高低压EGR系统对低速柴油机性能和排放影响的研究

以某型6缸低速二冲程柴油机为研究对象,建立GT-POWER一维仿真模型,研究高、低压EGR系统对柴油机性能及排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率的上升,高压EGR系统中压气机运行点从中心高效区向低效区和流量减小的方向移动,而低压EGR系统的流量和压比变化较小;高压EGR系统缸内压力始终低于低压EGR系统,在低负荷时,导致燃烧速度和放热率峰值低于低压EGR系统;燃油消耗率随着EGR率的增加呈上升趋势,当EGR率增加到一定程度时燃油消耗率上升更明显,并且高压EGR系统燃油消耗率明显高于低压EGR;两种EGR系统都能降低NO_x排放,但相同EGR率时,高压EGR系统NO_x减排效果更好。     

Exergy analysis of small DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the merits of exergy analysis over energy analysis for small direct injection (DI) diesel engine using the blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Taguchi’s “L’ 16” orthogonal array has been used for the design of experiment. The engine tested at different engine speeds, load percentages, and blend ratios, using the waste cooking oil biodiesel. Basic performance parameters and fuel input exergy, exergetic efficiency (second law efficiency), exergy associated with heat transfer, exergy associated with the exhaust gas and destruction of exergy are calculated for each blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel. Results show that the optimum operating conditions for minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exergy destruction are achieved when engine speed at 1900 rev/min, load percentage is 75%, and the engine is fueled with B40.     

高滚流Atkinson循环燃烧系统研究

为进一步提高发动机热效率,提出高滚流Atkinson循环燃烧系统概念。其特征是采用高滚流气道和活塞组合,配合Atkinson循环和废气再循环(EGR)技术,提高缸内的滚流和湍流水平,加快燃烧速度,同时降低汽油机爆震倾向。利用GT-Power和AVL FIRE软件针对某型汽油机进行了一维整机工作过程和三维计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟分析。结果表明:高滚流气道有利于促进缸内滚流运动,滚流比由原机的0.5提高到2.6;配合高滚流活塞后,使进气过程中产生的缸内初始滚流和压缩过程中的滚流维持作用都比原机有所增强,湍动能水平提升6.3%,瞬时放热率与原机相比平均提高15%;在此基础上,采用进气门晚关的方式实现Atkinson循环,并增加EGR系统,降低高压缩比带来的爆震倾向,比油耗在整个万有特性中均呈下降趋势,最低比油耗区明显变大,最低比油耗相比原机下降11.3g/(kW·h)。     

Experimental study of various effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions of an automotive direct injection diesel engine

Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common way to control in-cylinder NO_x production and is used on most modern high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engines. However EGR has different effects on combustion and emissions production that are difficult to distinguish (increase of intake temperature, delay of rate of heat release (ROHR), decrease of peak heat release, decrease in O₂ concentration (and thus of global air/fuel ratio (AFR)) and flame temperature, increase of lift-off length, etc.), and thus the influence of EGR on NO_x and particulate matter (PM) emissions is not perfectly understood, especially under high EGR rates. An experimental study has been conducted on a 2.0 l HSDI automotive diesel engine under low-load and part load conditions in order to distinguish and quantify some effects of EGR on combustion and NO_x/PM emissions. The increase of inlet temperature with EGR has contrary effects on combustion and emissions, thus sometimes giving opposite tendencies as traditionally observed, as, for example, the reduction of NO_x emissions with increased inlet temperature. For a purely diffusion combustion the ROHR is unchanged when the AFR is maintained when changing in-cylinder ambient gas properties (temperature or EGR rate). At low-load conditions, use of high EGR rates at constant boost pressure is a way to drastically reduce NO_x and PM emissions but with an increase of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and other emissions (CO and hydrocarbon), whereas EGR at constant AFR may drastically reduce NO_x emissions without important penalty on BSFC and soot emissions but is limited by the turbocharging system.     

Methods for in-cylinder EGR stratification and its effects on combustion and emission characteristics in a diesel engine

The effects of in-cylinder EGR stratification on combustion and emission characteristics are investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. To achieve in-cylinder EGR stratification, external EGR rates of two intake ports are varied by supplying EGR asymmetrically using a separated intake runner. The EGR stratification pattern is improved using a 2-step bowl piston and an offset chamfer at the tangential intake port. When high EGR gas is supplied to the left (tangential) port, a high EGR region is formed at the central upper region of the combustion chamber. Consequently, combustion is initiated in the low EGR region, and PM is reduced significantly. When high EGR gas is supplied to the right (helical) port, a high EGR region is formed at the lower periphery of the combustion chamber. Therefore, combustion is initiated in the high EGR region, and NO_x is reduced without PM penalty. Stratified EGR potentially reduces NO_x by maximum 45%, without penalties of performance and other emissions. A proper in-cylinder swirl with stratified EGR maximizes the effects and achieves simultaneous reduction of NO_x by 7% and PM by 23%. Moreover, the robustness of stratified EGR is evaluated under various operating conditions and injection strategies.     

