聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫制备及结构表征

以甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯腈和甲基丙烯酰胺为主要单体原料,在适当的发泡剂存在下,以过氧化物为引发剂引发单体共聚,制得甲基丙烯酸-甲基丙烯腈-甲基丙烯酰胺共聚物,并在高温下进行发泡和环化反应,制得聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫,并表征了PMI泡沫的结构.     

高性能MAA/AN/AM共聚物泡沫制备过程中的"原位成环"反应研究

利用甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯腈(AN)和丙烯酰胺(AM)的自由基本体共聚,及相应的发泡和热处理反应制备出高性能MAA/AN/AM共聚物泡沫.提出MAA/AN/AM三元共聚物在发泡和热处理过程中所发生的"原位成环"反应机理,并通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、热失重(TG/DTG)和红外光谱(FTIR)分析进行验证.结果表明:经过发泡和160℃/2h→200℃/2h的热处理后, 可发泡MAA/AN/AM共聚物的DSC曲线有峰温为149.17℃的弱放热峰和峰温为270.85℃的强放热峰.DTG曲线峰温为175.87℃,TG曲线在276.58℃有较小的失重速率.在红外吸收图谱中,930～970cm-1处和1480cm-1处的-OH吸收峰减弱,在1220cm-1处的酰胺 (酰亚胺) C-N吸收峰增强,1700cm-1左右的＞C＝O吸收峰略向低频偏移且低频子峰增大;在2240cm-1处的-C≡N吸收峰略减小,且出现了新的-C=N-吸收谱带.说明分子链上发生了一系列"原位成环"反应,形成了六元酰亚胺环及梯形结构.     

AN/MAA共聚物泡沫塑料泡体结构研究

通过烘箱自由发泡制备丙烯腈(AN)/甲基丙烯酸(MAA)共聚物泡沫塑料,讨论了该泡沫塑料泡孔平均孔径随泡沫塑料密度变化的规律,研究了成核剂和应力对泡沫塑料泡孔尺寸的影响,通过光学显微和电子扫描显微观察了该泡沫塑料的整体结构和微观结构.结果表明: AN/MAA共聚物泡沫塑料泡孔平均孔径随密度的增加而减小;碳酰胺能起到成核剂的作用,显著减小泡沫塑料泡孔尺寸;可发泡共聚物的应力发白现象能改善其发泡成核效果并使泡孔孔径大大减小;该共聚物泡沫塑料具有高闭孔率、各向同性的特征,其泡壁为三至七边形,泡棱由三个泡壁相交而成,泡壁体积分数随密度的增加而减小.     

2,4,6-三溴苯胺阻燃聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫的制备及性能

通过自由基共聚合和热空气自由发泡两步法,制备阻燃聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫,其中功能单体为甲基丙烯酸(MAA)和丙烯腈(AN)、阻燃剂为2,4,6-三溴苯胺(TBA)、引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、发泡剂为甲酰胺(FA)。通过泡沫垂直燃烧和极限氧指数(LOI)研究了PMI泡沫的阻燃性能,通过锥形量热仪研究了PMI泡沫的燃烧行为,通过热重分析研究了PMI泡沫的热降解性能,通过扫描电镜对PMI泡沫的形貌进行表征,同时对阻燃PMI泡沫的拉伸、弯曲和压缩强度进行测试。结果表明,当添加8 phr TBA时,PMI50/8TBA泡沫燃烧的火焰高度明显降低,LOI高达26.3%;同时,峰值热释放速率和总热释放量相对于PMI50分别下降了25.5%,41.6%。TBA的加入,使得阻燃PMI泡沫泡孔壁变薄,从而降低了材料力学强度。     

