反倾层状岩体边坡稳定性的数值分析

 反倾层状岩体边坡的破坏和普通的滑坡不同,其破坏过程和破坏机制尚未十分清晰。弯曲倾倒是其中的一种特殊破坏形式,这种形式的边坡破坏和地质构造有很大的关系,用通常的连续介质理论不能很好地模拟和解析。根据不连续体理论,利用离散元软件UDEC,模拟弯曲倾倒破坏行为,讨论影响边坡稳定性的各种因素,为实际的边坡施工提供参考数据。通过模拟现场的边坡滑移过程,确定合适的分析参数。在此基础上,改变不同的边坡高度、倾角以及岩层的倾角和厚度,总结影响边坡稳定性的几个重要因素的相互关系。模拟结果表明,除了岩层间的力学参数以外,岩体边坡的稳定性还受岩层的厚度、倾角/走向以及人工边坡倾角的影响。这几个因素相互影响,相互制约边坡的稳定性。人工边坡的设计及施工应该对这几个因素综合考虑。     

反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡破坏机制研究

反倾岩质边坡是我国西南水利水电工程、山区交通工程、矿山工程中一种常见的边坡类型,目前已成为影响此类工程正常运行的安全隐患之一.通过基底摩擦物理模型试验,研究了发育一组与岩层层面正交节理的反倾碎裂结构岩质边坡变形破坏全过程,分析了边坡变形破坏过程中的宏观变形、岩层位移、岩层弯折角等,揭示了反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡破坏机制...     

岩质反倾边坡弯曲倾倒破坏分析方法研究

 弯曲倾倒破坏是岩质反倾边坡的一种主要失稳破坏模式,目前,岩质反倾边坡弯曲倾倒破坏稳定性分析中存在很多悬而未决的问题。通过对模型试验结果的分析,阐明岩质反倾边坡弯曲倾倒的破坏过程和破坏机制,基于极限平衡理论,建立岩质反倾边坡弯曲倾倒破坏的力学模型和稳定性分析方法,利用所建立的分析方法,以MATLAB为平台编写岩质边坡弯曲倾倒稳定性分析程序,通过2个工程实例边坡对所提力学模型和分析方法进行验证,并进行参数分析,得出的结论和规律更符合工程实际,对该类边坡的设计施工具有指导意义。     

Shaking table test to assess seismic response differences between steep bedding and toppling rock slopes

In order to investigate the seismic response of steep bedding and toppling rock slopes, a large-scale shaking table test was performed taking into consideration a variety of factors such as slope type and input seismic excitation. Diverse seismic responses, including acceleration and earth pressure at several locations, were analyzed in terms of the test results. It was found that the slope type has a significant impact on the failure mechanism and response norm of different kinds of rock slopes. Firstly, the slide surface of the steep bedding rock slope is basically parallel to the slope surface, while that of toppling rock slope skews the rock layer under seismic load. The failure zone area of the toppling rock slope is smaller than that of the bedding rock slope, which is mainly because it consumes plenty of seismic energy to break through the rock layer of the toppling rock slope. In addition, for acceleration along the vertical direction, an abrupt amplifying effect exists at the top slope when the peak input motion acceleration (PIMA) exceeds a certain value: 0.6 g for a bedding rock slope and 0.4 g for a toppling rock slope. Meanwhile, for acceleration along the horizontal direction, the acceleration amplifying factors of toppling rock slopes are larger at the slope surface but smaller at the inner slope portion than that of bedding rock slopes. Furthermore, the acceleration amplifying factor is larger than the earth pressure amplifying factor at the slope surface. The earth pressure amplifying factor at the top surface for a toppling rock slope is close to that of a bedding rock slope with an increase in PIMA. This novel experiment reveals the different failure mechanisms between steep bedding and toppling rock slopes, as well as being of help to the conduct of further study on seismic hazard early warnings.

