北京市市售扇贝中诺如病毒监测分析

目的监测北京市市售扇贝中诺如病毒和A组轮状病毒污染状况,分析其基因特征。方法 2014年11月至2015年10月,采集北京市3个水产品出售市场新鲜扇贝72份。取扇贝消化组织,用聚乙二醇(PEG)8000沉淀法进行病毒富集后提取核酸,用实时荧光逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测诺如病毒和A组轮状病毒核酸。用半巢式RT-PCR方法扩增诺如病毒GⅠ/GⅡ组衣壳蛋白区基因,对PCR产物进行测序,用BioEdit 7.0.9.0软件进行序列比对,用MEGA 6.06软件构建进化树。结果 72份扇贝样品均未检出A组轮状病毒;诺如病毒检出率为27.8%(20/72),其中GⅡ组16份,GⅠ组2份,GⅠ和GⅡ组混合2份。冬季检出率最高,为61.1%(11/18);夏季未检出。8份诺如病毒核酸阳性样品测序结果为GⅡ.17型,属于GⅡ.17型ClusterⅢb分枝。有6株GⅡ.17型毒株与2015年中国人源诺如病毒、2016和2017年日本人源诺如病毒、2017和2018年韩国水中诺如病毒以及2015年日本牡蛎中诺如病毒序列相似性为100.0%。结论北京市市售扇贝中存在诺如病毒污染,食用扇贝有引起病毒性急性胃肠炎的风险。     

云南省烟草正番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的调查和鉴定

  背景和目的  烟草是云南省支柱产业,近年来烟草斑萎类病害发生严重。了解烟草斑萎类病害在云南的病原种类、病害发生、流行和分布势在必行。  方法  2012以来,本课题组从云南省10个地州市共采集疑似Orthotospovirus属病毒侵染的烟草样品38份,采用症状学观察、酶联免疫吸附反应以及RT-PCR鉴定。  结果  结果显示有20份烟草样品感染Orthotospovirus属病毒,其中番茄斑萎病毒单独侵染样品11份、朱顶红褪绿环斑病毒单独侵染样品4份、番茄环纹斑点病毒单独侵染样品2份、马蹄莲褪绿斑病毒单独侵染样品2份、番茄斑萎病毒和朱顶红褪绿环斑病毒复合侵染1份。  结论  本研究首次报道朱顶红褪绿环斑病毒侵染烟草,同时发现番茄斑萎病毒和朱顶红褪绿环斑病毒复合侵染烟草,鉴定结果对于科学制定烟草斑萎病害综合防治措施,保障云南省烟草种植业的持续健康发展具有重要意义。      

非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测的阳性DNA获取方法研究

目的:建立非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测过程中所需阳性DNA片段的获取方法。方法:通过PCR和荧光定量PCR技术,使用非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测试剂盒来确定阳性样品,根据标准方法获得该阳性样品中的目的基因序列,并通过测序确认,再利用基因克隆和基因合成的方法得到含有该阳性对照的质粒。结果:文章成功获得了非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测所需阳性DNA片段,且通过序列比对发现其位于该病毒P72蛋白编码基因序列中的保守区域。结论:文章提供的方法不仅能够获得非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测所需的阳性DNA片段,同时还适用于其他动植物源性检测和转基因检测所需的阳性DNA的获取。     

一起疑似食源性诺如病毒胃肠炎事件病原分子生物学特征分析

目的研究厦门市思明区一起聚集性胃肠炎事件的诺如病毒的分子生物学特征。方法将收集到的11份肛拭子标本及1份生蚝样品,采用实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测诺如病毒核酸,阳性标本再进行实时荧光定量RT-PCR扩增,扩增产物经过凝胶电泳分析后,进行序列测定,确定基因型,并进行系统发育树分析。结果 11份肛拭子标本中检出5株GⅠ组诺如病毒株,2株测序成功,检出4株GⅡ组毒株,3株测序成功;1份生蚝样品中检出1株GⅠ组毒株,测序成功。对测序成功的6株毒株进行同源性分析,GⅠ.2型毒株所测序列与2014年上海株KP325648等6株参考株高度同源,GⅡ.17型毒株所测序列与2015年韩国株KT384078等8株参考株高度同源,证实这是一起由GⅠ.2和GⅡ.17型诺如病毒混合感染引起的聚集性胃肠炎事件,GⅡ.17型毒株为厦门市首次报道。结论此次聚集性胃肠炎事件是由诺如病毒引起,且为GⅠ.2与GⅡ.17型毒株混合感染引起。     

