水洗法分离处理油砂、油泥的研究

选择了水洗法作为油砂和油泥分离处理的统一方法。分别考察工艺条件中单因素条件的变化对分离效果的影响,确定了最适宜实验工艺条件。结果表明,对油砂来说,水洗剂为FH-1,水洗剂浓度为6.5%,分离温度为95℃,油砂与水洗剂的质量比为1∶6时水洗效果最好,出油率可达87.66%;对油泥来说,水洗剂为FH-1,水洗剂浓度为2.5%,试验分离温度为72℃,油砂与水洗剂的质量比为1∶6时水洗效果最好,出油率可达93.07%。     

不同有机溶剂对新疆油砂沥青的组成性质影响

油砂作为一种非常规石油资源,越来越受到人们的重视。油砂沥青的含量和性质对其开发有着重要的影响。有机溶剂抽提可以测定油砂沥青的含量。本文研究了3种溶剂对新疆油砂的抽提能力,并对不同溶剂抽提得到的新疆油砂沥青进行了性质分析。结果表明,新疆油砂含油率（甲苯测）为11.75%,属于中品位油砂矿;甲苯、氯仿和石油醚3种不同溶剂对新疆油砂沥青进行抽提,发现3种溶剂抽提能力的大小关系为氯仿＞甲苯＞石油醚;抽提过程中,氯仿表现出对胶质和沥青质较强的萃取能力,而石油醚对沥青质的萃取能力几乎为0,采用氯仿可以更准确地测定油砂沥青的含量。氯仿抽提得到新疆油砂沥青及其组分的杂原子含量和分子量高于甲苯和石油醚抽提的。由红外谱图发现,氯仿抽提得到的油砂沥青的含氧、含硫官能团的吸收峰强度大于甲苯和石油醚抽提的,表明氯仿对油砂沥青中极性物质的抽提能力更强。     

溶剂抽提法分离印尼油砂的实验研究

利用溶剂抽提法对印尼油砂进行萃取分离实验,综合考察了剂砂比、抽提温度、抽提时间、抽提次数等操作条件对油砂沥青提取的影响,确定较佳的油砂分离条件。结果表明,印尼油砂更适合采用溶剂抽提法分离,从油砂沥青提取率、操作成本和环保多角度考虑,在超声波的作用下,剂砂比为2．5,抽提温度40℃,抽提时间30min,抽提3次的条件下,油砂沥青的提取率较高,达到20．31％。     

新疆塔城地区油砂的实验室研究

对塔城地区的油砂样品进行实验室铝甑干馏试验研究,分析其含油率,并且使用甲苯抽提法测试油砂样中的沥青含量,为工业化应用提供基础技术数据。     

页岩油油泥分离方法研究

随着全球石油需求的不断增加,油页岩作为非常规石油资源的主要来源,已经成为未来油气资源的重要接替资源。然而油页岩的开发与利用是一个较新的能源领域,我国从页岩的开采到炼制都是处于探索阶段,产品页岩油中灰分多且难以脱除,以油泥的形式存在,影响油品品质。尤其是在小颗粒页岩炼制页岩油的工艺中,产品中灰分更多更细小更加难以分离。本文对几种页岩油油泥分离方法进行介绍分析,并通过实验验证破乳分离法效果。     

油砂沥青水溶液与溶剂抽提及分离

采用热碱水法对内蒙油砂进行了沥青抽提及分离实验,并对产物沥青进行了性质分析.实验表明,热碱水抽提适宜条件为:碱浓度0.25%、反应温度95℃、搅拌速度80r·min-1、固液比S/L=1:1.5、反应时间15min,沥青收率可达92%.本研究为油砂资源的研究和开发利用提供了理论和基础实验参数.     

油砂分离剂的实验研究

油砂是非常规能源的一种,随着国际油价的不断攀升,油砂分离技术的研究引起广大学者的重视。本文针对内蒙古图牧吉水润型油砂进行其分离剂的研究工作。结果表明,自制分离剂FLJ中加入3%体积的沸点小于350℃的页岩油可以提高油砂洗油率的3.37%。     

印尼油砂油净化的研究

水洗法分离印尼油砂制得的油砂油,其密度大、黏度高以及机械杂质含量高等性质严重影响加工和利用。通过改变油砂油的黏度和密度,可以降低机械杂质的含量,有利于提高油砂油的质量。试验采用自然沉降法对印尼油砂油进行净化,分别考察了沉降时间、轻油加入量和沉降温度等因素对净化效果的影响,探寻最佳的操作条件。结果表明:在沉降时间为72h,轻油加入量为40%,沉降温度为90℃的条件下,可以有效降低油砂油中机械杂质的含量,使机械杂质含量小于0.1%。     

油砂开发利用的研究进展

世界上油砂资源十分丰富,其探明储量换算成油砂油,远大于世界石油的探明储量.加拿大油砂储量居世界首位,其次为前苏联、委内瑞拉、美国和中国.油砂分离制取油砂油始于19世纪90年代末的加拿大,但由于在廉价原油的开采及油砂分离成本较高等因素的制约下,对油砂研究进展缓慢.当前,由于世界原油价格的不断上涨,油砂油的生产在不少国家已有利可图.中国在油砂分离方面的研究刚刚起步,目前仅处在实验室研究阶段.     

