菜质量安全风险管理提供了科学依据。     

海产品中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb对人体健康的潜在风险评价

测定几种海产品(软体类、甲壳类、鱼类)中重金属Hg、Cd 、Pb 的含量,并运用危害商数(target hazard quotients,THQs)评价食用海产品对人体健康的潜在风险。结果发现：Hg 在软体类生物中的含量范围为0.06～1.23mg/kg,其次为鱼类(0.024～1.03mg/kg),甲壳类生物最低(未检出～0.25mg/kg);Cd 在软体类生物中的含量为 0.18～4.02mg/kg,高于甲壳类(未检出～0.05mg/kg)和鱼类(未检出～0.07mg/kg);Pb含量较低,软体类(0.04～0.23mg/kg)、甲壳类(未检出0.03mg/kg)、鱼类(未检出～0.07mg/kg)。Cd 和Pb 的危害商数说明该市场的海产品中这两种金属对人体健康不具有潜在风险,相比之下,重金属汞在某一种鱼中的危害商数可能对人体健康有潜在风险。     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to pesticide residues: results of the first Hong Kong total diet study

The use of pesticides and other chemicals has become a common practice in modern agriculture to enhance and stabilise crop yield, protect the nutritional integrity of food, facilitate food storage to assure year-round supplies, and provide attractive and appealing food products. With the adoption of strict good agricultural practice (GAP), only minimal amounts of pesticide residues should remain on the crops or in connected foods of animal origin up the food chain. To assess their associated health risk to local people, the dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to residues of four groups of pesticides or their metabolites – organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), carbamates, pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and dithiocarbamate (DTC) metabolites – is estimated in the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study (TDS). A total of 150 commonly consumed food items were collected and prepared “as consumed”. A total of 600 composite food samples were analysed for 85 pesticides or their metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These pesticides were primarily found at low levels (highest mean = 350 μg kg^?1) in food samples of plant origin such as vegetables and fruits. Dietary exposures to pesticide residues were estimated based on the analytical results and the food consumption data of the local residents. The estimated dietary exposures of Hong Kong adults to all individual pesticides were well below their respective acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). The percentage contributions of the estimated mean and 95th percentile dietary exposures to the ADIs of individual pesticides were <6% and <24% for the OPPs, <1% for the carbamates and pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and <1% and <4% for the DTC metabolites, respectively. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to all the pesticide residues analysed in this study were unlikely to pose unacceptable health risks to the Hong Kong population.     

山东潍坊地区黄瓜中623种农药及代谢物残留的快速筛查及风险评估

为了解山东潍坊地区黄瓜的农药残留状况,该研究采用保留指数-气相色谱-串联质谱法对在山东潍坊地区生产和流通环节采集的392份黄瓜样品进行623种农药及代谢物残留的定性筛查和定量检测,并进行农药残留风险评估及排序。结果表明,392份黄瓜样品中共检出55种农药及代谢物,检出率为0.26%~92.09%,筛查出19种现有国标方法（GB 23200.113-2018和GB 23200.8-2016）未覆盖的农药残留;5种农药超出最大残留限量,即螺螨酯（2.30%）、硫丹（1.02%）、甲霜灵（0.51%）、醚菌酯（0.26%）、哒螨灵（0.26%）;检出55种农药残留的慢性和急性膳食摄入风险均低于100%,摄入风险可接受;根据残留风险得分排序,中高风险农药占比较高（60%）,特别是一些禁限用农药（硫丹、2,4-滴丁酯）的检出可能与农业投入品的隐性添加有关;流通环节（33.5%）检出农药数量高于15种的样品占比明显高于生产环节（4.08%）,这一现象可能与从基地到市场的“三前环节”存在风险点,缺乏有效监管有关,建议加强“三前环节”监管和农药使用管理,确保农产品质量安全。     

Benefit-risk ratio of food fish intake as the source of essential fatty acids vs. heavy metals: A case study of Siberian grayling from the Yenisei River