星状病毒核酸检测标准物质的研制

目的：研制用于食品中星状病毒核酸检测的cRNA标准物质。方法：利用基因克隆体外转录方法制备星状病毒cRNA纯品,初步定量后稀释至适宜浓度进行分装,其中一部分分装样品添加RNAsafe处理,剩余部分不做处理,制备2 种标准物质样品。采用实时荧光定量实时聚合酶链式反应（real-time-polymerase chain reaction,RTPCR）方法检验2 种标准物质样品均匀性和稳定性。样品中RNA浓度（拷贝/μL）通过荧光定量RT-PCR和数字PCR联合定值获得,并进行不确定度分析。结果：均匀性结果显示2 种样品组间精密度与组内精密度差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。稳定性检验表明20～25 ℃ 10 d、4 ℃ 14 d、－20 ℃ 3 个月及－80 ℃和液氮6 个月2 种样品cRNA含量无显著变化。RNAsafe（－）标准物质定值为：（1.652±0.143）×108 拷贝/μL（－80 ℃）和（1.652±0.135）×108 拷贝/μL（液氮）。结论：RNAsafe（－）标准物质样品可作为用于星状病毒核酸检测的标准物质。     

北京市市售牡蛎中诺如病毒核酸检测及定量分析

目的针对北京市市售牡蛎样品中诺如病毒污染水平及污染浓度进行定量分析研究。方法分离牡蛎消化腺,将消化腺匀浆处理,加入含有蛋白酶K的磷酸盐缓冲液,进行样品前处理,用试剂盒提取病毒RNA,用一步法实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应(real time RT-PCR)检测诺如病毒RNA,并对阳性样品进行定量分析。结果共检测牡蛎样品356份,其中GGI阳性样品12份,GGII阳性样品39份,GGI和GGII同时为阳性的样品6份。对阳性样品中的诺如病毒核酸定量分析,核酸浓度在3.7×10~3~2.8×10~5基因拷贝/g(消化腺)之间。结论北京市市售牡蛎中存在诺如病毒污染的情况,需要加强对牡蛎中诺如病毒的污染监测,并开展污染水平风险评估,保障消费者食用安全,降低由诺如病毒引起的腹泻病的疾病负担。     

俄罗斯卡尔梅克共和国发酵蔬菜中细菌多样性研究

通过纯培养的方法结合16S rRNA测序技术对采集自俄罗斯卡尔梅克共和国埃利斯塔市郊的2份发酵蔬菜样品中的乳酸菌进行了分离、鉴定,并构建了系统发育树。经过鉴定,共从2份样品中获得了19株乳酸菌,分属于Lactobacillus(14株)、Pediococcus(3株)和Leuconostoc(2株),其中包括7株Lactobacillus plantarum;1株Lactobacillus brevis;2株Lactobacillus delbrueckii;1株Lactobacillus helveticus;1株Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens;2株Lactobacillus kefiri;1株Leuconostoc lactis;1株Leuconostoc mesenteroides;2株Pediococcus ethanolidurans;1株Pediococcus pentosaceus。此外,该研究以细菌16S rRNA的V1-V3区为靶序列,采用454焦磷酸测序技术从宏基因组角度对2份样品中细菌的丰度和多样性进行了分析,分别从2份样品中获得了10869和12204条高质量序列。经过与RDP(Ribosomal Database)数据库比对,发现隶属于硬壁菌门(Firmicutes)的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus)分别占到样品中细菌总数的91.66%和3.81%,成为绝对优势菌属。此外,还鉴定到了弧菌属(Vibrio)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、克鲁维菌属(Kluyvera)等。     

