短切碳纤维/羟基磷灰石生物复合材料的制备及性能

以短切碳纤维为增强相, 采用原位复合法制备短切碳纤维(C_f)/羟基磷灰石(HA)生物复合材料。为提高材料的界面结合, 对C_f表面进行氧化处理。对纯HA结构、 C_f表面以及复合材料断口形貌分别采用XRD、 FTIR、 SEM进行分析表征; 采用万能试验机对复合材料进行力学性能测试。结果表明: 氧化处理后C_f表面变粗糙, 有羟基羧基官能团出现; C_f质量分数为3%时C_f/HA复合材料相对密度最大, 力学性能最好, 弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别约为130 MPa和36 GPa。C_f/HA复合材料断口SEM照片表明, C_f质量分数低于6%时能够实现在HA基体中的均匀分布。      

Renewable resource based biocomposites from natural fiber and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) bioplastic

Renewable resource based green biocomposites were prepared using a bacterial polyester i.e., poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) and natural bamboo fiber. Fabrication of the biocomposites was carried out by injection molding following extrusion compounding of PHBV and bamboo fiber with 30 or 40 wt.% fiber. The mechanical, thermo-mechanical and morphological properties of the biocomposites were evaluated. Little variation in the thermo-mechanical and impact properties was observed when the fiber content was varied. The tensile modulus of biocomposites at 40 wt.% fiber improved by 175% as compared to that of neat PHBV. The theoretical tensile modulus of the biocomposites was calculated using Christensen’s equations and compared with the experimental results. It was found to be in near approximation to the experimental data. The storage modulus was affected slightly by the variation of fiber content from 30 to 40 wt.% in biocomposites. The heat deflection temperature of PHBV increased by 9 °C at 40 wt.% of fiber reinforcement. Morphological aspects and thermal stability were studied using scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis, respectively. In addition, a comparative analysis of bamboo fiber–PHBV with wood fiber–PHBV biocomposites was performed. Statistical analysis of both biocomposites was carried out by performing a two-way ANOVA on their tensile and flexural moduli in order to evaluate the effect of fiber type and content in the PHBV matrix.     

Fabrication, characterization, and potential application of carbon fiber cone nanometer-size electrodes

A novel method has been developed for the fabrication of carbon fiber cone nanometer-size ultramicroelectrodes (nanoelectrodes) with overall tip dimensions as small as 50 nm in diameter. In this method, carbon fibers were initially etched by an argon ion beam thinner. Afterward, a single etched carbon fiber was inserted into a glass capillary, which was then sealed by heating the glass/fiber interface in a vacuum; thus, no epoxy resin is involved. The success rate of our fabrication route for the electrodes with overall tip diameters of up to 500 nm was about 80%; for those with tip diameters of up to 100 nm, it was about 50%. The fabricated carbon fiber cone nanoelectrodes (CFCNEs) were inspected by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Their electrochemical behavior was examined by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetric measurements of ferricyanide and ferrocene ions in aqueous and nonaqueous media. The potential analytical applicability of the CFCNEs was tested by differential pulse voltammetric measurements of two well-known neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and the results achieved were highly satisfactory. The calibration plots obtained were linear over the ranges from 5.0 × 10(-7) to 1.0 × 10(-4) and from 2.0 × 10(-6) to 1.0 × 10(-4) mol/L, with limits of detection of 1.0 × 10(-7) and 5.0 × 10(-7) mol/L for DA and 5-HT, respectively. Some advantages and improvements of the proposed CFCNE fabrication method, especially with respect to smoothness of the fiber (electrode) surface, strength, and control over the fiber tip dimensions, are also discussed.     