A formula was derived for quantification of benefit-risk ratio (hazard quotient) for the intake of a product containing essential polyunsaturated fatty acids vs. heavy metals. The quotient was used in a three year case study of the contents of essential fatty acids and heavy metals in Siberian grayling, the main food fish from the middle section of the Yenisei River. As found, in general the fish intake was potentially very beneficial for human health, except on a few occasions, when the risk overweighed the benefit because of high contents of chromium in the fish muscle tissue. The data demonstrated the necessity for regular monitoring of the hazard quotients for food fish in wild conditions, based at least on monthly sampling frequency.     

Arsenic and lead in foods: a potential threat to human health in Bangladesh

The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of arsenic and lead to adults and children via daily dietary intake of food composites in Bangladesh was estimated. The target hazard quotients (THQs), hazard index (HI) and target carcinogenic risk (TR) were calculated to evaluate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk from arsenic and lead. Most of the individual food composites contain a considerable amount of arsenic and lead. The highest mean concentrations of arsenic were found in cereals (0.254 mg kg^–1 fw) and vegetables (0.250 mg kg^–1 fw), and lead in vegetables (0.714 mg kg^–1 fw) and fish (0.326 mg kg^–1 fw). The results showed the highest THQs of arsenic in cereals and lead in vegetables for both adults and children which exceeded the safe limit (> 1) indicating that cereals and vegetables are the main food items contributing to the potential health risk. The estimated TR from ingesting dietary arsenic and lead from most of the foods exceeded 10^?6, indicating carcinogenic risks for all adult people of the study area.     

Little cigars, big cigars: omissions and commissions of harm and harm reduction information on the Internet.

We conducted a comparative analysis of "harm," "harm reduction," and "little cigar" information about cigars on 10 major English-language health Web sites. The sites were from governmental and nongovernmental organizations based in seven different countries and included "harm" and "harm reduction" information, discussions of little cigars, quantitative estimates of health risks, and qualifying behavioral characteristics (inhalation, number per day). Of the 10 Web sites, 7 offered statements explicitly indicating that cigars may be safer than cigarettes. None of the Web sites reviewed described that little cigars are likely as dangerous as cigarettes. Some Web sites provided quantitative estimates of health risks and extensive discussions of qualifying factors. Reading grade levels were higher than desirable. Extensive and complex information on the reduced risks of cigars compared with cigarettes is available on Web sites affiliated with prominent health organizations. Yet these sites fail to warn consumers that popular cigarette-like little cigars and cigarillos are likely to be just as dangerous as cigarettes, even for those who have never smoked cigarettes. Improvement of these Web sites is urgently needed to provide the public with high-quality health information.     

2001—2017年我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属累积特征及膳食暴露风险

目的 探讨我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属的累积特征,并分析潜在膳食暴露风险。方法 搜索论文数据库,收集2001—2017年发表文献中蔬菜铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)及汞(Hg)含量的数据,分析我国根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中As和重金属的污染特性,并采用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型评估蔬菜中砷和重金属的膳食暴露风险。结果 3类蔬菜中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg均呈非正态分布,变异系数均<10%。根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中Cd、As、Hg的含量均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),叶菜类和茄果类蔬菜中Pb-Cr含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但3类蔬菜中Cu含量均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。根茎类蔬菜中Pb、As和Hg的含量较高,叶菜类蔬菜中Cd含量较高。根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中Pb-Cd及根茎类蔬菜中Pb-Cr相关性均较强(P<0.01)。3类蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr和As污染指数均在安全范围内,而根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb和Hg均存在不同程度的污染,但基本属于轻度污染。根茎类和茄果类数值中As和重金属对成人和儿童的风险值均<1.0,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb对成人和儿童的风险值的第95百分位数分别是1.780和2.020,表明叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb存在潜在的人体非致癌风险。结论 中国蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr、As和Hg整体污染较轻,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb污染应引起重视。     

