钪对铝锂合金时效硬化行为的影响

通过对190℃时效不同时间的含钪和不含钪Al—Li合金维氏硬度测量和合金中强化相析出行为的透射电镜观察,研究了钪对铝锂合金时效硬化行为的影响。结果表明,钪可以加快铝锂合金的时效硬化速度,使合金达到峰值时效的时间明显缩短;钪明显抑制了铝锂合金中δ’(Al3Li)相的长大速度,促进了S’(Al2CuMg)的析出,还可形成Al3Sc、Al,Li／Al3Sc和Al3Li／Al3(Sc,Zr)等新的析出相,这些都对铝锂合金的时效硬化行为产生影响。     

Al2O3—SiO2系纤维增强ZL109合金复合材料的时效特性

本文研究了Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２系纤维增强ＺＬ１０９合金复合材料的时效特性，结果表明：Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２系纤维增强ＺＬ１０９合金复合材料具用ＺＬ１０９合金相似的时效硬化曲线及相同的析出相。在时效硬化过程中复合材料始终保持比ＺＬ１０９合金相似的时效硬化曲线及相同的析出相。在时效硬化过程中复合材料始终保持比ＺＬ１０９合金较高的硬度，而且随着时效时间的延长，硬度的下降比ＺＬ１０９合金的缓慢。     

Nb对镍基合金时效硬化曲线的影响

研究了Ｎｂ对燃气轮机用镍基合金时效硬化曲线的影响。结果表明，无Ｎｂ和含Ｎｂ合金均在７５０℃×１６ｈ时效达到最佳时效硬化效果。含Ｎｂ合金在所有温度下的时效硬化曲线都高于无Ｎｂ合金。Ｎｂ主要是通过使γ数量增加、γ颗粒尺寸增大、γ相成分复杂化以及使晶粒细化和晶界Ｍ２３Ｃ６呈链状分布等起到硬化作用的。但含Ｎｂ镍基合金不宜在高温下长期使用，以避免无时效硬化作用的η相析出。     

低温预时效对6016铝合金汽车板烘烤硬化性能的影响

采用单轴拉伸力学性能测试,结合差示扫描量热法(DSC),分析低温预时效对6016铝合金烘烤硬化性能的影响。结果表明,低温预时效能够有效抑制6016铝合金的自然时效,改善烘烤硬化性能;经预时效处理,合金的DSC曲线中原子团簇吸热峰减弱,β″相放热峰提前,说明预时效能抑制自然时效,并且加速烘烤过程中β″相析出,加强烘烤硬化效果。     

Ag，Mg合金化对Al-Cu-Li合金时效特性和显微组织的影响

通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察研究微量Ag和Mg对Al-3.5 Cu-1.0Li合金时效特性和显微组织的影响.结果表明:在175℃时效时,单独加Ag不影响合金的时效硬化效果,析出物形貌与Al-Cu-Li合金相似,峰值时效状态下均析出较粗大的T1相和θ'相;单独加Mg加快Al-Cu-Li合金的时效响应,提高合金的时效硬化效果,时效时析出GP区,θ'相和T1相;Ag和Mg同时添加的2050合金中,T1相的析出速度加快,析出密度增大,并以T1相为主要强化相,时效强化效果最大.Ag,Mg添加对合金的不同影响可通过溶质原子与空位、溶质原子与溶质原子之间的相互作用来解释.     

时效处理对AuCuNi合金的微观结构及力学性能的影响

AuCuNi合金常用在各种低电压轻负荷的滑动电接触环境中做电刷、导电环材料,在时效过程中发生无序-有序相变使得合金硬度显著提高。通过显微硬度测试、X射线衍射分析(XRD)以及透射电镜(TEM)显微分析等方法,研究了不同温度和不同时间时效条件下Au-32Cu-13Ni合金的微观结构及力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,200~250℃温度范围内合金获得的时效硬化效果最佳;250℃时效处理1.5 h后,合金发生α0→AuCuI有序相变,且随着时效时间增加,有序相持续析出,晶格畸变减低,基体α0峰位回归Au(200)的标准峰位附近;经TEM分析确认,合金在250℃下时效5天后析出了具有四方结构的AuCuI(L10)有序相,且在有序化的过程中可能形成孪晶。     

Al-Zn-Mg合金中的双峰时效析出硬化建模(英文)

