System ductility and redundancy of FRP beam structures with ductile adhesive joints

This paper reports on a structural concept for engineering structures composed of FRP components to provide system ductility that compensates for the lack of material ductility inherent to FRP materials. The concept includes the use of redundant structural systems and ductile or flexible adhesive joints. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept, quasi-static experiments on pultruded GFRP beams were performed. The two-span beams were connected with flexible adhesive joints at the middle support. The flexible joints from highly non-linear adhesives provided a favorable redistribution of the internal and external forces in the statically indeterminate system compared to single-span and continuous beams, which were also examined. In the case of adhesive joint failure, structural collapse was prevented because of system redundancy. Due to the stiffness-governed design of the GFRP beams, the stresses in the flexible adhesive joints were small and creep deformations in the joints could be controlled.     

WCFT柱-钢梁节点抗震性能试验研究

提出了壁式钢管混凝土(WCFT)柱与钢梁连接的侧板式节点。为研究其抗震性能,设计了3个侧板式节点足尺试件进行拟静力试验,分析试件的破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、耗能能力、刚度退化和节点域应变。试验结果表明:3个节点试件的节点域均处于弹性阶段,满足侧板水平及竖向强度比的侧板式节点试件破坏形态为梁端塑性铰破坏,发生梁端塑性铰破坏的节点试件具有较好的变形和耗能能力;侧板水平或竖向强度比不足100%的侧板式节点试件呈现脆性破坏特征。在试验研究的基础上,结合梁端内力传导机制提出了侧板式节点在节点域外的三种破坏模式及相应判别公式,与试验结果基本吻合,从而为工程设计提供参考。     

PEC柱-异形钢梁框架中节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究PEC柱（partially encased concrete composite column）-型钢梁框架中节点破坏特征及抗震性能,完成了3个PEC柱-型钢梁中节点及1个钢框架梁柱中节点对比试件的低周往复加载试验。分析了试件中节点的破坏形态、滞回耗能、承载能力、延性性能、强度退化、刚度退化、节点域力学机理,研究了轴压比及梁截面变化对该类中节点抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:PEC柱-型钢梁中节点滞回曲线呈纺锤形,具有钢框架节点的力学特性;型钢柱内部填充混凝土后试件初始刚度、承载力分别提升约40%、31.1%,且试件仍具有较好的延性性能及耗能能力;当轴压比试验值为0.25~0.35时,随着轴压比增加,试件承载力显著增加,延性性能有所下降,耗能能力则有所提升;试件均为梁弯曲破坏,损伤程度无明显变化。改变柱一侧梁的截面尺寸后,试件的承载能力、延性性能有一定提升,耗能能力、强度及刚度退化规律无明显影响,但PEC柱-变截面型钢梁中节点发生节点核心区剪切破坏,主要原因为改变柱一侧梁截面高度后,造成节点域输入剪力增大所致。按常规节点设计的变截面梁中节点不能满足"强节点弱构件"的抗震设计要求,在进行工程设计时应予以重视。     

不同连接强度带悬臂梁段的钢框架结构滞回性能研究

为了研究利用钢梁高强度螺栓拼接耗能的带悬臂梁段钢框架结构的滞回性能,按照不同的设计方法,设计了3个带悬臂梁段上下各半层的钢框架试件并进行循环加载试验,分析试验现象,研究其滞回性能、应变分布、转动能力、能量耗散系数、刚度等参数。通过对比分析表明:等强拼接方法设计的钢框架刚度大,延性较差,在梁端处形成塑性铰,梁端焊缝处易开裂;削弱拼接节点,使高强度螺栓提前滑移,增强了钢框架的延性和转动能力,延缓了梁端板件的屈服,降低了整个框架的屈服荷载,钢框架的极限荷载不受影响;实际内力值方法设计的带悬臂梁段钢框架结构抗震性能最好,建议按此方法设计带悬臂梁段钢框架结构中的钢梁拼接节点,并将拼接节点尽量靠近梁端设置。     

不同连接强度带悬臂梁段的钢框架结构滞回性能研究

为了研究利用钢梁高强度螺栓拼接耗能的带悬臂梁段钢框架结构的滞回性能,按照不同的设计方法,设计了3个带悬臂梁段上下各半层的钢框架试件并进行循环加载试验,分析试验现象,研究其滞回性能、应变分布、转动能力、能量耗散系数、刚度等参数。通过对比分析表明:等强拼接方法设计的钢框架刚度大,延性较差,在梁端处形成塑性铰,梁端焊缝处易开裂;削弱拼接节点,使高强度螺栓提前滑移,增强了钢框架的延性和转动能力,延缓了梁端板件的屈服,降低了整个框架的屈服荷载,钢框架的极限荷载不受影响;实际内力值方法设计的带悬臂梁段钢框架结构抗震性能最好,建议按此方法设计带悬臂梁段钢框架结构中的钢梁拼接节点,并将拼接节点尽量靠近梁端设置。     

矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁穿筋节点力学性能试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁连接节点在高层建筑工程中存在传力不直接,施工难度大,施工质量难以保证的问题,结合北京CBD核心区Z13地块超高层项目,提出了矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁穿筋节点,对不同配筋率的矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁穿筋节点试件进行低周往复加载试验,研究节点的滞回性能、破坏形态、耗能能力和延性等力学性能。并与传统的矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁焊接牛腿式连接节点和矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁套筒牛腿式连接节点进行性能对比。在试验基础上,对矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁穿筋节点受力性能进行理论分析并推导适用的设计公式。结果表明:矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁穿筋节点与另外两种类型节点相比有较强的承载能力,能够满足“强节点,弱构件”及传递竖向荷载的结构设计要求,并且便于施工、质量可靠。在此基础上进行理论分析,提出节点受弯承载力设计公式并推荐型钢牛腿截面按照承担梁端剪力80%进行截面设计,为矩形钢管混凝土柱-混凝土梁穿筋节点设计提供技术支撑。     

Capacity of nonlinear large deformation for trusses assembled by brittle FRP composites

Capacity of nonlinear large deformation is favored for structures because of its indication of potential failure. Such behavior is achieved mainly through material ductility, for example yielding of steel, or so-called pseudo-ductility at the price of progressive failures of structural components. A strategy is proposed in this paper for structures made using brittle fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials to achieve such behavior at structural level without the failure of materials. The concept is to take advantage of the post-buckling process of certain structural components in compression, during which the structure loses its redundancy and structural deformation increases as the applied load is sustained. The concept is introduced and illustrated using the analysis of a simple truss. Experiments are then reported which visualize the proposed concept on two FRP truss structures. Experimental results from the first truss demonstrate nonlinear large deformation similar to material ideal elastic–plasticity and those from the second truss exhibit a response analogical to material strain hardening. Possible applications and developments of this concept are further suggested.     

Optimizing the performance characteristics of beams strengthened with bonded CFRP laminates

Ductility is of fundamental importance in the design of concrete structures. With structures using conventional materials such as concrete and steel, ductility of a member as a whole can be satisfactorily defined in terms of deflection, curvature or energy absorption capacity as examplified by the area under the load-deflection curve. However, when structural members strengthened with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates are considered, conventional definitions of ductility become less precise because of the brittle behaviour of FRP materials, and their resultant effect on the performance of the strengthened beam. Furthermore, such beams when stregthened without the provision of external anchorages will fail very suddenly, with abrupt debonding of the laminate and substantial loss of load capacity. This paper intends to propose a new criterion to evaluate the structural performance of such strengthened composite beams, and the efficiency of the external anchorage system. The design criterion termed, Peformance Factor, incorporates both the deformability and strength of composite beams. Unlike the concept of toughness as applied to materials, the Performance Factor incorporates the effect of numerous parameters which influence structural design. To examine the reliability of this parameter a series of eleven reinforced concrete beams were tested to evaluate the structural performance of beams strengthened with and without externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates, and with different types of internal reinforcement and external anchorage systems. The structural behaviour of these beams was then evaluated using the Performance Factor.     

Plastic hinge relocation in RC joints as an alternative method of retrofitting using FRP

The efficiency of fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) in enhancing the performance of deficient reinforced concrete (RC) joints has been investigated in recent years. Relocating plastic hinge from the column face toward the beam is an effective method of upgrading RC beam–column joints. This retrofitting approach might also prevent the formation of undesirable brittle joint failure. In this paper, the numerical results of analysing three FRP retrofitted RC joints are compared in order to investigate the effectiveness of FRP composites in improving the performance of the beam to column joints through the relocation of the plastic hinges away from the joint core. Different configurations of FRP application, including a novel retrofitting scheme at beam–column joints, are assessed and the efficiency of each composite architecture in relocating the plastic hinge is discussed. The results show that the newly proposed configuration is not only capable of relocating plastic hinges and improving the load carrying capacity of the joints but is also capable of preventing the typical interface failure.     

Strengthening of non-seismically detailed reinforced concrete beam–column joints using SIFCON blocks

This article aims to propose a novel seismic strengthening technique for non-seismically detailed beam–column joints of existing reinforced concrete buildings, typical of the pre-1975 construction practice in Turkey. The technique is based on mounting pre-fabricated SIFCON composite corner and plate blocks on joints with anchorage rods. For the experimental part three 2/3 scale exterior beam–column joint specimens were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. One of them was a control specimen with non-seismic details, and the remaining two with the same design properties were strengthened with composite blocks with different thickness and anchorage details. Results showed that the control specimen showed brittle shear failure at low drift levels, whereas in the strengthened specimens, plastic hinge formation moved away from column face allowing specimens to fail in flexure. The proposed technique greatly improved lateral strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, and ductility.     

