Influence of electrolyte and poloxamer 188 on the aggregation kinetics of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have attracted increasing attention as colloidal drug carriers due to theirs advantages including low toxicity, drug targeting and modified release. However, undesired particle aggregation in aqueous dispersions would limit the applicability of SLNs for drug delivery. The purpose of the present article is to investigate the aggregation behavior of the SLNs and quantitatively evaluate how the concentration of NaCl and F68 affect the stability of the SLNs. The early stage aggregation kinetics of the SLNs was investigated over a wide range of NaCl concentrations by employing dynamic light scattering (DLS). In the presence of the NaCl, aggregation kinetics of the SLNs exhibited reaction-limited (slow) and diffusion-limited (fast) regimes. These results indicated that the aggregation behavior of these new nanoparticles can be well explained by the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of SLNs containing 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 2.0%, and 4.0% of Poloxamer 188 (F68) was 416, 328, 519, 607, and 602?mM, respectively, suggesting that the F68 influences the aggregation behavior of the SLNs. F68 made the SLNs more sensitive to the electrolyte when its concentration is low (0.1%), the bush of the polymer F68 has a bridging effect that accelerated the aggregation process of the SLNs. However, at the high concentration, F68 can provide the steric repulsion to the nanoparticles, which effectively stabilized the SLNs dispersions.     

Y2O3/WO3光催化降解溴酚蓝染料的研究

采用光催化荆Y2O3/WO3对含溴酚蓝染料废水的处理进行了研究,探讨了光催化剂作用机理,讨论了光催化剂组成、用量、试液pH值、光照时间与溴酚蓝染料溶液脱色率的关系.结果表明,当w(Y2O3)=1.5%、50mL时试液的起始质量浓度为20mg/L,催化剂用量为0.400g,pH=7.0,光照6h时溴酚蓝染料溶液的脱色率可达96.8%.     

Sr掺杂对WO3-CeO2低压压敏陶瓷电性能的影响

制备了不同掺量SrCO3的WO3-CeO2系列低压压敏陶瓷．研究结果表明：随着SrCO3掺量的增加，WO3，晶粒尺寸逐渐减小，样品的压敏电压明显增大，非线性系数α先增大后减小．在SrCO3掺量为0．5％（摩尔分数）时，样品表现出较好的压敏性能，其压敏电压可低至9．1V／mm，非线性系数高至3.3．探讨了Sr元素掺杂的作用机理．     

Ti掺杂及退火处理对水热合成WO_3纳米晶粒结构及气敏性能的影响

采用水热法制备了不同掺杂浓度的WO3∶Ti纳米晶粒,并在350℃下退火1 h。采用SEM、XRD表征了材料的形貌与结构,并测试了用退火前后合成材料制成的薄膜气敏传感器件在200℃下对NO2的气敏性能。结果表明,Ti掺杂可以有效抑制WO3晶粒的生长,减小晶粒尺寸;退火处理使材料的晶相发生了改变,晶粒尺寸进一步减小,晶粒分散性变好。薄膜传感器件的测试结果显示,适量Ti掺杂和退火处理均可提高器件对NO2的灵敏度,退火后Ti掺杂2%样品制成的器件的灵敏度最大,其值达到了15.38,响应恢复时间分别为2.2和1.5 min,且具有良好的可重复性和稳定性。     

光催化-膜分离耦合工艺对腐殖酸的过滤机理研究

为了充分发挥负载型光催化-膜分离耦合工艺处理污染物的技术优势,通过制备TiO2改性PVDF超滤膜,采用自制膜分离性能测试装置、紫外-可见分光光度计、扫描电子显微镜等分析测试手段,研究UV光照强度、膜过滤流量、溶液浓度等工艺条件对膜性能的影响,从而获得最优工艺条件.研究结果表明,该耦合工艺在处理水样时,对水样中的污染物具有较好的过滤效果和光催化降解能力.当其它条件一定时,UV光照强度为1.0mW/cm2、过滤流量为300mL/min、溶液浓度为2mg/L时,该耦合工艺对腐殖酸水样的处理效果最为理想.     

含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水超滤过程研究

研究了用中空纤维超滤膜组件净化含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水的过程.考察了料液中Ca2 浓度、离子强度和pH值对超滤过程的影响.实验结果表明,由于Ca2 与腐殖酸分子发生络合反应,随着料液中Ca2 浓度的增大,膜污染程度加剧;料液离子强度的变化改变了腐殖酸分子的构型和溶质分子之间以及溶质分子与膜面之间的相互作用,随着溶液离子强度的增大,膜通量下降程度增大;料液pH值的降低减少了腐殖酸分子链上官能团中H 的离解度,随着pH值的降低,膜污染程度增大;同时,随着料液中Ca2 浓度、离子强度的增大以及pH值的降低,膜对腐殖酸的脱除率降低.     

