Endwall heat transfer and film cooling measurements in a turbine cascade with injection upstream of leading edge

Detailed heat transfer measurements were conducted on the endwall surface of a large‐scale low‐speed turbine cascade with single and double row injection on the endwall upstream of leading edge. Local film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient with coolant injection were determined at blowing ratios 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. In conjunction with the previously measured flow field data, the behaviors of endwall film cooling and heat transfer were studied. The results show that endwall film cooling is influenced to a great extent by the secondary flow and the coverage of coolant on the endwall is mainly determined by the blowing ratio. An uncovered triangle‐shaped area with low effectiveness close to pressure side could be observed at a low blowing ratio injection. The averaged effectiveness increases significantly when injecting at medium and high blowing ratios, and uniform coverage of coolant on the endwall could be achieved. The averaged effectiveness could be doubled in the case of double row injection. It was also observed that coolant injection made the overall averaged heat transfer coefficient increase remarkably with blowing ratio. It was proven that film cooling could reduce endwall heat flux markedly. The results illustrate the need to take such facts into account in the design process as the three‐dimensional flow patterns in the vicinity of the endwall, the interactions between the secondary flow and coolant, and the augmentation of heat transfer rate in the case of endwall injection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 141–152, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20007     

空气含量和水侧污垢对凝汽器传热系数影响的数值分析

以N12180凝汽器为例,采用自行编制的程序数值计算了空气浓度和污垢对凝汽器汽侧传热系数、冷却管壁导热系数以及平均传热系数的影响,分析了空气与污垢对传热过程的影响机理。结果表明：凝汽器进口空气浓度从0增加到0．01％时,凝汽器平均传热系数降低30％;0．5mm的污垢厚度将使冷却管壁的导热系数降低98％,凝汽器平均传热系数降低85％。     

Film cooling performance of a row of dual-fanned holes at various injection angles

Film cooling performance about a row of dual-fanned holes with injection angles of 30°, 60 ° and 90° were experimentally investigated at blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. Dual-fanned hole is a novel shaped hole which has both inlet expansion and outlet expansion. A transient thermochromic liquid crystal technique was used to reveal the local values of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. The results show that injection angles have strong influence on the two dimensional distributions of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. For the small injection angle of 30 degree and small blowing ratio of 1.0, there is only a narrow spanwise region covered with film. The increase of injection angle and blowing ratio both leads to the enhanced spanwise film diffusion, but reduced local cooling ability far away from the hole. Injection angles have comprehensive influence on the averaged film cooling effectiveness for various x/d locations. As injection angles are 30 and 60 degree, two bands of high heat transfer coefficients are found in mixing region of the gas and coolant. As injection angle increases to 90 degree, the mixing leads to the enhanced heat transfer region near the film hole. The averaged heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of injection angle.     

Cooling of spherical products: Part II—heat transfer parameters

This paper presents a study on the determination of the heat transfer parameters, namely surface heat transfer coefficients, thermal conductivities, thermal diffusivities, specific heats and Biot numbers, for the individual product being cooled with water and with air. An analytical model was developed to determine the surface heat transfer coefficients of the products depending on the thermal properties and cooling process parameters. The results of the present study indicate that surface heat transfer coefficients decrease with increasing batch weight in water cooling and increase with increasing air flow velocity in air cooling. The proposed model can be used to determine easily and accurately surface heat transfer coefficients of different spherically shaped objects subjected to cooling.     

Experimental investigation on the leading edge film cooling of cylindrical and laid-back holes with different hole pitches

Experimental investigation has been performed to study the film cooling performances of cylindrical holes and laid-back holes on the turbine blade leading edge. Four test models are measured for four blowing ratios to investigate the influences of film hole shape and hole pitch on the film cooling performances Film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient have been obtained using a transient heat transfer measurement technique with double thermochromic liquid crystals. As the blowing ratio increases, the trajectory of jets deviates to the spanwise direction and lifts off gradually. However, more area can benefit from the film protection under large blowing ratio, while the is also higher. The basic distribution features of heat transfer coefficients are similar for all the four models. Heat transfer coefficient in the region where the jet core flows through is relatively lower, while in the jet edge region is relatively higher. For the models with small hole pitch, the laid-back holes only give better film coverage performance than the cylindrical holes under large blowing ratio. For the models with large hole pitch, the advantage of laid-back holes in film cooling effectiveness is more obvious in the upstream region relative to the cylindrical holes. For the cylindrical hole model and the laid-back hole model with the same hole pitch, heat transfer coefficients are nearly the same with each other under the same blowing ratios. Compared with the models with large hole pitch, the laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient are larger for the models with small hole pitch because of larger proportion of film covering area and strong heat transfer region.     