Strength and ductility of FRP web-bonded RC beams for the assessment of retrofitted beam–column joints

It is generally accepted that beam–column joints are critical elements of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings subjected to lateral loads, and that they may require specific design treatment following the accepted design philosophy of the strong-columnweak-beam. In earthquake-prone regions, the joints must be designed to allow the dissipation of large amounts of energy into the neighbouring elements without a significant loss of strength and ductility. The frames are often designed carefully based on the strong-column–weak-beam concept and their joints detailed accordingly. Sometimes, though, the detailing is inadequate (example, RC joints designed to earlier codes have insufficient lateral resistance). Web-bonded FRP (fibre reinforced plastic) is one of the few possible strengthening methods that can be used when an inadequately detailed joint is damaged causing severe degradation of the joint’s structural strength. In this paper, the results of some tests on FRP strengthened specimens are presented. The results show that the method is effective and capable of restoring or even upgrading the strength of the system. In addition, using the basic principles of equilibrium and compatibility, an analytical model is presented that simplifies the analysis and design of this strengthening scheme. Based on the model, a range of design graphs are presented for selection of the type and the amount of FRP required upgrading an existing joint to a specified moment capacity and curvature ductility.     

约束混凝土单轴弹塑性损伤本构模型

该文通过采用混凝土三维弹塑性损伤模型和弧长法分析了钢筋混凝土单轴压缩过程中箍筋对混凝土的约束作用,得到了约束混凝土单轴抗压强度和延性增大系数。基于连续介质损伤力学的基本框架,引入约束混凝土强度和延性增大系数,建立了混凝土单轴弹塑性损伤本构模型。验证表明:该文模型符合热动力基本方程,可较好地反映约束混凝土强度和延性增大、强度软化、刚度退化、塑性变形、裂面效应、等力学特性;模型参数与中国现行《混凝土结构设计规范》推荐的模型完全相同,易于工程应用。将该文模型与纤维束形式的Timoshenko梁单元相结合,在自主研发的结构非线性分析软件SAUSAGE中完成开发实现。利用SAUSAGE完成了某钢筋混凝土框架结构的大震动力非线性分析,结果表明:箍筋约束作用可以有效抑制梁、柱构件的非线性发展,影响了结构最大层间位移角和最大层间剪力等宏观指标。     

矩形钢管混凝土柱-H形钢梁外顶板式节点抗震性能试验研究

针对钢结构住宅建筑中柱子宽度日趋减小的趋势,提出了柱内无隔板的矩形钢管混凝土柱-H形钢梁外顶板式节点。对7个新型节点试件进行拟静力试验,变化参数有钢梁截面、顶板厚度和顶板长边高度。试验主要研究了节点的破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力、刚度退化、强度退化、延性和耗能能力等抗震性能。试验结果表明:外顶板式节点共有梁翼缘受拉破坏、梁翼缘与顶板连接焊缝破坏、顶板与柱连接处的柱壁破坏三种破坏模式。节点延性系数为2.17~3.67,等效粘滞阻尼系数在0.2~0.3之间,极限位移角平均值为1/49,节点抗震性能满足“强节点弱构件”要求。增大外顶板的厚度或长边高度可提高节点承载力,钢梁翼缘、翼缘和顶板连接焊缝或柱壁的过早开裂会降低节点延性和耗能能力。最后提出在验算柱壁和连接焊缝极限承载力时,节点连接系数应取1.4;另外可采取梁端翼缘加强或削弱措施,以保证外顶板式节点具有足够的塑性变形能力。     

强震下弦支穹顶结构的动力性状精细化研究

为了探索强震下材料损伤累积、节点半刚性及节点刚域对弦支穹顶结构动力性能的影响,通过对承受轴力和弯矩共同作用的焊接球节点的有限元分析,得到考虑材料损伤累积的焊接球节点M-θ曲线,建立考虑材料损伤累积的半刚性节点、节点刚域模型,然后对5个分别考虑节点半刚性、节点刚域及材料损伤累积的弦支穹顶模型进行对比分析。结果表明:考虑材料损伤累积、节点半刚性使结构塑性发展充分,结构刚度更趋向均匀,会引起结构破坏位置、失效模式及结构延性的转变。考虑材料损伤累积、节点半刚性及节点刚域等对弦支穹顶的动力性能有较大的影响。     

Experimental studies of new ductile coupling beams and multi-storey shear walls

The span-depth ratios of coupling beams to interconnect shear walls are generally small, so that brittle shear failure may occur and lead to reduced ductility. In order to improve the ductility of coupling beams for earthquake loading, a new type of ductile coupling beam is proposed in this paper. Along the middle depth of this beam, a slit through the entire thickness (a narrow hole) near each end and two lateral keyways along the remaining middle part of the span are made. The reductions of the stiffness under service load and the ultimate carrying capacity of the beam due to the weakening mentioned above are small and the ductility is greatly increased. Tests of 4-storey walls interconnected by coupling beams in three different constructions (monolithic beams, beams with a through-slit and new-type beams) indicated that shear walls with the new coupling beams possess the best aseismic behaviours under cyclic loading. The proposed new coupling beam has been used in a high-rise building.     