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and of self assembled supramolecules from marine humic acid

This paper reports on the synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles and the consequent formation of self-assembled humic-silver supramolecules. The method described in this article is eco-friendly and the supramolecules formed were stable for several months. The silver nanoparticles themselves were synthesised from humic acid extracted from mudbank sediments (from Aleppey, south west coast of India) and characterised by UV-Vis spectra and HRTEM. Tuning of dipole and quadrouple oscillation of spherical nanoparticles was achieved. Variable self-assembled distribution mechanism of humic-silver nanoparticles in the solution responsible for quadrouple intensification was investigated.     

介孔TiO2/WO3空心球的制备及其可见光光催化性能

以硫酸氧钛和偏钨酸铵为前驱体, 以柠檬酸作为络合剂, 采用喷雾干燥-高温煅烧两步法制备了介孔TiO₂/WO₃空心球复合材料。利用SEM、TEM、BET、XRD、UV-Vis DRS等手段对样品的形貌、微结构、比表面积、晶相组成和光学性能进行了表征和分析, 以亚甲基蓝为模拟降解物考察其光催化性能。结果表明: 复合材料为介孔空心球状结构, 球体分散好, 直径主要分布在1 μm左右; 球壁由纳米颗粒和空隙构成, 随着煅烧温度的升高, 颗粒粒径不断增大, 空隙孔径不断增大。性能研究结果表明, TiO₂与WO₃复合后, 样品对光的吸收范围扩展到了可见光区域, 这有利于提高太阳光的利用率; 当前驱体中WO₃含量为3mol%, 样品的煅烧温度为500℃时, 复合材料具有最好的光催化性能: 对亚甲基蓝降解率可达99.1%, 而P25的降解率仅为29.5%。     

pH值响应性透明质酸纳米粒的制备及作为阿霉素载体的研究

通过化学交联法合成组氨酸修饰透明质酸耦合物(His-HA),制备载阿霉素纳米粒,分析其pH值响应性和抗肿瘤特征.研究显示,随着pH值的降低(7.4～5.5),纳米粒的粒径增大(230～780nm),zeta电位升高,载药纳米粒的体外释放量增加.细胞毒性实验显示粒径＜300nm的载药纳米粒具更高的毒性.细胞摄入实验表明,阿霉素通过受体介导的胞吞和载药纳米粒的胞外释放两种途径被细胞摄入.以上研究显示组氨酸修饰透明质酸纳米粒具有显著的pH值响应性,具备作为阿霉素药物载体的应用前景.     

壳聚糖-脱氧胆酸及其叶酸偶联体的表征及自组装特性研究

以1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺(EDC)为催化剂,将脱氧胆酸接枝到壳聚糖主链的氨基上,得到疏水改性的双亲性壳聚糖;再将叶酸连接于壳聚糖氨基,可得到具有肿瘤靶向潜力的双亲性共聚物.利用红外光谱、1H核磁、X射线晶体衍射图谱对其结构进行表征.脱氧胆酸-壳聚糖、叶酸-壳聚糖-脱氧胆酸在水相中通过透析处理均能形成自聚集体,利用荧光探针技术研究其自聚集行为.制得的两种自聚集体均具有较低的临界胶束浓度(10-2mg/ml),透射电镜和粒径分析测试显示制得的自聚集体为纳米级颗粒.随着脱氧胆酸取代度的增加,粒径降低,临界胶束浓度下降,但叶酸直接偶联壳聚糖导致自组装阻力增加.     

淬火工艺对纳米前驱体三氧化钨功能陶瓷伏安特性的影响

采用自制纳米三氧化钨粉末为原料,以淬火工艺制得纳米基三氧化钨陶瓷.通过I-V特性测量、显微结构和相结构分析,研究了在不同的温度下淬火三氧化钨陶瓷的伏安特性,结果表明较低温度淬火可以使样品的非线性系数提高到10.93,但随着淬火温度(开始淬火温度)的提高,样品的非线性系数急剧下降,当高于900℃淬火时,样品的电学行为转变为线性,非线性系数约为1.对其进行阻抗谱测量,结合相结构与电学行为的关系,认为相结构的不同造成晶界电阻及势垒的不同,改变了电输运特性,从而使其电学行为改变.     

