高温烧结制备含铝碳化硅纤维

对含较多氧的SiC(OAl)纤维进行高温处理,制备出近化学计量比的含铝碳化硅纤维,即SiC(Al)纤维.用X射线衍射分析、元素分析、扫描电镜、Raman光谱和29Si核磁共振谱等对烧成过程和SiC(Al)纤维的组成、结构以及性能进行了研究.研究发现:烧成过程中β-SiC的晶粒随着温度的升高而增大,纤维的直径逐渐降低;在1 300～1 600 ℃,由于CO和SiO气体的溢出,纤维结构逐渐变得疏松,抗拉强度下降;在1 600～1 800 ℃,随着温度的升高,仍有少量CO和SiO气体溢出,在烧结助剂铝的作用下,纤维结构逐渐致密,抗拉强度开始升高;在1 800 ℃烧成得到的SiC(Al)纤维,化学组成和结构与Nicalon纤维显著不同,具有近化学计量比组成,氧、游离碳以及SiCxOy相的含量大大低于Nicalon纤维,具有优良的耐高温性能和抗蠕变性能.     

Al2O3和Cr2O3对镁质材料高温蠕变性能的影响

以电熔镁砂为主要原料,研究了添加剂α-Al2O3和Cr2O3的加入量及加入形式对镁质材料高温蠕变性能的影响,还研究了在加入3%Cr2O3的基础上添加不同形式的Al2O3对镁质材料高温蠕变性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着Al2O3含量的增加,镁质材料的抗高温蠕变性能增强;添加3%Cr2O3的镁质材料其抗蠕变性能优于热风炉上使用的低蠕变高铝制品。     

氧化物杂质对Al2O3陶瓷力学性能与抗蠕变性的影响

采用无压烧结成型工艺,研究了氧化物杂质(碱金属、碱土金属氧化物及SiO2)对Al2O3陶瓷力学性能与抗蠕变性的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜以及万能试验机表征样品的微观结构和力学性能;提出一种恒压试样的方法评价材料的蠕变性,测试恒压后标准试样的弯曲程度.结果表明:氧化物杂质对Al2O3陶瓷常温力学性能和高温蠕变性影响存在很大差异,常温力学性能方面,除MgO外,所研究的其它氧化物杂质均使材料抗弯强度和断裂韧性有不同程度降低,而MgO能明显提高陶瓷力学性能;另一方面,高温蠕变性受氧化物杂质影响则表现相反,MgO会导致材料抗蠕变性下降,其它氧化物杂质或多或少地提高抗蠕变性能,其中含量为1 mol％ SiO2的Al2O3陶瓷抗蠕变性能明显提高.     

钇铝石榴石纤维的制备和应用研究进展

钇铝石榴石纤维具有耐高温、抗氧化、低导热率、优异的抗高温蠕变性和良好的光学性能,是一种理想的结构增强材料、绝热耐火材料和光学材料.本文重点评述了近年来钇铝石榴石纤维制备和应用的研究进展,并展望了钇铝石榴石纤维制备和应用的发展趋势.     

基于聚硅碳硅烷与仲丁醇铝制备含铝碳化硅纤维

采用聚硅碳硅烷和仲丁醇铝常压高温反应合成碳化硅纤维先驱体——聚铝碳硅烷。通过GPC、FT-IR、元素分析、X射线光电子能谱分析等表征发现:其组成以Si—C、Si—O、O—Al等化学键结构为主,重均分子质量为2 600,软化点在190～200℃之间。经熔融纺丝制得聚铝碳化硅纤维,其预氧化后陶瓷产率达到75%,高温处理后得到的含铝SiC纤维。随着温度的升高,该纤维组成逐渐由无序结构转化为晶体结构,其中的SiC_xO_y不稳定相在1 500℃开始分解,但晶粒尺寸基本维持在10 nm左右,无过度长大。含铝SiC纤维表现出良好的耐温性能,1500℃高温处理后纤维表面没有明显缺陷。     

自蔓延合成Al4SiC4和B4C及其在含碳耐火材料中的应用

以金属铝粉、硅粉、炭黑或石墨为原料,采用自蔓延化学炉法制备了Al4SiC4粉体,并将其添加到以板状刚玉、电熔刚玉、氧化铝微粉和石墨为主要原料的铝碳材料中,经混合、150 MPa冷等静压成型后于1100℃保温5h氮气保护烧成,研究其对铝碳材料的物理性能、抗氧化性能和抗水化性能的影响;以B203、金属Mg、炭黑和超细石墨为主要原料,采用自蔓延镁热还原法制备了B4C粉体,并将自蔓延产物添加到以电熔镁砂和超细石墨为主要原料的低碳镁碳砖中,经混合、200 MPa干压成型后于1600℃5h埋炭烧成,研究其对镁碳材料的物理性能、抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明:1)以Al、Si、炭黑或石墨为原料可以合成纯度高、不合Al4C3相的Al4SiC4粉体;添加7％ Al4SiC4粉体的铝碳材料具有良好的常温和高温性能,具有良好的抗氧化性和抗水化性能.2)以B2O3、Mg和炭黑为原料可以合成晶粒细小、活性较高的B4C粉体;添加B4C复合粉体的低碳镁碳砖具有良好的常温性能和热态强度,其抗氧化性能优于添加市售B4C和金属Al粉的试样.     