     

反倾岩质边坡次生倾倒机理及稳定性分析

倾倒破坏是反倾边坡的一种常见破坏模式,其中次生倾倒是反倾岩质边坡倾倒破坏的主要诱因。建立了反倾岩层在坡后土体作用下次生倾倒破坏的地质力学模型,基于室内物理模拟试验,分析了反倾岩层上覆土压力分布规律、岩层的破坏模式和整体破坏面的形状与位置。根据库仑主动土压力理论得到下卧岩层表面各点法向压力的理论值与实测值基本相符,土体中存在土拱效应导致两者存在差异,随着上覆土体厚度及堆载作用的加大,土拱效应越明显。各岩层可能的破坏模式包括弯拉破坏、弯滑破坏和滑动破坏。下卧反倾岩层的整体破坏面是一通过坡脚的近似平面,整体破坏面与岩层层面法线方向呈0°～25°的夹角。基于叠合悬臂梁模型,引入岩层横截面上节理面的黏聚力和岩石抗拉强度随岩层嵌入深度的折减系数,改进了反倾岩层的极限平衡分析方法,推导了坡体任意岩层下推力的理论公式,定义了任意岩层变形破坏的安全系数和边坡整体倾倒破坏的综合安全系数。提出了下卧反倾岩层潜在整体破坏面的理论计算方法,并确定了影响潜在整体破坏面位置的敏感因素。     

考虑岩桥断裂的岩质边坡倾倒破坏的流形元模拟

通过加入多裂隙扩展的跟踪模拟功能,将石根华博士提出的数值流形法进行扩充,使之既可以模拟块体系统的离散特性,又可以模拟完整岩体的拉裂与剪断。在用几个典型的简单算例验证算法及程序的收敛性和精度的基础上,对龙滩水电站左岸高边坡倾倒破坏离心机实验模型进行数值模拟,模拟中考虑1组贯通的陡倾角逆坡向构造和1组缓倾角顺坡向非贯通裂隙,模拟间断裂隙在外荷载作用下的扩展和岩柱的断裂。数值模拟的承载力和破坏模式均与实验结果吻合良好,可再现该类边坡倾倒破坏的机制,表明该方法与程序可以有效地模拟考虑岩桥作用的岩质边坡的倾倒破坏。     

Composite wedge failure using photogrammetric measurements and DFN-DEM modelling

Analysis and prediction of structural instabilities in open pit mines are an important design and operational consideration for ensuring safety and productivity of the operation. Unstable wedges and blocks occurring at the surface of the pit walls may be identified through three-dimensional (3D) image analysis combined with the discrete fracture network (DFN) approach. Kinematic analysis based on polyhedral modelling can be used for first pass analysis but cannot capture composite failure mechanisms involving both structurally controlled and rock mass progressive failures. A methodology is proposed in this paper to overcome such limitations by coupling DFN models with geomechanical simulations based on the discrete element method (DEM). Further, high resolution photogrammetric data are used to identify valid model scenarios. An identified wedge failure that occurred in an Australian coal mine is used to validate the methodology. In this particular case, the failure surface was induced as a result of the rock mass progressive failure that developed from the toe of the structure inside the intact rock matrix. Analysis has been undertaken to determine in what scenarios the measured and predicted failure surfaces can be used to calibrate strength parameters in the model.     

陡倾顺层岩质斜坡倾倒变形破坏特征研究

 顺层岩质斜坡是常见的斜坡结构类型之一,对该类斜坡的变形破坏特征以及形成机制研究已较深入,一般认为顺层岩质斜坡的变形破坏以滑移–拉裂、滑移–弯曲(或溃曲)模式为特征。通过系统的文献收集及大量现场调查发现,陡倾顺层岩质斜坡还存在一种典型的变形破坏形式,即倾倒变形。结合具体的陡倾顺层岩质斜坡倾倒变形破坏的实例,详细分析、总结该类斜坡发育的地质环境条件及变形破坏特征,在此基础上结合典型斜坡分析陡倾顺层岩质斜坡倾倒变形是在河谷演化、成坡过程中,岩层在平行坡面的最大主应力作用下由坡脚开始从下至上作悬臂梁弯曲,最终导致岩层根部折断,形成倾倒体;当坡体内折断带的剪应力超过其抗剪强度时,坡体将发生滑动形成滑坡。     