The surface chemistry and stability of gold nanoparticles prepared using methanol extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

The development of nontoxic, clean techniques for synthesising metal nanoparticles such as gold has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Many reports have been published about the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using plant extracts. However, the stability of these prepared gold nanoparticles has not been investigated. In this research, the stability of gold nanoparticles prepared by Eucalyptus camaldulensis was investigated at different temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 45°C) for 8 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy and visible absorption spectroscopy confirmed the stability of gold nanoparticles during the storage period at the mentioned condition. In addition, Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles prepared by the methanol extract of E. camaldulsis. The carboxyl group was characterised on the surface of the gold nanoparticles, and this functional group may have a critical role in the stability of gold nanoparticles prepared by the mentioned plant extract at different conditions. This functional group can be used for drug delivery of amino derivative drugs using gold nanoparticles.     

Sr掺杂对WO3陶瓷电学性质及微观结构的影响

利用传统的陶瓷制备工艺制备了Sr掺杂的WO3陶瓷样品,测量了样品的显微结构和电学性质.结果表明,对于Sr掺杂来说,浓度为2 mol%是一个临界点,在这一点处电学性质和微观结构都将发生显著的变化.掺杂浓度为0.2 mol%的样品表现出较高的非线性系数8.7.实验中发现部分样品表现出电学的不稳定性,我们认为这种不稳定性与相共存以及由此导致的极化有关.     

The formation of WO3 nanorods using the surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reaction

Monoclinic tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanorods were grown using the hydrothermal method on a seeded W foil. The seed layer was formed by thermal oxidation of W foil at 400°C for 30 min. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or hexamethylamine (HMT) was used in the reactive hydrothermal bath, along with sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na₂WO₄.2H₂O) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The concentration of CTAB was varied from 0.01 M to 0.07 M and the concentration of HMT was varied from 0.01 M and 0.05 M. The result showed that CTAB-assisted hydrothermal reaction produced WO₃ nanorods with 4–7 nm diameter, and provided that CTAB concentration was less than 0.07 M. WO₃ nanorods could not be obtained when CTAB concentration was 0.07 M. Columnar structured WO₃ was produced with the presence of HMT in the hydrothermal bath. This was due to decomposition of HMT to form hydroxyl ions (OH^?) that inhibited the growth of nanorods. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis showed better electrochromic property of WO₃ nanorods compared to columnar structured WO₃.     

Biomimetic fabrication of gold nanoparticles on templated indole-3-acetic acid based nanofibers

Self-assembly of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was examined in aqueous solutions of varying pH values. Further, it was observed that IAA biomimetically reduced Au ions leading to the formation of Au nanoparticles at a pH range of 4-9. It was found that at a pH range of 4-7, uniform spherical gold nanoparticles in the size ranges of 20-30 nm were obtained, while under basic conditions, a high degree of aggregation was observed. In addition, we conjugated IAA with the organic linker 1,4-diaminobutane in order to enhance the attachment of Au ions to the IAA moiety via the free amino group and examined its self-assembly. In general, higher yields of nanofibers were formed upon self-assembly of the amide conjugate, with lengths in the micron range. Further, it was observed that the Au nanoparticles formed in the presence of the self-assembled amide conjugates were uniformly coated, leading to the formation of uniform gold nanowires. Thus, a new class of materials based on IAA and IAA-amide conjugates could be efficiently used for formation of gold nanoparticles using environmentally friendly mild synthetic methods in the absence of harsh reducing agents. Such materials may have potential applications in optoelectronics, bioimaging and sensing.     

交联对胶原溶液的动态流变性能和热稳定性能的影响

为了提高胶原溶液的粘弹性能和热稳定性,以及提高胶原耐酶解的能力,使用一种新的交联剂--N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺己二酸酯(NHS-AA),对胶原溶液进行交联改性.动态流变仪测定结果表明,在f=0.02Hz和25℃时,胶原溶液的弹性模量(G'),粘性模量(G")和复数粘度(η*)分别从未交联时的0.03、0.11Pa和0.76P...     