不同叶顶结构对燃气透平动叶顶部气膜冷却性能的影响

对不同叶顶结构的GE-E3叶片的气膜冷却现象进行了数值研究,比较了三种不同的叶顶结构：平顶、凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔结构在叶顶部的流动和冷却现象,并分析了吹风比对这三种结构的冷却性能的影响。发现凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔在结构上具有相似性;在叶顶开槽后,既降低了射流动量,又降低了顶端泄漏流速,有助于提高冷却效果,同时由于凹槽顶的槽比开槽孔的槽大,冷却气体和燃气在槽内充分混合,使得凹槽顶结构具有最高的冷却效率值和最低的换热系数值,平顶开槽孔结构次之。     

New correlations for heat transfer coefficients during direct cooling of products

An analytical method for determining the heat transfer coefficients of food products being cooled in water and in air flows is presented. Food products are idealized as geometrical solid objects of regular shapes. New correlations between heat transfer coefficients and cooling coefficients are developed in simple forms for practical use in the refrigeration industry. These correlations are then used to determine the heat transfer coefficient for a cylindrical carrot cooled in air flow as an illustrative example. In addition, evaluating the heat transfer coefficients for several products using the available experimental cooling coefficient values from the literature, two new correlations between the heat transfer coefficient and the cooling coefficient are also obtained for water and air cooling applications. The results show that the correlations presented in this article can determine the heat transfer coefficients of food products forced-convection cooling in a simple and accurate manner.     

Experimental investigations on overall cooling effect of ribbed channel with air bleeds

An experimental investigation on overall heat transfer performance of a rectangular channel, in which one wall has periodically placed oblique ribs to enhance heat exchange and cylindrical film holes to bleed cooling air, has been carried out in a hot wind tunnel at different mainstream temperatures, hot mainstream Reynolds numbers, coolant Reynolds numbers and blowing ratios. To describe the cooling effect of combined external coolant film with the internal heat convection enhanced by the ribs, the overall cooling effectiveness at the surface exposed in the mainstream with high temperature was calculated by the surface temperatures measured with an infrared thermal imaging system. The total mass flow rate of cooling air through the coolant channel was regulated by a digital mass flow rate controller, and the blowing ratio passing through the total film holes was calculated based on the measurements of another digital-type mass flow meter. The detailed distributions of overall cooling effectiveness show distinctive peaks in heat transfer levels near the film holes, remarkable inner convective heat transfer effect over entire channel surface, and visible conductive heat transfer effect through the channel wall; but only when the coolant Reynolds number is large enough, the oblique rib effect can be detected from the overall cooling effectiveness; and the oblique bleeding hole effect shows the more obvious trend with increasing blowing ratios. Based on the experimental data, the overall cooling effectiveness is correlated as the functions of Re_m (Reynolds number of hot mainstream) and Re_c (Reynolds number of internal coolant flow at entrance) for the parametric conditions examined.     

空气冷却式膜蒸馏构型的传热分析

在膜蒸馏的不同构型中,直接采用环境空气作为冷却媒介的空气冷却式构型很大程度上简化了系统配置。在强化传热的条件下,其跨膜通量与水冷构型接近。对空气冷却式膜蒸馏构型的传热过程进行理论分析,并通过量化分析各参数对膜蒸馏传热性能的影响,构建综合的传热模型。引入关联热阻系数这一概念,用以量化空气冷却的参数对膜蒸馏过程总传热系数的抑制作用。通过模拟计算研究了冷凝板导热系数、空气流速、冷凝板肋化系数、料液温度等参数对膜蒸馏传热性能的影响,并分析和量化多参数对关联热阻系数的综合影响。结果表明冷凝板导热系数、空气流速、冷凝板肋化系数是影响关联热阻系数的重要因素,各参数对膜蒸馏传热性能的综合影响得以量化。以上研究为后续传质模型的研究提供了指导。     