Al-Zn-Mg合金在长时间的时效中存在双峰硬化现象,为了模拟析出硬化动力学,基于改进的Langer–Schwartz方法发展了不同析出物形成的双峰硬化模型。该物理模型考虑了Al-Zn-Mg合金在时效过程中新析出物的形核、生长、粗化,同时考虑了颗粒相互作用的2种机制(剪切和绕过)。将模型预测结果和实验结果进行了对比,结果表明两者吻合很好。系统和定量模拟研究结果表明:通过在生长方程中添加形函数,硬度曲线与测量值吻合;模型根据析出物的尺寸和体积分数定量评价该合金的力学性能;强化机制包括剪切和绕过2种机制,剪切机制向绕过机制的转变发生在颗粒生长的早期,而绕过机制是主要强化机制。     

时效温度对Ti1023和Ti5553合金a相析出行为与力学性能的影响规律

本文研究了Ti1023和Ti5553钛合金经过固溶与低温时效处理(ST-SQA)获得的微观组织和析出硬化行为。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了不同温度时效处理后α相的析出形貌以及分布特点,统计了时效析出次生α相的析出密度和宽度随时效温度的变化情况,并测试了合金的维氏硬度。结果表明： Ti1023合金时效处理时次生α的析出温度低于Ti 5553合金。Ti1023合金在300℃时效时α相已经析出,400℃时α相析出密度到达峰值;Ti5553合金在450-500℃时效α相开始析出,在550℃时效α相的析出密度达到峰值。Ti1023合金硬度随着时效温度的增加先升后降,400℃时效硬度最高;在相同的时效温度范围,Ti5553合金硬度变化出现双峰规律,硬度峰值分别对应于350℃和550℃时效温度。两种合金的硬度变化规律源于合金时效中第二相的析出行为：时效温度低于400℃,Ti1023合金的硬度取决于α相和?相,而Ti5553合金的硬度取决于?相;温度高于400℃,两种合金的硬度主要取决于次生α相的数量与尺寸。     

新型高强铸造铝铜合金的时效硬化行为研究

对550℃下固溶10 h的新型铸造铝铜合金,在不同温度下进行0.5~12.0 h时效处理,研究了该合金时效硬化规律、时效工艺对合金微观组织和性能的影响。结果表明,新型铸造铝铜合金表现出显著的时效硬化特性,高温下保温较短时间试样硬度可以达到峰值138 HB,低温下则需保温较长时间才能达到峰值;试样的硬化主要与晶内和晶界上的析出相有关,这些析出相主要为Al-Cu-Mn、Al-Cu-Mn-Fe;150℃保温4 h的试样中可能存在有调幅分解转变。     

Al-4.0Mg-1.5Cu-1.0Li合金中Sc的微合金化行为

通过时效硬化曲线的测量、室温拉伸实验以及时效组织的电镜观察,研究微量钪对Al-4.oMg-1.5Cu-1.0Li-0,12Zr合金时效行为、显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:微量钪的添加能显著增强该合金的时效硬化和强化效果.微观组织分析发现,微量钪的添加可促进Al3Li/Al3(Sc,Zr)复合相与δ'相的弥散析出.通过对合金时效过程中析出相的分析,发现在所研究的合金中析出了Z相,表明微量银不是Z相析出的必要条件.     

固溶后冷变形对6082Al-Mg-Si合金时效析出过程的影响

用TEM、电阻、力学性能试验等方法研究了固溶后的冷变形对6082铝合金时效析出过程的影响.结果表明,随着变形量的增加,材料达到时效硬化峰值的时间不断缩短,出现过时效的时间也不断缩短;形变强化在时效过程中没有明显的衰减,而固溶后的冷变形会使材料时效强化效果减弱.这主要是由于固溶后的冷变形造成材料中强化相的析出有先后,从而导致强化相对材料强度和硬度的贡献没有在同一时刻达到最大值.     

A mathematical model to predict the strength of aluminum alloys subjected to precipitation hardening

A number of alloys, notably most of the aluminum alloys, can be heat treated by aging. This aging due to time-dependent precipitation hardening increases the strength and hardness as well as modifying other mechanical properties. Precipitation hardening has been a popular strengthening mechanism for many decades; therefore, extensive information is available in literature about the precipitation-hardening response of various series of aluminum alloys. The age-har dening response of these alloys is usually represented in graphical form as plotted between property changes and aging time for different temperatures. In designing a suitable precipitation-hardening strategy, one can refer to these graphs. However, for automatic control of aging furnaces, as well as for decision making regarding optimal selection of aging conditions (time/temperature combination), it is desirable to express these relationships in a formal mathematical structure. A mathematical model is developed in this article for widely used heat treatable aluminum alloys used in the extrusion industry. This model is a condensed representation of all σ=f(T, t) curves in different series of aluminum alloys, and the parameters of this model characterize the various compositions of the alloys in the series.     