Experimental based comparative exergy analysis of a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with different gaseous (CNG,HCNG, and hydrogen) fuels

The experimental investigation was carried out on a multi-cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine fuelled with compressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen blended CNG (HCNG) and hydrogen with varying load at 1500 rpm in order to perform comparative exergy analysis. The exergy analysis indicates that work exergy, heat transfer exergy and exhaust exergy were the highest with hydrogen at all loads due to its high flame temperature, low quenching distance, and high flame speed. The engine's exergy efficiency was the highest with hydrogen (34.23%), and it was about 24.23% and 24.08% with CNG and HCNG respectively at high load (20.25 kW). This indicates a higher potential of hydrogen to convert chemical energy input of fuel into heat and then power output. The exergy destruction was observed minimum with hydrogen at all loads, and it was drastically reduced at high loads. The combustion irreversibility which was calculated using species present during combustion, was the main contributor to exergy destruction, and it decreased with hydrogen. The minimum combustion irreversibility was 11.75% with hydrogen, followed by HCNG and CNG with 16.46% and 18.88% respectively at high load. The high quality of heat due to high in-cylinder temperature and low entropy generation during combustion caused by less number of chemical species in hydrogen combustion are the main reasons for lower combustion irreversibility with hydrogen.     

未着火循环废气改善柴油机冷起动的燃烧

采用柴油的替代研究燃料正庚烷和压燃式燃烧模型,计算研究了起动阶段引入未着火循环的燃烧产物对下一循环燃烧的影响.未着火循环的燃烧产物与完全燃烧循环有明显不同,其中含有许多未燃燃油和中间活性物质,将其以EGR的方式重新引入气缸中能有效改善下一循环的燃烧,计算结果表明,中间活性物质起到了关键作用.进行了EGR影响柴油机起动性能的试验研究,结果表明,起动初期的循环中,引入EGR可以改善燃烧,试验结果验证了计算分析的合理性,为改善柴油机冷起动性能提供了一种新思路.根据正庚烷燃烧的化学动力学理论,结合计算过程中各物质浓度的变化,研究了EGR改善燃烧的机理.     

气道喷水和废气再循环对重型柴油机性能和排放影响的优化匹配试验研究

在一台高压共轨重型柴油机上开展了气道喷水结合高压废气再循环(EGR)的试验研究。基于世界统一稳态测试循环(WHSC)各工况点探索引入高压EGR和气道喷水技术对柴油机排放和燃油经济性的影响;在此基础上对各工况的燃烧相位进行优化,得到WHSC各工况点下基于喷水和EGR的优化策略。结果表明:综合考虑排放和燃油经济性,低负荷工况宜单独引入高压EGR,并通过提前喷油时刻(start injection timing,SOI)优化燃烧相位;中高负荷工况宜少量喷水并引入适当EGR,满负荷则应单独采取气道喷水策略。WHSC加权结果表明,在保持较低的HC、CO和碳烟排放前提下,优化后的加权NOx比排放降低7.71g/(kW·h),降幅约45.2%,有效燃油消耗率降低约1.20g/(kW·h)。     

基于燃烧室与增压器匹配的柴油机热效率优化设计及仿真研究

以某重型柴油机为研究对象,采用仿真计算的方法探究了基于缸内燃烧系统和空气系统优化使发动机最低油耗区间匹配不同使用工况,提出满足发动机不同应用场景需求的匹配方案。研究结果表明:采用压缩比为19.5的燃烧室,缸内混合气过稀区减少,燃烧放热速率加快,热效率提高;通过合理匹配增压器和燃烧室可以实现柴油机最低油耗区间与目标工况区间的匹配。以优化低转速中低负荷工况油耗为目标,采用压缩比为19.5的燃烧室,同时采用较小的涡轮当量流通截面积,可以使最低油耗区匹配低转速中低负荷工况,低转速中负荷油耗改善3.1%。以优化中转速中高负荷油耗为目标,采用压缩比为18.5的燃烧室,结合增压器的优化匹配,可以使最低油耗区匹配中转速中高负荷工况,中转速中负荷油耗改善1.6%。以优化高转速高负荷油耗为目标,通过提高最高燃烧压力,采用压缩比为21.5的燃烧室,同时采用较大的涡轮当量流通截面积,高转速高负荷油耗可改善4.2%。     