新疆红枣农药残留风险评估与排序

为明确残留农药对新疆红枣质量安全的危害水平及其排序,本文以新疆10县市产出的124份红枣样品为研究对象,并对37种农药残留进行了测定,在此基础上,通过急性、慢性膳食摄入风险分析,探讨了残留农药对红枣质量安全的危害水平;并采用风险矩阵,对残留农药进行了风险排序。结果显示,样品中残留11种农药;残留农药的% ADI(慢性膳食摄入风险)值远小于100%;10种农药的% ARfD值(急性膳食摄入风险)也远低于100%;较其他残留农药,哒螨灵、毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯6种残留农药风险值相对较高,均大于12.05。结论:新疆红枣残留农药的膳食风险较低,哒螨灵、毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯为需重点关注的农药。     

Alkylphenolic compounds in edible molluscs of the Adriatic Sea (Italy)

This paper reports the first group of results on alkylphenol (APE) contamination of seafood in the Adriatic Sea, in the framework of a national project on the quality of this Sea (PRISMA 2). Nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and their ethoxylates (NPE and OPE) were detected in edible molluscs, either filter feeders or predators (clams, mussels, cuttlefishes, and squids), caught from 15 harbors along the Italian coast in the Adriatic Sea in 1997. NP was the compound found always at levels much higher than the other APEs in all the examined species. It reached the maximum concentration of 696 ng/g fresh weight in the squids from the central Adriatic Sea. OP generally occurred at levels 30 times lower than NP. OP was found up to a level of 18.6 ng/g in squids from central Adriatic Sea. OPE was the compound always spotted at the lowest concentrations, up to 0.43 ng/g. NPE was always below the detection limit. The pattern of contamination in the three areas examined was different between bivalve and cephalopod species. No exhaustive risk assessment for marine organisms and human health can be conducted on the basis of these results because data are insufficient. Yet, the occurrence of NP suggests a negligible risk for mussels, which represent the only molluscs for which data are adequate. As to the possible human health implications, the consumption of molluscs of the Adriatic Sea implies APE intakes that are some orders of magnitude lower than those responsible for toxic effects in laboratory animals. Despite these apparently low risks for mussels and human health, the reasons for concern still remain because the levels of alkylphenols found in this study indicate a general contamination of the Adriatic Sea even far from the cost. Furthermore, these levels might represent an unacceptable hazard for other marine organisms. Finally, they contribute to the general environmental estrogen pool.     

Monitoring and risk assessment of 74 pesticide residues in Pu-erh tea produced in Yunnan,China

A number of 100 Pu-erh tea samples from the 2013 harvest in Yunnan Province (China) were analysed for 74 pesticides. A total of 11 pesticides were detected. At least one pesticide was detected in 56% of the samples. None of these samples contained the 74 monitored pesticides at concentrations above the Chinese maximum residual levels. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin and acetamiprid were most frequently found, with percentages of 53%, 46% and 31%, respectively. These were also the top three pesticides with maximum concentrations of 140, 246 and 672 μg kg^?1, respectively. Residual levels of the monitored pesticides showed no significant correlation with the production time or area of Pu-erh tea. Whereas a high incidence of pesticide residues was detected in Pu-erh tea, the contamination levels observed do not pose any serious health risks.     

河北省典型菜田蔬菜重金属风险评估

目的评估河北省蔬菜重金属风险现状。方法采集河北省主要典型菜田的12种蔬菜194个样品,并测定蔬菜可食部位中铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、汞、砷7种元素的含量。采用单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染指数法对该地区蔬菜重金属进行风险评估,并运用靶标危害系数法(target hazard quotients,THQ)评估重金属污染对于人体健康状况的影响。结果根据国家食品卫生限量标准,仅有5%的西红柿铅超标存在潜在风险,其余蔬菜均在限量范围内。单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染指数法结果均显示所有蔬菜污染指数均小于0.7,均为优良。不同种类的蔬菜重金属污染顺序为:叶菜类果实类根菜类。采用靶标危害系数法评价的结果表明所有蔬菜的THQ的值均小于1,对人类健康造成的风险不明显,其中叶菜类蔬菜的THQ较高。结论总体来看,河北省蔬菜重金属污染均在国家标准范围内,样品经评价后结果均为优良。叶菜类蔬菜对于重金属的富集能力强于果菜类和根菜类,综合污染指数相对较大。     