Al2O3-MA-SiC-C质浇注料的抗渣性能

以电熔白刚玉、镁铝尖晶石、SiC细粉、活性α-Al2O3微粉、球状沥青、Si粉、ρ-Al2O3、氧化硅微粉和铝酸钙水泥为原料制备了Al2O3-MA-SiC-C质浇注料。振动浇注成型后采用静态坩埚法测定了浇注料抗渣侵蚀性,利用X射线衍射、电子探针仪和能谱等手段分析了1500℃埋炭处理3h后试样的物相、显微结构和微区成分,以研究结合剂种类(ρ-Al2O3 氧化硅微粉和铝酸钙水泥 氧化硅微粉)、尖晶石和SiC的加入量对浇注料抗渣性能的影响。结果表明:采用ρ-Al2O3 氧化硅微粉结合的浇注料的抗渣性能明显高于采用铝酸钙水泥 氧化硅微粉结合的,这主要与其在高温下形成的物相有关;随着镁铝尖晶石加入量的增多,浇注料的抗渣性能总体上呈升高趋势;随着SiC加入量的增多,浇注料的抗渣性能显著提高,当SiC加入量(质量分数,下同)为25%时,浇注料的抗渣性能最好;加入过多的镁铝尖晶石和SiC对浇注料的抗渣性能不利,这主要同高温下材料中MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系低熔物的形成有关。     

烧结法合成镁铁铝复合尖晶石

以氢氧化铁、活性氧化铝和轻烧镁粉为原料,外加3％石墨,按质量比37:36:27进行配料,制得φ20 mm×10 mm的试样,经1550℃保温3 h和6 h高温烧成.采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:经过XRD物相分析,保温3 h的试样中物相组成为镁铁铝复合尖晶石相、刚玉相和铁铝尖晶石相三相;保温6 h的试样中存在两种矿物相Mg8.13 Al14.75 Fe1.13O32和Al15.44 Fe6.16 Mg2.32O32;XRD精修处理后,保温6 h的试样中两种镁铁铝复合尖晶石的结构分别为(Mg0.23 Fe2+0.54 Fe3+0.06 Al0.17)Ⅳ(Mg0.03 Fe2+0.065 Fe3+0.02 Al0.88)ⅥO4.000和(Mg0.708Fe0.056Al0.237)Ⅳ(Mg0.154Fe0.0425Al0.8035)ⅥO4.000;通过SEM和EDS微观结构分析,保温3 h的试样由深灰色的FeO·Al2O3和浅灰色的镁铁铝复合尖晶石两种物质组成;保温6 h的试样中FeO·Al2O3和MgO·Al2O3互相扩散,生成两种镁铁铝复合尖晶石,一种呈灰色Mg含量低、Fe含量高,另一种呈亮白色Mg含量高、Fe含量低.     

Al_2O_3晶粒尺寸对Al_2O_3-MgO-C耐火材料性能的影响

以65%、70%和75%的30nm、150nm和1μm Al2O3与MgO和石墨为原材料,加入适量添加剂Al粉和SiC粉,采用埋碳环境烧结Al2O3-MgO-C耐火材料,并对样品的体积密度、抗折强度和硬度进行测试。实验结果表明:样品密度的变化趋势不是很明显;样品抗折强度和硬度随着Al2O3原始晶粒尺寸的增加而减少。当样品中Al2O3原始晶粒尺寸为30nm,含量为75%时,有最大的抗折强度(55.82 MPa)和硬度(HRA81)。     

固溶反应对MA-Al2O3材料结构和性能的影响

以电熔镁铝尖晶石为主要原料并加入少量烧结刚玉细粉部分替代尖晶石细粉,或以白刚玉为主要原料并加入少量电熔镁铝尖晶石细粉替代白刚玉细粉,制备了两组MA-Al₂O₃材料。研究刚玉与镁铝尖晶石之间的固溶反应对材料性能及显微结构的影响。结果表明：1)在两组材料中均发生了固溶反应,使得镁铝尖晶石的富铝程度增大,镁铝尖晶石中的氧化铝含量(w)由约76%增加到80%以上,从而加强了试样骨料与基质的结合,减少结构缺陷,改善了材料的高温性能;2)在以镁铝尖晶石为主要原料的MA-Al₂O₃材料中,加入烧结刚玉可使其常温耐压强度增大,改善其高温抗蠕变性和抗热震性;3)在以白刚玉为主要原料的MA-Al₂O₃材料中,加入镁铝尖晶石细粉,其常温耐压强度、高温抗蠕变性和高温抗折强度均有大幅度提高。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。