基于内部EGR率控制的柴油机排气凸轮型线仿真设计研究

以某6缸增压柴油机为研究对象,运用GT-Power仿真分析软件,在目标发动机2 200r/min和1 800r/min常用工况转速下,分析了内部热EGR率对NOx、PM、CO排放量的影响,研究得出了重型车用柴油机内部EGR率的最佳控制范围在10%左右。在此基础上,进行了二次排气凸轮开启相位对内部EGR率控制效果的仿真分析,总结出了二次开启排气凸轮的相位、升程、包角等特性参数对柴油机功率、燃油消耗率及EGR率的影响规律。最终确立了能够进行二次开启的、具有内部EGR功能的排气门凸轮设计方案,建立了排气凸轮基本型线的数学模型。针对目标样机开展了型线特性参数对燃油消耗率、功率及EGR率的影响分析。     

柴油/汽油反应活性控制压燃发动机喷油协调控制与排放特性研究

对某4缸高压共轨柴油机进气道进行改造,搭建了柴油/汽油双燃料反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)发动机专用试验台架,设计了柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧汽油喷射控制策略,实现了全工况下汽油与柴油的协调喷射控制,系统地研究了不同运行工况下,不同汽油替代率对柴油机燃烧与排放性能的影响规律。结果表明:采用柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧控制策略,发动机可在其运行工况范围内实现高效清洁燃烧,随着汽油替代率的增加,发动机缸内最高压力逐渐增大,缸压峰值出现时刻推迟,放热率峰值降低,燃烧持续期延长,燃油消耗率降低,有效热效率升高,全碳氢、CO排放增加,NO_x和碳烟排放降低。     

非直喷式柴油机气态污染物形成历程研究

本文应用新研制的全气缸取样系统测量了一台S195型涡流室式柴油机气缸内NO_x、CO浓度随曲轴转角的变化历程。考查了负荷、转速和喷油提前角对NO_x、CO浓度变化历程的影响。实验结果同计算机模拟结果作了对比,两者基本吻合。     

大气压力/VNT/EGR对车用柴油机性能与排放的影响

为了研究可变喷嘴涡轮增压(VNT)技术、排气再循环(EGR)技术及大气压力三者共同作用对车用柴油机性能与排放的影响,利用大气压力模拟装置开展了相应的试验研究,基于响应曲面法以响应曲面图的形式分析研究VNT喷嘴环开度、EGR阀开度及大气压力3个参数交互作用对柴油机性能与排放的影响。结果表明:随着大气压力的降低及EGR阀开度的增大,柴油机动力性下降,经济性恶化。当VNT与EGR耦合时,在最大转矩工况,在EGR阀关闭及开度较小时,随着VNT喷嘴环开度的减小,转矩呈现增大的趋势,有效燃油消耗率逐渐降低;而在EGR阀开度较大及全开时,随着VNT喷嘴环开度的减小,转矩降低,油耗升高。在标定功率工况,无论EGR阀置于何种开度,随着VNT喷嘴环开度的减小,转矩均增大,油耗均降低。随着大气压力的升高,NOx比排放升高,烟度降低。当VNT与EGR耦合时,在不同的运行工况下,NOx比排放与烟度表现出不同的变化趋势。欲获得良好的整机性能,针对不同的运行工况,需要合理匹配VNT喷嘴环开度与EGR阀开度。     

The influence of engine speed and load on the heat transfer between gases and in-cylinder walls at fired and motored conditions of an IDI diesel engine

In this study, the heat transfer characteristics between gases and in-cylinder walls at fired and motored conditions in a diesel engine were investigated by using engine data obtained experimentally. For this investigation, a four-cylinder, indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine was tested under different engine speeds and loads. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated by using Woschni expression correlated for the IDI diesel engines, and also using Annand and Hohenberg expressions. The temperature of in-cylinder gases were determined from a basic model based on the first law of thermodynamics after measuring in-cylinder pressure experimentally. The results show that the heat transfer characteristics of the IDI diesel engine strongly depend on the engine speed and load as a function of crank angle at fired and motored conditions.     