Development of Ti–V–Mo Complex Microalloyed Hot-Rolled 900-MPa-Grade High-Strength Steel

A new Ti–V–Mo complex microalloyed hot-rolled high-strength steel sheet was developed by controlling a thermo-mechanical controlled processing(TMCP) schedule, in particular with variants in coiling temperature. The effects of coiling temperature(CT) on various hardening mechanisms and mechanical properties of Ti–V–Mo complex microalloyed high-strength low-alloy steels were investigated. The results revealed that the steels are mainly strengthened by a combined effect of ferrite grain refinement hardening and precipitation hardening. The variation in simulated coiling temperature causes a significant difference in strength, which is mainly attributed to different precipitation hardening increment contributions. When the CT is 600 C, the experimental steel has the best mechanical properties: ultimate tensile strength(UTS) 1000 MPa, yield strength(YS) 955 MPa and elongation(EL) 17%. Moreover, about 82 wt% of the total precipitates are nano-sized carbide particles with diameter of 1–10 nm, which is randomly dispersed in the ferrite matrix.The nano-sized carbide particles led to a strong precipitation hardening increment up to 310 MPa.     

Electrochemical corrosion response of a precipitation hardening moulds steel in a NaCl solution

Investigations concerning the electrochemical corrosion behavior of mould steels are scarce and limited. In the present study, the corrosion resistance of a precipitation hardening moulds steel submitted to aging treatments has been assessed in a 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution by means of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical characterization of the steel not submitted to hardening treatments was also examined and a comparative study was made between the different specimens. Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis were used to obtain information about the morphology and chemical composition of the steels surface after the electrochemical tests. Increasing the aging temperature an increase of secondary hardness is observed, attributable to an increase of secondary phases (re‐precipitated carbides and metastable GP zones) amount, positively reflecting on the mechanical properties. However, the electrochemical results show a progressive worsening of the corrosion behavior, the as‐received steel sample exhibiting the best corrosion resistance. The observed decrease of corrosion resistance with increasing the aging temperature is ascribed to enhanced galvanic coupling phenomena between the secondary phases, acting as cathodes, and the surrounding matrix which, consequently, experiences preferential dissolution.     

Determining the effect of microstructure and heat treatment on the mechanical strengthening behavior of an aluminum alloy containing lithium precipitation hardened with the δ′ Al3Li intermetallic phase

The effect of the thermal treatment and composition on microstructure and subsequent mechanical behavior of an Al-2.6 wt.% Li-0.09 wt.% Zr alloy that was solution heat treated (SHT) and artificially aged for a series of aging times and temperatures was studied. The underaged, peakaged, and overaged thermal heat treatments were studied to determine the effect of the microstructure and processing on the mechanical properties. The precipitates in the microstructure, which impede dislocation motion and control the precipitation strengthening response as a function of aging practice, were analyzed as the basis for controlling the strengthening depending on their size distribution, average size, and interparticle spacing. The average particle size, spacing, and size distribution were determined from the microstructure as a function of the thermal processing and composition. For the demonstration alloy, the primary strengthening was a direct consequence of ordered coherent Al₃Li (δ′) intermetallic precipitates, which are uniformly distributed throughout the microstructure and restrict the glide motion of dislocations during plastic deformation. The Al₃Li average particle size, distribution, spacing, and volume fraction are closely related to the overall mechanical behavior and are a result of the heat treating practice and composition. Consequently, a micromechanical model was developed for predicting the precipitation hardening response in terms of the variation in polycrystalline strength with aging time, aging temperature, and composition. The overall micromechanical model, which was determined from the particle coarsening kinetics, dislocation mechanics, thermodynamics, resolved shear stress, as well as the dislocation particle shearing and bypassing mechanisms, accurately predicted the mechanical strength in the underaged, peak-aged, and overaged tempers of the demonstration alloy.     