Use of FRP for RC Frames in Seismic Zones: Part I. Evaluation of FRP Beam-Column Joint Rehabilitation Techniques

Multi-storey reinforced concrete frames that were built prior to the 1970's generally do not meet current seismic design code requirements. The lateral load carrying capacity of these structures is often insufficient due to non-ductile reinforcement detailing, which includes either insufficient or no beam-column joint transverse reinforcement. It was observed during recent earthquakes that deficient beam-column joints can jeopardise the integrity of entire structures. Thus, several beam-column joint rehabilitation techniques have emerged to upgrade such substandard joints. It is essential to evaluate the standings of joints rehabilitated with such techniques based on current design code requirements. This paper critically examines beam-column joint rehabilitation techniques using FRP that emerged in the last decade. For this purpose, a full-scale code-conforming beam-column joint was made and tested under reversed cyclic load to serve as a benchmark for this comparison. Enhancements imparted to substandard beam-column joints by FRP rehabilitation techniques in terms of strength, ductility and energy dissipation gains are assessed. It is shown that FRP joints repair schemes generally enhanced the performance of substandard joints, but they often came short of satisfying current standard level performance, and that different rehabilitation strategies can be adopted depending on the type of joint deficiency and the purpose of the rehabilitation scheme.     

Seismic retrofit of substandard beam-column joint by planar joint expansion

A seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete beam-column connections using planar joint expansion is proposed. The method is based on a two-dimensional expansion of beam-column joint using cast in-situ concrete and dowel bars. The method is economical and architecturally acceptable. Three half-scale sub-standard beam-column specimens were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. One was control specimen and the other two were retrofitted specimens with triangular and square joint expansion. According to test results, the control specimen showed brittle joint shear failure while retrofitted specimens showed beam flexural failure. The strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and ductility of retrofitted specimens were greatly improved. The planar joint expansion is effective to reduce joint shear stress and improve anchorage bond of beam bar within the joint. The plastic hinge formation can be moved away from column face, thus preventing joint shear failure. The triangular and square expansions perform almost equally well. The construction joints formed at the interfaces between specimen and joint expansion do not produce an adverse effect in cyclic behavior.     

Reinforced concrete beam–column joint strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer

An effective rehabilitation strategy is proposed to enhance the strength and stiffness of the beam–column joint in this study. An analytical model is proposed to predict the column shear of the joints strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Three full scale interior beam–column joints, including two specimens strengthened with CFRP and one prototype specimen, are tested in this study. The specimens are designed to represent the pre-seismic code design construction in which there is no transverse reinforcement. A new optical non-contact technique, digital image correlation (DIC), which can measure the full strain field of specimen, is used to measure and observe the full strain field of the joint. The experimental results show that the beam–column joints strengthened with CFRP can increase their structural stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation capacity. The rehabilitation strategy is effective to increase the ductility of the joint and transform the failure mode to beam or delay the shear failure mode. By observing the measured results, it is found that the mechanical anchorages can prevent the debonding of CFRP. Comparing the analytical and experimental results, the proposed model can accurately predict the column shear and shear strength of the joints strengthened with CFRP.     

后浇LSECC装配整体式梁受力性能试验研究

该文基于一种新型高韧性低收缩ECC材料-LSECC,提出了两种后浇LSECC装配整体式框架节点方案,以达到提升高烈度区装配整体式框架节点抗震性能并简化配筋的目标。以节点模型为基础构建了对应的梁式构件,完成了5根后浇LSECC装配整体式梁的静力单调加载试验。通过对承载力、刚度、破坏形态与裂缝发展的分析,初步论证了LSECC应用于装配整体式节点的可行性和优势,并对界面(包括热接和冷接)构造、纵筋锚固等关键基础问题进行了探究,提出了合理的构造措施,为后续大比例梁柱节点抗震性能试验奠定了基础。试验表明:采用LSECC的装配整体式梁具有等同现浇梁的承载力和延性,且裂缝宽度相比混凝土梁明显减小;梁跨中采用ECC的范围越大,初始刚度越低,在加载过程中刚度退化越缓慢; ECC与钢筋具有更好的协同工作能力和粘结强度,其锚固搭接长度相比混凝土节点可显著降低,在装配整体式节点处应用该材料能够保证足够的粘结锚固能力;适当的界面构造配筋可有效提升后浇ECC与预制混凝土界面的力学性能,确保界面不成为薄弱面。