Fabrication and characterization of polyamide 6-functionalized graphene nanocomposite fiber

Graphene oxide was prepared by the Hummers’ method and then functionalized with 4-substituted benzoic acid via “direct Friedel–Crafts” acylation in a mild reaction medium of polyphosphoric acid/phosphorous pentoxide (P₂O₅). Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the resultant structure. The results show that 4-substituted benzoic acid functionalized graphene (FG) sheets were achieved without pretreatment of oxidation. Polycaprolactam (PA6)-FG composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of ε-caprolactam in the presence of FG. Nanocomposite fiber with 0.01–0.5?wt% content of FG was prepared with a piston spinning machine and hot-roller drawing machine. A significant enhancement of mechanical properties of the PA6-FG composites’ fiber is obtained at low graphene loading; that is, a 29?% improvement of tensile strength and a three times increase of Young’s modulus are achieved at a graphene loading of only 0.1?wt%. The “graft-from” methodologies pave the way to prepare graphene-based nanocomposites of condensation polymers with promising performance and functionality.     

复合增强聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的制备研究

提出了一种新的中空纤维膜增强方法.采用非溶剂致相分离法,将聚偏氟乙烯铸膜液和作为基膜的高固含量聚偏氟乙烯铸膜液,与芯液一起,通过特殊结构的纺丝喷头同时挤出,制备复合增强的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜.期望复合膜保持原有孔径和高通量,同时具有更高的断裂强力.研究了复合层配方对膜结构和性能的影响.结果表明,随着复合层聚偏氟乙烯固含量减少,靠近外皮层的指状孔结构向大空穴结构转化,外表面开孔数和孔径增加,纯水通量增大,断裂强力有所减小.     

ZrO2改性CaO-SiO2复合生物涂层的制备及表征

以CaO稳定的ZrO2为原料,与适量SiO2在1400℃下反应.制得CazSiO4不同含量(质量分数:20%、40%、60%)的ZrO2改性CaO-SiO2复合粉体,并采用大气等离子体喷涂技术制备涂层.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针(ETMA)及能量色散谱(EDS)对涂层相组成和形貌进行表征.涂层的体外生物活性和稳...     

碳纤维网络增强环氧树脂基复合材料的制备与表征

为提高碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的刚性和热尺寸稳定性,首先利用短切碳纤维制备了碳纤维网络增强体(CFNR),并将其与环氧树脂复合制备了CFNR/环氧树脂新型复合材料。然后,分别利用扫描电镜和热机械分析仪对CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料的微观结构和热力学性能进行了表征。结果表明:CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料中有明显的网络节点,即碳质粘结点;CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料具有较好的导电性、较高的刚性和较低的热膨胀性,其弹性模量分别为常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料及纯环氧树脂的3倍和6倍,平均热膨胀系数(60~200℃)分别为常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的1/15及纯环氧树脂的1/40;随着温度升高,CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料、常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料及纯环氧树脂的弹性模量均因环氧树脂变软而降低,当温度高于80℃时,CFNR/环氧树脂复合材料的弹性模量分别约为常规短切碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的7倍和纯环氧树脂的近70倍。研究结论可以为开发高刚性、低膨胀聚合物基复合材料提供实验依据和理论指导。     

甲基硅酸钠刻蚀聚多巴胺涂层构建超疏水木材及表征

利用聚多巴胺(PDA)涂层黏附和去质子化的特性,采用甲基硅酸钠(SMS)刻蚀PDA涂层,进一步采用十八烷基三甲氧基氯硅烷(OTS)对其进行低表面能处理制备了稳固型超疏水木材(Wood@PDA-SMS-OTS)。采用接触角(CA)测定仪、SEM、XPS分别对试样进行了表征。结果表明,水在Wood@PDA-SMS-OTS试样表面的静态CA最高为157.4°,滚动角(SA)为4.3°;SEM图像表明,SMS成功刻蚀了PDA涂层,同时水解生成疏水性的低聚或半聚的甲基硅氧烷覆盖在PDA涂层表面,形成了明显的微纳米粗糙结构;XPS分析表明,PDA在木材的表面形成均匀的涂层,SMS在刻蚀PDA涂层的同时,其水解生成的聚合物成功负载在PDA的表面,含长链结构的OTS接枝在木材的表面,使木材具有超疏水性能;超疏水木材表面经过24 h的水流冲刷、超声波震荡、酸碱腐蚀及有机溶剂等处理后,仍具有较强的超疏水稳固性。      