实时荧光RT-PCR检测冷冻草莓中诺如病毒

目的：建立冷冻草莓中的GI、GII型诺如病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法,并应用于实际样品的检测。方法：对草莓样品进行前处理、病毒富集、病毒RNA的提取和纯化,然后采用实时荧光RT-PCR进行检测。结果：核酸提取方法能够有效地去除抑制因子,同时对104份送检样品进行检测,结果均为阴性。结论：所建立的核酸提取与实时荧光RT-PCR结合的检测体系适合于草莓样品中诺如病毒GI、GII型的检测。     

河豚鱼Cyt b基因部分DNA序列分析与应用

建立河豚鱼物种DNA鉴别技术,根据GenBank公布的河豚鱼细胞色素b基因序列,应用软件Primer Premier5.00版设计上游引物HT1-F与下游HT1-R,对3属9种福建省搜集的常见的河豚鱼与2种未知物种名称且外观无法进行形态学判断的河豚鱼样品的细胞色素b基因序列中的部分片段进行PCR扩增,PCR产物通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳确证、纯化后,进行DNA碱基序列测定,序列长度均为423bp。应用DNA MANN软件进行样品间DNA序列同源性比对分析,建立样品间系统关系树状图,供试11个样品被划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ组与第Ⅱ组之间的同源率为89%,这2组与第Ⅲ组之间的同源率为85%。根据序列同源性分析结果,可推测2个未知种名的样品为腹刺鲀属或东方鲀属。     

贝类中甲肝病毒提取方法的比较

目的对贝类甲肝病毒的3种试剂盒提取方法进行比较。方法在贝类样品中添加不同滴度的甲肝减毒疫苗后,采用3种核酸提取法:Roche法、AM1836法、Qiagen74104法。按照其说明书提取模拟样品病毒核酸模板,从抽提效率、抽提核酸的稳定性、抑制剂去除效率3个方面对提取效果进行比较。结果在抽提核酸稳定性、抑制剂去除效率方面,3种方法结果相同,稳定性的Ct值为24.795～28.651,抑制剂去除效率方面提取的核酸10倍稀释核酸Ct值比未稀释核酸Ct值差值均为2.9～3.2左右(F=26.802,P0.05);在提取效率方面,Roche法高于AM1836法和Qiagen74104法,Ct值分别为28.5,28.7和29.0。结论 3种方法中,Roche法在贝类中甲肝病毒提取方面更有优势,可以提高贝类中甲肝病毒检测的灵敏度。     

HPLC 法比较测定紫苏属植物种子维生素E含量差异

采用HPLC 法测定来自中国四川和广东,以及日本和美国等地共29 份紫苏属不同原(变)种种子的VE 含量。结果表明,紫苏属不同原(变)种种子均含丰富的VE。所有供试材料的δ -VE、γ -VE 和α -VE 含量及总含量间均存在极显著差异。其中,VE 总含量变幅在79.90～383.30μg/g 之间,平均值为199.76μg/g;δ -VE、γ -VE 和α -VE 平均含量分别为5.81、190.47μg/g 和3.48μg/g。以来自日本的P06-37 的VE 总含量最高,达383.30μg/g。比较不同原(变)种种子VE 含量结果表明,不同原(变)种间δ -VE、γ -VE 和α -VE 含量及总含量差异未达显著水平。总体上,以白苏的δ -VE、γ -VE 和α -VE 平均含量及总含量均相对较高。     