岩质边坡断续裂隙阶梯状滑移模式及稳定性计算

阶梯状滑移破坏是一类典型岩质边坡破坏失稳模式。在总结断续裂隙阶梯状滑移的岩质边坡地质结构特征的基础上,利用离散元二维颗粒流程序（PFC^2D）模拟研究了边坡阶梯状滑移破裂模式及其演化过程。边坡岩桥可归纳为剪切贯通破坏、张拉贯通破坏及张–剪混合贯通破坏3类。通过岩石细观颗粒黏结力场、岩桥段应力及破裂贯通演化分析,揭示了重力作用下阶梯状滑移是从下而上岩桥逐个渐进性破裂贯通演化的过程,坡体后缘张裂纹发展贯通是下部坡体的牵拉作用造成;以缓倾角阶梯状平行裂隙边坡（岩桥倾角90°,裂隙倾角30°）为例,阶梯状滑移过程大致可分为坡体弹性稳定变形、下部岩桥贯通破坏、中上部岩桥贯通–后缘张裂、整体沿贯通面滑移共个阶段,其中第3个阶段坡体微断裂数急剧增加,为滑裂带扩展至贯通的临界失稳状态。基于滑移模式及其演化过程的认识,建立了岩桥剪切贯通、张拉贯通和张–剪混合贯通三类阶梯状滑移边坡稳定性计算理论模型,推导了考虑岩桥强度和贯通率的边坡安全系数极限平衡计算公式。     

三峡库区巫峡段反倾岩石边坡的破坏机制及判据

 三峡库区巫峡段龚家坊2#斜坡属反倾岩石边坡,发育薄厚互层和软硬相间的岩体结构,在库水位抬升后发生了大型滑塌。为了研究该类岩石边坡的破坏机制和判据,基于龚家坊2#斜坡岩体结构的调查成果,分析厚薄互层的反倾岩石斜坡弯曲变形过程,及库水作用下斜坡的破坏机制。基于叠合悬臂梁模型、独立悬臂梁模型,提出薄厚互层反倾岩石斜坡各破坏阶段的应力判据。采用有限元分析库水软化作用下,龚家坊2#斜坡岩石的强度折减参数及变形破坏规律。研究结果表明：(1) 上硬(嘉陵江组)下软(大冶组)的沉积结构和快速下切的河谷,是巫峡龚家坊至独龙段反倾斜坡普遍发育弯曲变形的关键因素;(2) 厚薄相间的岩层结构,使反倾岩石边坡表现为多阶段破坏,其中,薄层弯曲岩层和厚层坚硬岩层,分别以叠合悬臂梁模型和独立悬臂梁模型建立破坏判据;(3) 库水对该区薄层泥灰岩软化后的抗剪强度小于天然强度的85%,斜坡发生自下而上的渐进式破坏。     

Rock slope deformation mechanism in the Cihaxia Hydropower Station,Northwest China

Complex block-flexure slope toppling is observed in interbedded sandstone and slate in the upper Yellow River, China. Block toppling is observed in the relatively hard sandstone and flexural toppling is observed in the relatively soft slate. The evolution of toppling slope deformation is characterized by long-term progress and spatial variability. In order to study these characteristics, field investigations, adit prospecting, borehole drilling, sonic tests and numerical simulation were carried out. In addition, the effect of the structure, the composite mode of the rock mass, the unloading fissures and geomorphology are discussed. Furthermore, we explored the toppling mechanisms and simulated it numerically; on this basis, the slope evolution is divided into four stages. Results obtained from the numerical simulation compared well with field investigation data (investigation data, rock sonic survey and strata dip statistics). Comparative studies have demonstrated that the analytical methods presented in this paper are appropriate for back analysis of the toppling evolution process. The result showed that this toppling slope has not yet entered the later progressivity failure stage and is currently limited to collapse at shallow levels, whereas the deep-seated rock mass will remain stable for a long time. This study might provide reference for a stability evaluation and hazard prevention analysis for rock toppling.

     