Attitudes towards organic foods and risk/benefit perception associated with pesticides

A sample of 947 subjects completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes and beliefs towards the consumption of organic fruits and vegetables. A section of the questionnaire was aimed at assessing the role of trust on perception of risks and benefits associated with pesticides on foods. The subjects tended to hold positive attitudes towards eating fruits and vegetables produced by organic agriculture. The component attitude was found to be a significant predictor of intention to eat organic fruits and vegetables. Intention was found to have a good and significant effect on self-reported consumption. Trust had a positive influence on perceived benefits and a negative influence on perceived risks. Significant relationship was found among perceived benefits and risks associated with pesticides. The results of the cluster analysis indicated the presence of a group of subjects who had less positive attitudes towards organic fruits and vegetables, perceived less risks and more benefits associated with pesticides.     

云南省新鲜蔬菜中11种有机磷农药残留情况分析及慢性累积暴露评估

目的分析云南省新鲜蔬菜中11种有机磷农药的残留情况,评估云南省居民有机磷农药的慢性累积暴露风险。方法对2012—2017年云南省新鲜蔬菜中11种有机磷农药含量数据进行统计分析,结合2012年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中新鲜蔬菜消费量数据,采用危害指数法评估云南省居民有机磷农药的慢性累积暴露风险。结果 2 150份样品中11种有机磷农药总检出率为14.1%(303/2 150),超标率为4.3%(93/2 150)。危害指数法评估结果显示云南省居民平均危害指数为0.382 5,城市男性和城市低收入人群危害指数较高,分别为0.526 7和0.489 0,但均小于1。氧化乐果的慢性累积暴露量贡献率最高(48.3%)。结论云南省新鲜蔬菜存在有机磷农药残留情况,云南省居民经新鲜蔬菜摄入的有机磷农药慢性累积暴露风险小,但仍存在违规使用和滥用农药的问题,需加强对农药生产使用的监管。     

北京市售干食用菌中重金属特征分析及健康风险评价

测定了北京市售8种干食用菌中镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）四种重金属含量,并利用内梅罗综合污染指数（p）评价法和计算目标危害系数（THQ）法对干食用菌质量等级及重金属膳食暴露风险进行了评价。结果表明,8种干食用菌中镉、铅、砷、汞四种重金属含量范围分别为ND~9.332 mg/kg、ND~2.060 mg/kg、ND~24.690 mg/kg、0.004~0.448 mg/kg,大部分重金属含量均低于国标中安全限量值,只有2.2%的镉和2.8%的砷超标。干食用菌重金属内梅罗综合污染指数表明,姬松茸的重金属污染最严重（p为1.41）,达到轻度污染级,茶树菇的重金属污染达到警戒级（p为0.95）,其他6种食用菌均属于质量安全等级。重金属膳食暴露风险结果表明,姬松茸中As的THQ＞1,姬松茸、榛蘑、竹荪中四种重金属的TTHQ＞1,表明姬松茸、榛蘑、竹荪三种干食用菌存在潜在的重金属膳食暴露风险,且姬松茸对镉、铅、汞三种重金属的贡献率均最大。本研究表明,北京市售8种干食用菌总体水平是安全的,重金属膳食暴露风险水平较低。     