新型低压WO3基压敏电阻掺杂及制备条件研究

研究了Ｃｏ２Ｏ３掺杂剂工艺及条件等对低压ＷＯ３基压敏电阻性能的影响,在保持ＭｎＯ２及Ｎａ２ＣＯ３含量不变的前提下,我们发现,对于ＷＯ３－ＭｎＯ２－Ｎａ２ＣＯ３系列,掺入Ａｌ２Ｏ３可以明显改善其电化学稳定,但同时也失去了非线性,而Ｃｏ２Ｏ３的掺入可以明显提高非线性,以１％（摩尔分数）的Ｃｏ２Ｏ３含量为最好,其α值约为５．５（从Ｕ１ｍＡ到Ｕ０．ｍＡ）击穿场强小于１０Ｖ／ｍｍ。最高烧结温度应不低于１１０     

Catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol by Ni/Fe nanoparticles in the presence of humic acid: intermediate products and some experimental parameters

The catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles in the presence of humic acid (HA) was investigated in order to understand their applicability for in situ remediation of groundwater. 2,4-DCP was catalytically dechlorinated to form the final products – phenol (P) via two intermediates, o-chlorophenol (o-CP) and p-chlorophenol (p-CP). It was demonstrated that the carbon mass balances during the dechlorination were between 84% and 92%, and other carbons were adsorbed on the surface of Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles. The experimental results suggest that HA competed for reaction sites on the Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles with 2,4-DCP, and thus reduced the efficiency and rate of the dechlorination of 2,4-DCP. The catalytic degradation slowed down as the increase of HA in solution, and when HA's concentrations were 0, 10, 20 and 30?mg?L^?1, the maximum concentrations of o-CP were 0.025, 0.041, 0.039 and 0.034?mM in 10, 30, 30 and 30?min, respectively. High Ni content, low initial pH value, high Ni/Fe nanoparticles’ dosage and high temperature favoured the catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-DCP. The experimental results show that no other intermediates were generated besides Cl^?, o-CP, p-CP and P during the catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-DCP.     

Gastrointestinal stability,physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability of chitosan or its derivative-modified solid lipid nanoparticles loading docetaxel

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to prepare the positively charged chitosan (CS)- or hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC)-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loading docetaxel (DTX), and to evaluate their properties in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: The DTX-loaded SLNs (DTX-SLNs) were prepared through an emulsion solvent evaporation method and further modified with CS or HACC (CS-DTX-SLNs or HACC-DTX-SLNs) via noncovalent interactions. The gastrointestinal (GI) stability, dissolution rate, physicochemical properties and cytotoxicities of SLNs were investigated. In addition, the GI mucosa irritation and oral bioavailability of SLNs were also evaluated in rats.

Results: The HACC-DTX-SLNs were highly stable in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF and SIF). By contrast, the CS-DTX-SLNs were less stable in SIF than in SGF. The drug dissolution remarkably increased when DTX was incorporated into the SLNs, which may be attributed to the change in the crystallinity of DTX and some molecular interactions that occurred between DTX and the carriers. The SLNs showed low toxicity in Caco-2 cells and no GI mucosa irritations were observed in rats. A 2.45-fold increase in the area under the curve of DTX was found in the HACC-DTX-SLN group compared with the DTX group after the modified SLNs were orally administered to rats. However, the oral absorption of DTX-SLN or CS-DTX-SLN group showed no significant difference compared with that of DTX group.

Conclusions: The positively charged HACC-DTX-SLNs with a stable particle size could provide the enhanced oral bioavailability of DTX in rats.     

The effect of silica nanoparticles on the dustiness of industrial powders

Industrial powders are prompt to be airborne during processing. High dustiness levels may cause process complications like cross-contamination, product loss and filter clogging while increasing the risk of inhalation, dust explosion and fire. Thus, dustiness is often associated with occupational exposure. Despite this, powder products are usually composed of multiple ingredients with silica nanoparticles (S-NP) systematically added to ease their handling. Surprisingly, the relationship between dustiness and product formulation has not been commonly studied. This work investigates the influence of S-NP, SIPERNAT D10 (SD10), on the dustiness of four industrial powders–Avicel PH102, wheat flour, joint filler, and glass beads–using two standard methods: the rotating drum (EN 15051–2) and the vortex shaker (EN 17199–5). Our results show that the dustiness of mixtures powder + SD10 are statistically higher than those of the powder alone and can reach the levels of SD10. TEM micrographs from airborne particles collected in the vortex shaker showed that SD10 detached from the surface of the powder during aerosolisation, emitting nanometric dust; adding SD10 increases the potential for inhalation exposure during industrial processing and handling. Surface energy analysis by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) leads us to conclude that stronger powder-to-SD10 interactions result in less dust emission.