深埋硬岩隧洞复杂岩性挤压破碎带塌方过程及机制分析——以锦屏地下实验室为例

 深埋大断面隧洞开挖同时揭露多种不同岩性的岩体,各岩体之间物理力学性质差异大,其破坏规律也不相同。深入研究复杂岩性挤压破碎带的塌方演化过程及机制,对于防塌和治塌具有重要作用。针对锦屏地下实验室二期中3#实验室的复杂岩性挤压破碎带区塌方,通过现场地质调查及矿物分析,发现该处破碎带本身岩性复杂、地应力高是影响这次塌方的关键因素。同时结合现场录像观察的塌落岩体破坏形态、室内电镜扫描结果和不同岩性岩体的空间分布特点,认为此次塌方具有明显的渐进性破坏特征;不同岩性岩体具有不同的破坏机制：南侧边墙和掌子面分布的花斑角砾状大理岩、溶蚀状大理岩为剪切滑移型破坏,北侧边墙方解石化大理岩为节理张开倾倒破坏,顶拱镶嵌组合胶结状大理岩、花斑角砾状大理岩和溶蚀状大理岩为重力型塌落破坏。基于现场录像观察到塌方发生时间的先后顺序和电镜扫描不同岩性岩体的破坏机制,归纳其演化过程为：开挖卸荷→隧洞周边薄层岩体松散垮落→南侧边墙岩体剪切滑移破坏→北侧边墙岩体节理张开倾倒破坏→在两侧边墙卸荷作用下顶拱岩体发生卸荷回弹→重力坍塌破坏。根据岩体破坏机制和塌方演化过程,建议采用围岩表面和内部综合治理的支护措施(初喷不少于10 cm厚的混凝土+带锚垫板的注浆锚杆+挂网+复喷混凝土)。该研究成果可为深埋隧洞穿越复杂 岩性挤压破碎带的类似设计、施工、支护提供参考。     

逆层岩质边坡地震动力破坏离心机试验研究

使用相似材料分别制作了只含有非连续的层面和同时含有非连续的层面和非贯通的次级节理逆层岩体边坡小比例物理模型,进行离心机动力试验,研究边坡的动力响应和破坏机理以及非连续层面和次级节理对其的影响。试验结果证明：逆层岩体边坡地形放大效应受地震动力输入频率和振幅影响显著;次级节理对逆层边坡动力稳定性影响很大,含有次级节理的逆层岩体边坡动力稳定性明显低于不含次级节理的逆层岩体边坡;两种逆层边坡的破坏模式存在很大的区别,不含次级节理的边坡破坏从坡脚开始依次向后产生岩层的弯折破坏,而含有次级节理的边坡破坏从坡体中后部开始依次向坡脚岩层产生贯通破坏,贯通破坏面倾角明显高于不含次级节理边坡,并且呈明显的台阶状。     

紫坪铺水电站2#泄洪洞进水口边坡变形特征及其机理研究

四川省紫坪铺水电站2#泄洪洞进水口高边坡地质条件复杂,坡脚和中部的L9,L10软弱岩带上盘均出现明显倾倒变形迹象,并发生过几次垮塌。通过对该边坡的物质组成、结构特征、以及边坡开挖等因素的分析研究,阐述了其变形机理说明这类由下软上硬岩性组成的反倾边坡,其变形破坏模式为压缩–倾倒和滑移复合型。变形首先以层间软弱岩的不均匀压缩变形为先导,进而引起上部岩体倾倒,沿顺坡向结构面拉裂。采用二维有限元数值模拟,分析了这类边坡在开挖过程中的应力和变形的特征及其变化规律,进一步验证了上述的机理模型。     

Fuzzy approach for preliminary design of weak rock slopes in lignite mines

Rock slope failure modes are either driven by structurally controlled mechanisms (planar, wedge, or toppling failure) or lean upon the highly jointed or weak rock mass (circular failure). Developing practical tools for preliminary slope design is a popular topic among geotechnical society. This study proposes a practical methodology to predict a safe overall slope angle for weak rock slopes of lignite mines. Rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) classification systems can be remarkably misleading for weak rocks. Fuzzy modification was proven to improve rock and slope quality predictions. In addition, structurally controlled failures can be estimated more precisely. Later, a popular slope performance chart of Bieniawski that is based on RMR was modified by the fuzzy approach, and the computer models of a weak rock mass failure in a Turkish lignite mine are presented. The modified methodology was proven to be better suited to the weak rock conditions.     

爆破荷载作用下边坡渐进破坏模式的UDEC模拟研究

运用二维离散元程序UDEC,以黄麦岭磷矿采场边坡为例,模拟了爆破荷载作用下层状岩质边坡渐进破坏的全过程。结果表明,爆破荷载作用下岩质边坡的破坏,是一个由潜在滑动面上的局部破坏逐步扩展到整体破坏的过程,同时也是一个滑动面上拉剪应力传递与转移的过程,其变形破坏过程可分为累进破坏和整体滑动两个阶段。     

Influence of counter-tilted failure surface angle on the stability of rock slopes subjected to block toppling failure mechanisms