马铃薯及耕地土壤重金属含量的测定及健康风险评价

目的 对青海大学农林科学院试验田马铃薯和其根系土壤中镉、铬、铜、铅、镍、锌的含量进行检测及评价。方法 使用石墨消解仪对样品进行前处理, 使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定马铃薯和土壤中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn等6种重金属含量; 采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对重金属污染程度进行分析评价; 采用目标危险系数法(target hazard quotient/total target hazard quotient, THQ/TTHQ)对马铃薯进行单一及复合重金属摄入健康风险评价。结果 该研究区土壤中6种重金属单项污染指数均小于1, 综合污染指数小于0.7, 未对土壤造成污染, 马铃薯中除了Cu和Zn污染处于安全水平, Cr和Ni污染达到轻污染水平, Cd和Pb污染达到重污染水平 , 根据富集系数(bio-concentration factor, BCF ) 发现马铃薯对Cd和Pb有一定的富集能力; 成人和儿童因食用马铃薯而摄入重金属Cu、Ni和Zn的单一健康风险指数和复合健康风险指数均大于1, 对儿童和成人存在健康风险。结论 该研究区土壤中重金属污染程度较低, 而马铃薯中重金属的残留对人体健康存在隐患。     

动物源性食品中有机磷农药残留检测技术研究进展

有机磷农药在农业生产中应用广泛,对环境和人体健康会产生严重威胁。本文从样品提取、净化、检测方法及其测定的发展趋势等方面综述了国内外文献中动物源性食品及生物材料中的有机磷农药残留测定方法。     

Risk assessment of antimony,barium, beryllium,boron, bromine,lithium, nickel,strontium, thallium and uranium concentrations in the New Zealand diet

ABSTRACT

Identifying and monitoring dietary toxicants is an important component of contemporary food safety systems. To characterise their potential dietary risks, analysis was undertaken of 10 elements: antimony, barium, beryllium, boron, bromine, lithium, nickel, strontium, thallium and uranium in 132 different food types. All 10 elements were reported as quantified in aportion of the analysed foods, with prevalence ranging from less than 1% for antimony to 98% for barium. Dietary exposure assessment was undertaken for 10 New Zealand population cohorts using apublished simulated diet, and proportionality of food groups to total exposure identified. Characterisation against health-based guidance values identified no dietary risk from exposures to beryllium, boron, bromine, lithium, strontium and uranium to any of the population cohorts. For antimony and thallium, the exposure range for infants was calculated to exceed the health-based guidance value, and for barium and nickel, all mean exposures were above the health-based guidance value for younger population cohorts. Although some conservatism in applying upper-bound mean exposures reduces the likelihood of asignificant dietary risk, further laboratory method development and analysis of these elements in the New Zealand diet would be beneficial to ensure protection of New Zealand public health.     

Assessment of potential human health risks posed by benzene in beverages

ABSTRACT:  A recent study by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indicated that some beverages contained benzene at levels above the federal drinking water standard of 5 parts per billion (ppb). In tests conducted by the FDA, Crystal Light Sunrise Classic Orange (CLSCO) was reported to contain benzene levels as high as 87.9 ppb. The purpose of the present study was to better characterize benzene concentrations in CLSCO and to quantify potential human health risks. Twenty-eight samples of CLSCO were obtained from retail stores in Houston, Tex., U.S.A. The mean benzene concentrations in 16 oz original and new formulation bottles were 90 and 0.18 ppb, respectively, while 64-oz bottles contained an average of 3.38 ppb. A variety of exposure scenarios were evaluated to determine potential health risks using both deterministic and probabilistic techniques. In the deterministic analyses, upper bound point estimate cancer risks ranged from 5.4E-6 to 8.7E-8, while hazard indices (HI) ranged from 0.28 to 0.00104. Probabilistic analyses were conducted to develop more realistic cancer risk estimates. In these analyses, the 50th and 95th percentile cancer risk estimates were 3.7E-6 and 8.0E-6, and the 50th and 95th percentile hazard indices were 0.19 and 0.42, respectively. In conclusion, all cancer risk estimates and noncancer hazards met the typical health risk benchmarks established by the U.S. regulatory agencies (1E-4 to 1E-6 for cancer and hazard indices less than 1.0).