Fabrication and characterization of carbon fiber reinforced clay/epoxy composite

In this study, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and flexural tests were performed on unfilled, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% clay filled SC-15 epoxy to identify the effect of clay weight fraction on thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix. The flexural results indicate that 2.0 wt% clay filled epoxy showed the highest improvement in flexural strength. DMA studies also revealed that 2.0 wt% system exhibit the highest storage modulus and T _g as compared to neat and other weight fraction. However, TGA results show that thermal stability of composite is insensitive to the clay content. Based on these results, the nanophased epoxy with 2 wt% clay was then utilized in a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding set up with carbon fabric to fabricate laminated composites. The effectiveness of clay addition on thermal and mechanical properties of composites has been evaluated by TGA, DMA, tensile, flexural, and fatigue test. 5 °C increase in glass transition temperature was found in nanocomposite, and the tensile and flexural strengths improved by 5.7 and 13.5 %, respectively as compared to the neat composite. The fatigue strength was also improved significantly. Based on the experimental result, a linear damage model combined with the Weibull distribution function has been established to describe static failure processing of neat and nanophased carbon/epoxy. The simulated stress–strain curves from the model are in good agreement with the test data. Simulated results show that damage processing of neat and nanophased carbon/epoxy described by bimodal Weibull distribution function.     

复配改性工业木质素/木纤维复合材料的制备与表征

以H₂O₂为氧化剂对工业木质素进行改性,将H₂O₂氧化改性工业木质素（OMIL）与聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）复配制得复配改性工业木质素（OMIL-PEI）。以木纤维（WF）为基体,OMIL-PEI为黏结相,采用高速混合-平板热压工艺制备了环保型OMIL-PEI/WF复合材料。采用正交试验设计方法研究了H₂O₂用量、氧化时间、OMIL与PEI质量比及复配剂OMIL-PEI用量对该复合材料物理力学性能的影响,探索了复合材料的最优制备工艺参数,并采用FTIR、XRD、DMA和SEM对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明：最优工艺条件为,H₂O₂用量20wt%,氧化时间120 min,OMIL与PEI质量比7：1,OMIL-PEI用量20wt%,所制备的复合材料各项理化性能满足GB/T 11718-2009干燥状态下使用的承重型中密度纤维板的性能要求;OMIL-PEI能够与WF在热压过程中形成良好的化学键;优化工艺条件下的OMIL-PEI/WF复合材料的木质纤维素的晶形结构保持不变,相对结晶度从60.24%（纯WF）升高到72.91%;OMIL-PEI提高了OMIL-PEI/WF复合材料的动态储能模量,对材料的热稳定性影响不大,且各组分之间分布均匀,交织致密,界面粘结性能良好。     

Preparation of fibrous activated carbons from wood fiber

Short fibrous hollow activated carbons with a high aspect ratio were prepared by carbonization and carbon dioxide activation of softwood and hardwood fibers. The softwood activated carbon consisted mostly of micropores even though the degree of burn-off during the activation became higher. In the case of the hardwood fiber, on the other hand, meso- and macropores as well as micropores were formed and the ratio of these large pores increased with an increasing degree of burn-off. The adsorbed amount of water and toluene vapor on these fibrous activated carbons was compared with that of the commercial activated carbon fibers (ACFs). These fibrous activated carbons showed a high adsorption capacity comparable to that of the ACFs.     

Fabrication and characterization of dye-doped polymer optical fiber as a light amplifier

The fabrication and characterization of a Rhodamine 6G-doped polymer optical fiber amplifier have been carried out. Two different schemes were employed to characterize the optical fiber: the stripe illumination technique to study the fiber as a gain medium and another technique to study its performance as an amplifier. We observed a spectral narrowing from 42 to 7 nm when the pump energy was increased to 6 mJ in the stripe illumination geometry. A gain of 18 dB was obtained in the amplifier configuration. The effects of pump power and dye concentration on the performance of the fiber as an amplifier were also studied.     