冷轧油泥及其油相和固相的基础特性研究

冷轧油泥作为钢铁行业典型危险固体废弃物,明晰冷轧油泥的基础特性是实现其资源化、无害化处置的前提。采用扫描电镜、差热分析、流变分析等分别研究冷轧油泥及其油、固相基础特性。结果表明,轧钢油泥是油、水、固混合形成的高黏度乳化物,油、水、固的质量分数分别为47.28%,27.15%,25.57%,在25℃、100 s^-1下,冷轧油泥的黏度为1.439 Pa·s,且其热裂解过程包括水分的蒸发、吸附性气体的脱附、轻质脂肪酸有机物分解、重质有机物裂解与残炭还原铁氧化物等过程。油相中饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质、沥青质等组分质量分数分别为8.030%,0.394%,86.436%,5.139%,而胶质主要由棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸等长链脂肪酸组成,其蒸馏范围300～500℃。固相中主要为Fe₃O₄、Fe,而Fe元素质量分数为66.089%,且其平均粒径为503.622μm。     

Upgrading a rutile concentrate produced from Athabasca oil sands tailings

A rutile concentrate recently produced by Lakefield Research Ltd and Syncrude Canada Ltd from athabasca oil sands tailings was characterized and attempts were made to upgrade it to market-grade. The rutile concentrate contained 75.5% TiO₂, 18.7% Fe₂O₃, 1.03% Al₂O₃, 1.94% SiO₂, and 563 ppm Th+U. The amount of rutile (anatase) in the concentrate was estimated to be about 10-17%, and the remaining TiO₂ came from ilmenite in various altered forms. Magnetic separation could remove the Fe from the concentrate but it increased the SiO₂ content from 1.94 to 6.01%. A reverse flotation process was developed to remove the SiO₂. Although the fine dissemination of SiO₂ in the rutile matrix limited the removal of SiO₂, the upgraded rutile concentrate, containing 87-89% TiO₂, could be used as a feedstock to the chloride titanium pigment processes.     

Microwave applications to oil sands and petroleum: A review

This review provides a general overview of microwave applications in oil sands bitumen or shale oil production in petroleum upgrading. The vast oil reserves in the oil sands of Alberta will become a major source of petroleum products in the near future and a number of alternative technologies have been explored for the production and upgrading of oil sands and heavy oil. This study is based primarily on the unique selective heating capacity associated with exposure of materials to microwaves. Of particular interest are applications of microwaves for bitumen extraction, upgrading heavy oils, removing heteroatoms, and the underground heating of oil sands to reduce bitumen viscosity and allow it to be pumped to the surface. The fundamentally different method of transferring energy from the source to the sample is the main advantage of utilizing microwave energy. By directly delivering energy to microwave-absorbing materials, conventional issues such as long heating periods and energy loses can be minimized. Microwave energy was shown to be effective in some applications; however, it is not used commercially at the present time.     

Understanding the influence of microwave on the relative volatility used in the pyrolysis of Indonesia oil sands

In this paper, pyrolysis of Indonesian oil sands(IOS) was investigated by two different heating methods to develop a better understanding of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behaviors of IOS, showing that 550 °C might be the pyrolysis final temperature. A explanation of the heat–mass transfer process was presented to demonstrate the influence of microwave-assisted pyrolysis on the liquid product distribution. The heat–mass transfer model was also useful to explain the increase of liquid product yield and heavy component content at the same heating rate by two different heating methods. Experiments were carried out using a fixed bed reactor with and without the microwave irradiation. The results showed that liquid product yield was increased during microwave induced pyrolysis,while the formation of gas and solid residue was reduced in comparison with the conventional pyrolysis. Moreover, the liquid product characterization by elemental analysis and GC–MS indicated the significant effect on the liquid chemical composition by microwave irradiation. High polarity substances(ε N 10 at 25 °C), such as oxyorganics were increased, while relatively low polarity substances(ε b 2 at 25 °C), such as aliphatic hydrocarbons were decreased, suggesting that microwave enhanced the relative volatility of high polarity substances. The yield improvement and compositional variations in the liquid product promoted by the microwave-assisted pyrolysis deserve the further exploitation in the future.     

Application on to nanofiltration to water management options for oil sands operation

A membrane separation process, nanofiltration (NF), has been applied successfully for treatment of oil sandswaters, particularly to water softening and removal of toxic components. This study focused on the selection of appropriate membranes and the assessment of their performance for the removal of polyvalent ions (hardness) and naphthenic acids (NA) (the main acute toxicant in oil sands process-affected imported waters) from both imported and potential discharge waters. Experiments were carried out using a bench-scale flat sheet membrane system with several commercially available NF membranes. It was found that after membrane filtration, both water hardness and the NA concentrations were reduced significantly (>95%). A permeate flux was maintained at 15 L/m²/h or higher, with a retentate volume of about 10% of the feed volume.     