热处理时间对聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫结构和性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA),丙烯酰胺(AM)为反应单体,丙烯酸(AA)作为第三单体和交联剂,在不同热处理时间下,通过自由基本体聚合制备聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等手段对其结构和性能进行表征。结果表明:随着对BMA/AM/AA共聚物热处理时间增加,分子链间发生重排反应生成六元酰亚胺环,经过交联固化后得到PMI泡沫,其特征吸收峰与文献值能较好地吻合。泡沫热处理5 h后得到孔径为100~200μm致密硬质闭孔泡沫,其力学性能良好,压缩强度为8.160 MPa,拉伸强度达到12.95 MPa。泡沫的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为255℃,热失重10%时热分解温度Td10高达280℃,345℃时泡沫仍能残留80%以上,其导热系数为0.05424 W/(m·K),说明对共聚物热处理5 h后得到了具有优异的耐高温性能和隔热性能的泡沫。     

聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫塑料的制备及研究进展

聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫塑料目前已被广泛地应用在航空、船舶、铁路机车制造、天线等领域.综述了PMI泡沫塑料的制备方法和研究进展,探讨了其在生产过程和应用过程中存在的问题,并对今后PMI泡沫塑料的研究方向进行了展望.     

不同单体配比聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫的制备与性能

以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)和丙烯腈(AN)为单体,通过加热结合超声的方法引发反应,快速制备了不同单体配比的聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、动态力学热分析、垂直燃烧、极限氧指数(LOI)和扫描电镜对PMI泡沫结构、热性能、燃烧性能和形貌进行表征,同时对PMI泡沫的力学强度进行分析。结果表明,高温下氰基与羧基通过重排异构化反应生成酰胺键,制备的PMI泡沫具有良好的成炭性能和较高的玻璃化转变温度,LOI随AN含量的增加而提高,泡沫呈蜂窝状结构,孔径在0.1~0.3 mm之间。力学性能分析表明,PMI泡沫具有较高的力学强度,50.1 kg/m 3的PMI泡沫的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度分别为1.85 MPa、2.71 MPa和3.74 MPa。     

聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫塑料在可重复使用低温贮箱绝热结构中的应用研究进展

介绍了国外以聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫塑料为绝热材料的可重复使用低温贮箱绝热结构的研究情况,通过温度-载荷联合试验、热导率试验验证,用于试验的绝热结构可承受重复使用必须的多次温度循环冲击。     

聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺/有机蒙脱土泡沫的制备与性能

以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)和丙烯腈(AN)为单体,以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,以有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT)为填料,通过单体原位插层聚合的方法,制备了聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺/有机蒙脱土(PMI/OMMT)泡沫。通过傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对OMMT的结构进行表征,通过热重分析(TGA)、动态力学热分析(DMA)、垂直燃烧、极限氧指数(LOI)和扫描电镜(SEM)对PMI/4OMMT泡沫热性能、燃烧性能和形貌进行表征,同时对PMI/4OMMT泡沫的力学强度进行分析。结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTMAB)插层进入钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT)层间,使层间距由1.25nm增加到2.20nm。制备的PMI/4OMMT泡沫具有良好的成炭性能和较高的玻璃化转变温度,OMMT的加入提高了PMI/4OMMT泡沫的LOI,泡沫呈蜂窝状结构,孔径在0.1~0.4mm之间。力学性能分析表明,PMI/4OMMT泡沫具有较高的力学强度,PMI60/4OMMT泡沫的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度分别为1.45MPa、2.11MPa和3.15MPa。     

结构型阻燃剂对PMI泡沫塑料的阻燃改性

以亚磷酸二甲酯、环氧氯丙烷为原料合成阻燃剂(3-氯-2羟基)丙基磷酸二甲酯(DMCPP),并用于PMI泡沫塑料的阻燃改性。通过傅里叶转变红外和核磁共振表征DMCPP的结构,用差示扫描量热法和热失重对阻燃泡沫塑料进行热分析,研究了DMCPP对PMI泡沫塑料阻燃性能、泡孔结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,PMI泡沫塑料的分解温度和残炭率因DMCPP而提高,极限氧指数(LOI)随DMCPP用量增加而提高;10%DMCPP使80 kg/m~3的PMI泡沫塑料LOI达29.2%,泡孔增大32%,力学性能下降。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...