河豚鱼16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列分析及应用

应用16S rRNA基因聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增通用引物,对3 属13 种福建省搜集的河豚鱼样品与9 个未知物种的河豚鱼样品的16S rRNA基因序列中的部分片段进行PCR扩增与脱氧核糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA）碱基序列测定,各物种序列长度在611～614 bp之间。应用DNAMAN V6软件进行样品间DNA序列同源性比对分析,建立样品间系统关系同源树。供试13 个样品被划分为4 个类群组,群间的同源率为87%,群内同源率为94%～100%。根据序列同源性分析结果,9 个未知种名的样品被归类到3 个类群组中,推测9 个未知种名的样品为东方鲀属或腹刺鲀属。探讨了16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列测试及同源性分析技术在河豚鱼种属鉴别中应用的可能性。     

生物合成天然2-苯乙醇细菌的筛选及合成途径分析

从上海国家森林公园土壤样本中筛选到1?株菌株,经过生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,该菌属肠杆菌属并命名为Enterobacter sp. MF024。Enterobacter sp. MF024全基因组测序结果表明该菌株包含从头合成途径和艾氏途径合成2-苯乙醇所有关键酶的编码基因。分别以葡萄糖、L-苯丙氨酸为底物进行生物转化实验,并以苯乙醛、苯丙酮酸等合成途径中间产物为底物进行验证,气相色谱-质谱法、红外光谱分析结果进一步说明Enterobacter sp. MF024具备两种2-苯乙醇合成途径,且该菌利用从头合成途径和艾氏途径产2-苯乙醇产量分别达到0.56、1.15 g/L。该菌株以葡萄糖为碳源生物合成2-苯乙醇极具应用前景。     

基于单分子实时测序技术的3个当阳广椒样品细菌多样性研究

本文采集了3个鲊广椒样品,使用单分子实时测序技术对其细菌微生物多样性进行了评价。在属水平上,乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的相对含量为94.25%;在种水平上,相对含量大于1.0%的种分别为隶属于乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的破布子乳杆菌(L.pobuzihii)、食品乳杆菌(L.alimentarius)、费斯莫尔德乳杆菌(L.versmoldensis)、类短乳杆菌(L.parabrevis)、短乳杆菌(L.brevis)、朝鲜乳杆菌(L.koreensis)和类食品乳杆菌(L.paralimentarius),其平均相对含量分别为32.31%、23.17%、22.01%、8.90%、3.31%、1.63%和1.05%,隶属于魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)的类肠膜魏斯氏菌(W.paramesenteroides)的平均相对含量为1.05%。在分类操作单元(Operational taxonomic units,OTU)水平上,发现6个核心OTU,包含的序列数占所有质控后合格序列数的29.58%。由此可见,当阳地区鲊广椒中的细菌微生物主要隶属于乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus),且样品间共有大量的核心菌群。     

Application of the BAX for screening/genus Listeria polymerase chain reaction system for monitoring Listeria species in cold-smoked fish and in the smoked fish processing environment

The cold-smoked fish industry was used as a model for the development of a system for monitoring Listeria spp. in foods and in the food processing environment. A total of 214 samples including raw fish, fish during the cold-smoking process, finished product, and environmental samples were collected from three processing facilities over two visits to each facility. Samples were screened for Listeria spp. using the BAX for Screening/genus Listeria polymerase chain reaction system (PCR) and by culture. Listeria spp., confirmed by the API Listeria test strip or by a PCR assay targeting the L. monocytogenes hlyA gene, were isolated from a total of 89 (41.6%) samples. Of these, 80 samples also tested positive for Listeria spp. using the BAX system. Specifically, 42 (55.3%) environmental samples (n = 76), 11 (25.6%) raw materials samples (n = 43), 20 (35.1%) samples from fish in various stages of processing (n = 57), and 7 (18.4%) finished product samples (n = 38) tested positive for Listeria spp. using the BAX system. Five (4.0%) of the 125 culture-negative samples yielded BAX system-positive results. Listeria isolates from each of nine culture-positive/BAX system-negative samples yielded a positive reaction when tested in pure culture by the BAX system, suggesting that our false-negative results were likely due to the presence of low Listeria numbers in the initial enrichment as opposed to nonreacting isolates. The employment of alternative enrichment protocols, such as the two-step enrichment recommended by the manufacturer, may increase the sensitivity of the assay.     