Fabrication and characterization of recyclable carbon nanotube/polyvinyl butyral composite fiber

A surface-draw method to fabricate recyclable carbon nanotube/polyvinyl butyral (CNT/PVB) composite fibers is reported. This method is effective for both single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotube. The CNT mass content of CNT/PVB composite fibers can vary from 0 to 80 wt.%, which is higher than most CNT/polymer composites reported to date. The diameter of the composite fibers can be controlled in the range of 10-100 μm, with essentially unlimited draw length. The composite fibers with 7.4 wt.% SWCNTs showed optimal tensile properties. Compared with pure PVB fibers, the tensile strength, failure strain, and elastic modulus of the composite fiber have improved about 127%, 27%, and 73%, respectively. In addition, SWCNT/PVB composites with 66.7 wt.% SWCNTs have the highest conductivity of 42.9 S m⁻¹. More importantly, the major benefit is the “greenness” of the method, which involves environment friendly ethanol-water solvent with no functionalization of the nanotube required, and only simple apparatus are needed. The CNT/PVB composite fibers obtained can be dissolved in ethanol solution and reformed with the surface draw method without any additional treatment; and the material properties after recycle is comparable to those fabricated in the first round.     

Carbon nanotube fiber microelectrodes: design, characterization, and optimization

We report on the preparation and interesting electrochemical behavior of carbon nanotube fiber microelectrodes (CNTFM). By combining the advantages of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with those of fiber electrodes, this type of microelectrode differs from CNT modified or CNT containing composite electrodes, because it's made of only CNT without any other components like additives or binders. The active CNT surface is easily regenerated. The performance of CNTFMs has been characterized, among others, by surface modification with phosphomolybdic acid. It is shown that adsorption behavior of these catalyst molecules is highly improved with a controlled orientation of CNT. A better CNT alignment inside the fiber can be achieved by a hot stretching procedure.     

Zirconia hollow fiber: preparation, characterization, and microextraction application

A zirconia hollow fiber membrane in the macrorange was for the first time successfully synthesized via a template method coupled with a sol-gel process. A polypropylene hollow fiber was employed as the template. The preparation procedure includes repeated impregnation of the template in the proper zirconia sol precursor, and calcination to burn off the template, producing the zirconia hollow fiber. The resulting hollow fiber membrane is almost identical to its template in terms of morphology, exhibiting a hollow core structure. In addition to that, it has a bimodal porous substructure that is different from its template, narrowly distributed nanoskeleton pores, and uniform textural pores or throughpores. The wall thickness and substructures can be conveniently controlled by the synthetic conditions and postheat treatment. Moreover, the thus-prepared zirconia hollow fiber was applied for the microextraction and concentration of a nerve agent degradation product followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. Since the zirconia fiber exists as an individual device and is directly usable for extracting, handling is more convenient than, for example, an adsorbent in powder form that needs to be coated on a rod for the extraction process. In addition, it is easily prepared and is superior to the monolithic material in this sense. Pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid, one degradation product of organophosphorus nerve agent (soman), was used as the model analyte. Zirconia hollow fiber was demonstrated to be a highly selective adsorbent for the phosphonic acid-containing compounds with high sensitivity. Limit of detection was as low as 0.07 ng/mL (0.39 nM).     

Fabrication and characterization of three dimensional woven carbon fiber/silica ceramic matrix composites

Carbon fiber reinforced fused silica composites exhibit the advantages of excellent mechanical properties, high heat resistance, low thermal expansion and low density, but low impact resistance or toughness. A novel modified slurry impregnation and hot pressing (SIHP) method was adopted to fabricate a new type of three dimensional orthogonal woven structure carbon fiber reinforced silica ceramic matrix composites (3D Cf/SiO₂ CMCs) with higher density and lower porosity. Physical characterization, flexural behavior, impact performance and toughening mechanism of the composites were investigated by three-point bending tests, impact tests, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The 3D Cf/SiO₂ CMC showed a higher flexural strength in both warp (201.6%) and weft (263.6%) directions than those of pure SiO₂ and failed at a non-brittle mode due to the fiber debonding and pullout, and a delaminated failure of the 3D preform. The maximum impact energy absorption of the 3D Cf/SiO₂ CMC was 96.9 kJ/m², almost 4 times as much as those for typical other carbon fiber reinforced CMCs.     