时效时间对AZ80A镁合金中不连续析出相、连续析出相和力学性能的影响（英文）

通过SEM原位观察、TEM观察和拉伸试验,研究AZ80A镁合金中析出相和力学性能随时效时间的演变规律。结果表明,在时效初期,反应前沿附近由连续析出(CP)产生的析出相逐渐被由不连续析出(DP)产生的析出相所取代。随着时效时间的延长,DP区中的椭圆相明显粗化,导致DP区的晶内硬度缓慢降低;而在CP区,初始析出片状相长大的同时,还析出一些细小的片状相,这使得CP区的晶内硬度在时效后期继续缓慢增加。与CP区相比,DP区具有更快、更强的时效硬化行为。然而,CP区的时效强化不仅可以弥补DP区的过时效软化,而且还能提高合金的强度。     

预时效对车身用6016铝合金烘烤硬化性能的影响

采用硬度测试、拉伸试验和透射电镜等手段研究了不同预时效处理对6016铝合金烘烤前后微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:6016铝合金具有较强的自然时效硬化能力,自然时效24 h的6016铝硬度比固溶态合金硬度增加了45.6%。自然时效超过24 h以后,合金硬度值变化不大。通过预时效处理可以显著提高6016铝合金的烘烤硬化效果。经550 ℃×30 min固溶+160 ℃×10 min预时效处理后,6016铝合金规定塑性延伸强度为131.4 MPa,伸长率为24.7%。再经175 ℃×30 min烘烤后合金规定塑性延伸强度达到199.5 MPa,烘烤硬化值(BH)为68.1 MPa,此工艺为6016铝合金车身板最佳的热处理工艺。     

Mechanical properties and microstructures of Al-Cu Thin films with various heat treatments

The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties has been investigated in Al-Cu thin films. The Cu content in Al-Cu samples used in this study ranges from 0 to 2 wt.% and substrate curvature measurement was used to measure film stress. In thin films, the constraints on the film by the substrate influence the microstructure and mechanical properties. Al-Cu thin films cooled from high temperatures have a large density of dislocations due to the plastic deformation caused by the thermal mismatch between the film and substrate. The high density of dislocations in the thin film enables precipitates to form inside the grain even during a very rapid quenching. The presence of a large density of dislocations and precipitates will in turn cause precipitation hardening of the Al-Cu films. The precipitation hardening is dominant at lower temperatures, and solid solution hardening is observed at higher temperatures in the tensile regime. Pure Al films showed the same values of tensile and compressive yield stresses at a given temperature during stress-temperature cycling.     

Comparative Study of Hardening Mechanisms During Aging of a 304 Stainless Steel Containing α′-Martensite

Strain aging and hardening behaviors of a 304 stainless steel containing deformation-induced martensite were investigated by examining mechanical properties and microstructural evolution for different aging temperature and time. Introduced age hardening mechanisms of a cold rolled 304 stainless steel were the additional formation of ????-martensite, hardening of ????-martensite, and hardening of deformed austenite. The increased amount of ????-martensite at an aging temperature of 450?°C confirmed the additional formation of ????-martensite as a hardening mechanism in a cold rolled 304 stainless steel. Additionally, the increased hardness in both ????-martensite and austenite phases with aging temperature proved that hardening of both ????-martensite and austenite phases would be effective as hardening mechanisms in cold rolled and aged 304 stainless steels. The results suggested that among hardening mechanisms, hardening of an ????-martensite phase, including the diffusion of interstitial solute carbon atoms to dislocations and the precipitation of fine carbide particles would become a major hardening mechanism during aging of cold rolled 304 stainless steels.     

Effects of different tempers on precipitation hardening of 6000 series aluminium alloys

By means of Vickers hardness,mechanical property and formability tests,the effects of different tempers on precipitation hardening of 6000 series aluminium alloys for automotive body sheets were investigated.The results indicate that the short-time pre-aging at 170℃makes for subsequent artificial aging precipitation hardening.With the increase of pre-aging time,the artificial aging hardenability increases.The aging hardening rate reaches the maximum when pre-aging time is up to 10 min,and then it decreases.The short-time pre-aging at 170℃benefits sheets to obtain lower strength under delivery condition and consequently to improve stamping formability of automotive body sheets.The effects of different tempers on precipitation hardening are much more obvious than those of the alloying elements.It is a good treatment schedule to perform pre-aging for 5 min at 170℃right after solution treatment.