Evolution of the nanostructure, fractal dimension and size of in-cylinder soot during diesel combustion process

The nanostructure, fractal dimension and size of in-cylinder soot during diesel combustion process have been investigated for a heavy-duty direct injection diesel engine, using a total cylinder sampling system followed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman scattering spectrometry. Different structural organizations of in-cylinder soot are found depending upon the combustion phase. It is revealed that both the fringe tortuosity and separation distance decrease as combustion proceeds, while the mean fringe length increases distinctly from 1.00 to 2.13 nm, indicating the soot evolution toward a more graphitic structure during the combustion process. The fractal dimensions of aggregates are in a range of 1.20–1.74 at various crank angles under the applied engine operating conditions. As temperature and pressure increase, the fractal dimension decreases significantly to a minimum at the early diffusion combustion stage. The soot particles become more compact again as the fractal dimension increases during the subsequent combustion period. Primary particle sizes start small, go through a maximum in the early diffusion combustion phase and decline again as combustion proceeds.     

Study of low emission homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using combined internal and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

This paper focuses on the effects of internal and cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). The use of fuel injection before the top center (TC) of an exhaust stroke and the negative valve overlap (NVO) to form the homogeneous mixture achieves low NO_x and smoke emissions HCCI. Internal and external EGR are combined to control the combustion. Internal exhaust gas recirculation (IEGR) benefits to form a homogeneous mixture and reduces smoke emission further, but lower the high load limits of HCCI. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion (SOC) effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel (diesel) HCCI because these fuels can easily self-ignited, making the SOC earlier. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load, which means it can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rates and various loads compared with a conventional diesel engine because there are no fuel-rich volumes in the cylinder.     

各种因素对柴油机气缸内气体和壁面传热影响的研究

在一台单缸柴油机上，采用表面热电偶测量气缸盖壁面的温度波动，应用一维非稳态传热模型计算了气缸盖壁面不同位置的瞬态传热率。在此基础上，分析了转速、负荷、冷却水温、进气温度、压缩比、壁面不同位置等对壁面温度波动和瞬时传热率的影响，得出柴油机气缸内燃气和壁面间的瞬态传热与壁面温度波动水平有关，气缸内气流速度对气缸内传热有较大的影响等结论。     

喷油策略耦合EGR对柴油机燃烧过程与CDPF再生性能的影响

以匹配了可变截面几何增压系统(VGT)的D19高压共轨柴油机为研究机型,采用GT-Power和AVL FIRE构建了一维热力学整机模型和催化型微粒捕集器(CDPF)三维仿真模型,针对3 000r/min、50%负荷工况,研究了喷油策略耦合废气再循环(EGR)对燃烧过程和CDPF再生性能的影响。研究表明:随主喷定时提前,有效燃油消耗率(BSFC)先降后升,排气温度降低,排气流量与氧浓度变化则较小,排气中一氧化氮(NO)增加,CDPF再生速率逐渐降低,颗粒物残余量、压降与CDPF出口端二氧化氮(NO_2)同时增加;随EGR率增大,BSFC和排气温度升高,排气流量、排气氧浓度、排气中NO浓度则同时降低。在主喷定时较晚时,随EGR率增大,CDPF再生速率先升后降,颗粒物残余量先降低后略升高;而在主喷定时较早时,随EGR率的增大,CDPF再生速率降低,颗粒物残余量增多。在主喷定时较晚时,提高喷油压力使BSFC和排气温度明显降低;而在主喷定时较早时,提高喷油压力导致BSFC反而快速增加。此外,随喷油压力提高,排气流量与氧浓度变化较小,排气中NO浓度增加,CDPF再生速率逐渐减小,颗粒物残余量、压降和CDPF出口端NO_2排放同时升高。总体上,相比喷油压力,主喷定时对CDPF再生过程影响更大。     

Exergy analysis of hydrogen/diesel combustion in a dual fuel engine using three-dimensional model

In the present study, the energy and exergy analysis were carried out for a Deutz dual fuel (diesel + hydrogen) engine at different gas fuel-air ratios (ø_H2 = 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) and constant diesel fuel amount (6.48 mg/cycle). The energy analysis was performed during a closed cycle by using a three-dimensional CFD code and combustion modeling was carried out by Extend Coherent Flame Model- Three Zone model (ECFM-3Z). For the exergy analysis, an in-house computational code is developed, which uses the results of the energy analysis at different fuel-air ratios. The cylinder pressure results for natural gas/diesel fuelled engine are verified with the experimental data in the literature, which shows a good agreement. This verification gives confidence in the model prediction for hydrogen- fuelled case. With crank position at different gas fuel-air ratios, various rate and cumulative exergy components are identified and calculated separately. It is found that as gas fuel-air ratio increases from 0.3 to 0.8, the exergy efficiency decreases from 43.7% to 34.5%. Furthermore, the value of irreversibility decreases from 29.8% to 26.6% of the mixture fuels chemical exergies. These values are in good agreement with data in the literature for dual fuel engines.