Graphene foam resonators:Fabrication and characterization

Three-dimensional graphene foams(GFs)benefit from a large surface area and unique physical properties.We present here the first-ever miniaturized GF-based resonators.We developed a simple yet reliable fabrication process,in which GFs are synthesized and assembled on a cavity to form suspended GF devices.We electrostatically excited these devices and analyzed their resonance and ring-down responses.We observed significant energy dissipation,as the quality factor of the devices was in the order of several tens.Additionally,we investigated the influence of temperature on the operation of the devices and found that high temperatures mechanically soften the resonators but also considerably enhance energy dissipation.Finally,our devices demonstrated a mode-coupling of a resonance mode and a mode having twice its frequency.Thus,this work paves the way toward the development of novel GF resonators that could be integrated into future devices,such as GF-based nano-electromechanical sensors,electrical circuits,and oscillators.     

固化处理对木材液化物碳纤维原丝的微观构造及热稳定性影响

以木材液化物和六次甲基四胺为原料, 利用熔融纺丝法制备初始纤维。将初始纤维置于甲醛和盐酸混合液中进行固化处理制成木材液化物碳纤维原丝。考察了固化处理对木材液化物碳纤维原丝的孔隙结构、 晶态结构及热稳定性的影响。结果表明: 初始纤维和原丝的吸附等温曲线属于 Ⅱ 型吸附等温线, 初始纤维和原丝比表面积分别为0.517 m²·g^-1和0.142 m²·g^-1。杉木木粉中具有典型的纤维素 Ⅰ 晶体衍射峰; 初始纤维和原丝中纤维素 Ⅰ 特征峰消失, 且18.8°附近出现新的衍射峰, 说明形成了新的晶态物质; 原丝中18.8°附近的特征衍射峰增强, 结晶度提高。初始纤维失重率为88.3%, 原丝为60%, 初始纤维到原丝表观活化能由31.31 kJ·mol^-1增大到39.18 kJ·mol^-1, 原丝热稳定性提高。     

固化处理对木材液化物碳纤维原丝的微观构造及热稳定性影响

以木材液化物和六次甲基四胺为原料,利用熔融纺丝法制备初始纤维.将初始纤维置于甲醛和盐酸混合液中进行固化处理制成木材液化物碳纤维原丝.考察了固化处理对木材液化物碳纤维原丝的孔隙结构、晶态结构及热稳定性的影响.结果表明:初始纤维和原丝的吸附等温曲线属于Ⅱ型吸附等温线,初始纤维和原丝比表面积分别为0.517m2·g-1和0.142m2·g-1.杉木木粉中具有典型的纤维素Ⅰ晶体衍射峰;初始纤维和原丝中纤维素Ⅰ特征峰消失,且18.8°附近出现新的衍射峰,说明形成了新的晶态物质;原丝中18.8°附近的特征衍射峰增强,结晶度提高.初始纤维失重率为88.3％,原丝为60％,初始纤维到原丝表观活化能由31.31 kJ·mol-1增大到39.18 kJ·mol-1,原丝热稳定性提高.     

Fabrication of an aluminum, Caribbean-style, musical pan: Metallurgical and acoustical characterization

We report herein the first development and fabrication of a 6061 aluminum alloy pan and compare its tuning and acoustic spectra for selected notes with a standard low-carbon steel Caribbean pan fabricated from a 210-L barrel. The experimental aluminum alloy pan was completely manufactured by welding a 1.68-mm-thick head sheet to a 9-mm² aluminum alloy hoop, sinking the head by pneumatic hammering and welding a 1.15-mm-thick aluminum alloy side or skirt to the hoop. This experimental pan was 0.66 m in diameter, in contrast to the 210-L steel barrel standard, which had a diameter of 0.57 m. Chromatic tones were observed for most rim notes on the aluminum alloy pan, but the highest octave range notes at the pan bottom were not tuned. Microstructural characterization by light optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy illustrated the necessity for high dislocation densities and associated hardness in order to stabilize the notes and to assure their chromatic tuning.