In rock slopes where sedimentary rock masses dip into the face of the slope, failure may occur by block toppling. In traditional analytical models, the failure surface is assumed to be a single plane running from the upper columns to the toe of the slopes, which may be inconsistent with the physical situation, where the weak plane has undergone counter-tilting within the rock slope due to variations of lithology and weak plane characteristics. To better reflect the physical situations, the failure surfaces ought to be determined instead of basing it on assumptions and incorporated in the existing analytical methods for stability analyses. Therefore, a searching technique for determining the counter-tilted failure surface angle has been proposed and traditional analytical models for evaluating the stability of rock slopes subjected to block toppling failure mechanisms have been modified by incorporating the counter-tilted weak plane angle. The physical slope with counter-tilted failure surface was comprehensively analyzed using the modified analytical model and the results were validated using numerical simulation models. The simulated failure mode zones are consistent with the failure mode zones obtained by the modified analytical method. The influence of relative angles of the counter-tilted failure surface on the slope stability has been studied and the results show that progressive increase of the counter-tilted failure surface angles lead to a gradual increase in slope instability. The proposed analytical method could provide precise applications to evaluate the slope instability in rock slopes with counter-tilted failure surface.

     

Stability analysis of rock slopes against sliding or flexural-toppling failure

Toppling is a mode of failure that may occur in a wide range of layered rock strata in rock slopes. According to the results of physical model tests and field investigations of anti-inclined rock slopes, most real instabilities are of the sliding or flexural-toppling type. Failure often initiates at the slope toe, and the failure surface is usually multi-planar rather than planar. These properties should determined by searching rather than based on assumption. Taking these problems into account, in this paper we propose a theoretical model for rock slopes with a potential for sliding or flexural-toppling failure on the basis of two physical model tests. An innovative approach for the stability analysis of such slopes based on the limit equilibrium theory is then proposed. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is carried out using the discrete element method and the Aydan et al. method with the aim to verify the validity and accuracy of the proposed approach. Finally, the possible difference between angles of the basal calculation plane and the failure surface of the sliding zone and superimposed toppling zone with respect to the plane normal to the discontinuities is presented.     

地震载荷作用下岩质边坡应力状态调整与破坏规律分析

地震载荷导致岩质边坡内部应力状态调整,引发溃崩、抛射等多种破坏形式。通过对静态与地震载荷作用下岩质边坡内部单元体及结构面应力状态分析,研究了边坡内部应力状态调整规律。以岩石抗拉强度准则和摩尔-库伦强度准则为判据,推导出用于描述完整岩石和含结构面岩体破坏规律的公式。结合地震动力学理论,得到了边坡在地震作用下坡肩拉破坏与坡脚剪破坏的破坏机制,讨论了含结构面边坡的启滑条件与动态滑移过程。地震载荷施加于单元体上的附加应力正负交替,主平面轴动态旋转,边坡不同部位岩体出现拉、压不同的应力状态,破坏形式具有成层性,地震载荷扩大了诱发滑坡的结构面倾角范围。实例分析表明,应力状态分析方法能较好地反映边坡震害演化过程,为边坡震害分析与防治提供新思路。     

不等厚互层顺层磷矿高边坡变形机制研究

以云南晋宁磷矿东采区顺层高边坡为研究对象,通过现场勘察,对现场滑坡形态、破坏情况、滑面及滑体特征等进行分析,并从地质、力学角度上分析滑坡变形破坏特征、力学机制及滑坡演化形成过程。最后采用离散元分析验证。研究结果表明:滑坡变形破坏模式为滑移—拉裂破坏,降雨及磷矿开采是滑坡滑动的重要诱因。磷矿层开采坡前缘切断岩层,形成临空面,岩体卸荷松弛发育裂隙,雨水下渗到全风化粘土层面附近富集,层间含水化强的物质,在长期浸泡软化、不等厚互层差异风化等作用下,岩体力学性质大幅衰减,滑体沿软弱层面向临空方向滑动,坡体后缘岩体被拉开,形成张拉裂缝,软弱滑动面贯通,边坡发生变形破坏,主要是以岩石的拉张破坏为主,拉应力对岩石的破坏起主导作用。从计算的位移、滑动形态、变形速率及应力分布判断,滑坡的变形机制为滑移—拉裂破坏模式。其研究成果为矿区高边坡稳定性分析及加固设计提供一定参考依据。