Analyzing the energy intensity and greenhouse gas emission of Canadian oil sands crude upgrading through process modeling and simulation

This paper presents an evaluation of the energy intensity and related greenhouse gas/CO₂ emissions of integrated oil sands crude upgrading processes. Two major oil sands crude upgrading schemes currently used in Canadian oil sands operations were investigated: cokingbased and hydroconversion-based. The analysis, which was based on a robust process model of the entire process, was constructed in Aspen HYSYS and calibrated with representative data. Simulations were conducted for the two upgrading schemes in order to generate a detailed inventory of the required energy and utility inputs: process fuel, steam, hydrogen and power. It was concluded that while hydroconversion-based scheme yields considerably higher amount of synthetic crude oil (SCO) than the cokerbased scheme (94 wt-% vs. 76 wt-%), it consumes more energy and is therefore more CO₂-intensive (413.2 kg CO₂/m³ SCO vs. 216.4 kg CO₂/m³ SCO). This substantial difference results from the large amount of hydrogen consumed in the ebullated-bed hydroconverter in the hydroconversion-based scheme, as hydrogen production through conventional methane steam reforming is highly energy-intensive and therefore the major source of CO₂ emission. Further simulations indicated that optimization of hydroconverter operating variables had only a minor effect on the overall CO₂ emission due to the complex trade-off effect between energy inputs.     

Gasification kinetics of oil sands coke

Kinetics of steam gasification of delayed and fluid cokes derived from Athabasca bitumen have been studied in 6.35 cm diameter stirred and fixed bed reactors. Experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 800°C and 930°C. The coke particle size ranged from 0.1 to 3.5 mm, and the steam partial pressure was varied from 15.2 to 60.6 kPa. Scanning electron microscopy, surface area analysis, and mercury porosimetry were employed to relate physical structure changes in the solids to experimental kinetic data. Several kinetic models for gasification were tested with the experimental gasification data. Rate expressions are presented for carbon conversion and for the release of sulphur.     

Comparison of different methods for the determination of the oil content in oilseeds

The investigation and assessment of the oil content of oilseeds are important criteria, especially for the oil milling trade. Standard methods for the determination of the oil content of oilseeds are very time consuming, with extraction periods of 4 to 8 h. Three different oilseeds—rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean—are extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), accelerated solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, solid fluid vortex extraction, and Soxtherm, and the results are compared with the result of the German Fat Science Society (DGF) standard method B-I 5 (87). Besides, the extracts are analyzed regarding the content of tocopherols as a parameter for mild extraction conditions and the content of diglycerides and free fatty acids as parameters for the content of more polar lipids. The results of the determination of the oil content under optimal conditions are comparable with the results of the DGF standard method B-I 5 (87). There are no significant differences between the different methods. The content of tocopherols is dependent upon the extraction method and the type of oilseed. The highest content is obtained by SFE. The content of diglycerides and free fatty acids varied according to the oilseed.     

印尼油砂沥青的净化工艺

溶剂萃取法分离油砂制得油砂沥青中含大量机械杂质,影响沥青的品质及后期加工利用。通过XRD和激光粒度仪表征了机械杂质的矿物组成和粒度分布等特性。针对机械杂质的特性,开发了复配试剂,通过稀释剂降黏沥青、复配试剂净化沥青、稀释剂回收再生及循环利用3个操作单元对油砂沥青进行了脱杂净化实验,并分析了净化机理。结果表明：降黏过程,温度70℃、时间10min、稀释剂与沥青比0.3g/g,稀释沥青70℃黏度为3.2Pa·s;净化过程,6%盐酸与稀释沥青比0.2mL/g、CaCl₂与稀释沥青比0.01g/g,温度70℃,混合时间10min,沉降时间20min,机械杂质脱除率可达到93.5%;回收及循环过程,稀释剂回收率为98%,循环使用5次,机械杂质脱除率仍92%以上。该工艺具有沉降时间短、机械杂质脱除彻底的优点。     

Determination of clay content in Canadian oil sands using x-ray florescence spectroscopy for diagnosis of ore processability

In this study, a simple and robust method based on the use of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to measure potassium content as an indicator of illite in oil sands was proposed and tested. The XRF results of illite determination were compared with those determined using the conventional methylene blue titration (MBT) method. To test the suitability of the XRF method for determining illite content in various streams of oil sands processing as a diagnosis tool, a toluene-diluted-bitumen solution was used to contaminate solid surfaces prior to their analysis by the XRF and MBT methods. In order to remove the organic matter from the bitumen-contaminated solids for evaluating the XRF and MBT method, toluene washing and low temperature ashing were applied to the bitumen-contaminated solids prior to their analysis. The robustness of the XRF analysis in comparison with the MBT method was further confirmed by analyzing the solids extracted from bitumen froth and tailings stream. The results show that the XRF method was more tolerant to surface contamination and therefore more reliable in determining illite content in oil sands and relevant processing streams. It was also found that the potassium contents measured by the XRF method on solids from 10 ores show a strong correlation with the corresponding fines contents of these ores, indicating that the XRF method can potentially be used to determine the fines content of oil sands and related processing streams.