伊犁地区乳品中乳酸菌的分离及鉴定

从伊犁地区牧民家庭采集的乳品中分离得到10株乳酸菌,经过对其生物学特性的鉴定,有干酪乳杆菌假植物亚种(L.casei subsp.Plantaman)4株、鸡肠球菌(E.gallins.rum)1株、屎肠球菌(E.faecium)1株、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(L.lactis subsp.cremoris)2株、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种(Lc.Mesenteroides subsp.Mesenteroides)2株。通过研究发现,该鉴定菌株的生物学特性基本符合各属和种的鉴定标准,均属于中温性乳酸菌。     

Application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous confirmation of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in turkey sample surveillance

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously identify Listeria monocytogenes and species of the genus Listeria. Two sets of primers were used, with the first amplifying a 938-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene that is highly conserved in all Listeria species and the second amplifying a 174-bp region of the listeriolysin (hlyA) gene of L. monocytogenes. Thus, isolates of Listeria spp. yield a single 938-bp product, whereas L. monocytogenes isolates yield both the 938-bp product and a 174-bp product. The specificity of the assay was verified with all six Listeria species and 11 serotypes of L. monocytogenes, as well as nonrelated bacteria. The multiplex PCR assay was used to determine the incidence of Listeria spp., especially L. monocytogenes, in mechanically separated turkey samples (n = 150 samples). L. monocytogenes strains were selected by using the University of Vermont two-step enrichment protocol and plating to selective Palcam agar. The multiplex PCR assay was used for verification of presumptive Listeria colonies. Approximately 38% of mechanically separated turkey samples (57 of 150) yielded L. monocytogenes; an additional 18% of these samples (27 of 150) harbored other Listeria spp. Fifty-one percent (29 of 57) of the L. monocytogenes isolates were of serogroup 1, 44% (25 of 57) were of serogroup 4, and 2% (1 of 57) were assigned to serogroups other than 1 and 4.     

High incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in European red smear cheese

The incidence of Listeria and Listeria monocytogenes in European red smear cheese was determined in order to assess whether the lack of recent outbreaks of listeriosis associated with cheese is due to improved hygenic conditions in the dairies. Out of European red-smear cheese samples of various types, 15.8% contained organisms of the genus Listeria, 6.4% of the samples were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, 10.6% with L. innocua, and 1.2% with L. seeligeri. Six cheese samples contained two or more Listeria species, including at least one L. monocytogenes isolate. The incidences of L. monocytogenes in cheeses from various countries were: Italy 17.4%, Germany 9.2%, Austria 10%, and France 3.3%. Listeria were found most frequently in soft and semi-soft cheese. Eight samples contained more than 100 L. monocytogenes cfu/cm2 cheese surface, 2 samples had counts above 10(4) cfu/cm2 cheese surface. Surprisingly, a higher incidence of L. monocytogenes was observed in cheeses made from pasteurized milk (8.0%) than in cheeses manufactured from raw milk (4.8%). Phage-typing of isolated Listeria strains clearly confirmed that (i) contaminations within dairy plants were persistent over a period of several weeks to months and (ii) that cross-contamination within the dairy plant is and important factor. Comparison of our data with past surveys seems to indicate that contamination of red smear soft cheese with L. monocytogenes has not decreased sufficiently over the past 15 years. It is therefore strongly recommended that these products are monitored carefully by cheese-making companies.     

A study of the occurrence of Listeria species in raw sheep milk

The occurrence of bacteria from the genus Listeria in raw sheep milk and traditional local cheese was studied in three regions of the Karak district of Jordan. Conventional plating methods for the detection of Listeria species were followed to determine the average and the percentage of the contaminated samples. The result shows that there were significant differences between the regions in the study concerning the average and the percentage of positive occurrences of Listeria species in raw sheep milk. The results also showed that mainly L. monocytogenes and, to a lesser degree, L. ivanovii and L. innocua were found in the milk samples, while the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in cheese samples was very low.