侧风条件下带消能导流装置的直接空冷岛冬季冻结风险模拟研究

哈密某电厂在其空冷岛中使用了一种新型消能导流装置来抵抗侧风影响、稳定机组背压。然而,该电厂冬季空冷单元散热管束冻结的情况依然存在。为了探究该装置对空冷岛冬季防冻的影响,利用Fluent软件对该电厂冬季大风时空冷岛的流动传热特性及各空冷单元的冻结风险进行了模拟研究。研究表明：空冷岛“消能导流装置”整体上对空冷单元的防冻起负面作用;在冬季大风条件下该装置迎风侧空冷单元的散热量平均超出警戒值27%以上,最高达到50%;消能导流装置主要通过提升轴流风机空气流速来增加对应空冷单元的换热量,该装置迎风侧空冷单元轴流风机的轴向空气流速甚至能达到与环境侧风相同的水平,这导致对应空冷单元换热量激增,更容易出现冻结事故;大风条件下该装置在空冷岛下方形成的高压区域分布并不均匀,临近主厂房与相邻空冷岛一侧的高压区域压力更高、面积更大,这些区域空冷单元的冻结风险更高。     

Investigation of the Influence of Inclination Angle and Diffusion Angle on the Film Cooling Performance of Chevron Shaped Hole

The film cooling performance of chevron holes with different inclination angles and exit lateral diffusion angles has been studied experimentally and numerically. The inclination angles include 35° and 55°. The exit lateral diffusion angles include 20° and 25°. The film cooling effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient and discharge coefficient were measured on a flat plate model by transient liquid crystal measurement technique under four blowing ratios. The results show that the large inclination angle reduces the film cooling effectiveness. The influence of diffusion angle has two aspects: the large diffusion angle leads to mainstream ingestion and decreases film cooling effectiveness at M=1.0 and 1.5; however, the large diffusion angle increases the film cooling effectiveness at high blowing ratio of 2.0, because the larger hole exit area decreases the normal momentum component of the film jet. The large inclination angle decreases the heat transfer coefficient in the right downstream region at M=0.5 and 1.0. The large diffusion angle enhances the heat transfer in the right downstream of the holes in M=0.5～1.5 conditions. The chevron hole with large inclination angle generally has the highest discharge coefficient.     

空气横掠矩形翅片椭圆管束换热规律的数值研究

采用Fluent软件对矩形翅片椭圆管束空气侧的对流换热情况进行了三维数值模拟,获得了不同流速下翅片表面温度分布,分析了迎面风速与换热系数之间的关系,随着速度的增大,空气侧的换热系数增加,并拟合了换热计算公式。同时分析了不同翅片间距对换热的影响因素,随着翅片间距的增大,空气侧换热系数增加,而且随着Rg数的增加,换热的强化更加明显。     

空冷凝汽器椭圆翅片椭圆管束外空气的流动与传热特性

研究空冷凝汽器椭圆翅片椭圆管管束外空气的流动与传热特性,对火电站空冷岛的设计与运行具有重要意义.通过CFD模拟,获得了椭圆翅片椭圆管管束外冷却空气的流场和温度场,计算得到了空冷凝汽器冷却空气对流换热平均Nu和摩擦系数f随Re的变化规律,并采用最小二乘法拟合得到了相应的关联式.结果表明:随冷却空气流动Re的增大,Nu增大,f减小.     

Thermal characteristics of air-water spray impingement cooling of hot metallic surface under controlled parametric conditions

Experimental results on the thermal characteristics of air-water spray impingement cooling of hot metallic surface are presented and discussed in this paper.The controlling input parameters investigated were the combined air and water pressures,plate thickness,water flow rate,nozzle height from the target surface and initial temperature of the hot surface.The effects of these input parameters on the important thermal characteristics such as heat transfer rate,heat transfer coefficient and wetting front movement were measured and examined.Hot flat plate samples of mild steel with dimension 120 mm in length,120 mm breadth and thickness of 4 mm,6 mm,and 8mm respectively were tested.The air assisted water spray was found to be an effective cooling media and method to achieve very high heat transfer rate from the surface.Higher heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficients were obtained for the lesser i.e,4 mm thick plates.Increase in the nozzle height reduced the heat transfer efficiency of spray cooling.At an inlet water pressure of 4 bar and air pressure of 3 bar,maximum cooling rates670℃/s and average cooling rate of 305.23℃/s were achieved for a temperature of 850℃ of the steel plate.     

斜缝气膜冷却曲面模型的数值模拟

为研究燃气轮机叶片表面曲率对气膜冷却性能的影响,对二维斜缝曲面模型（凹面、凸面和平板）进行了数值模拟,选取冷却流体射流入射角35°、主射流密度比1.5,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型计算得到不同吹风比（0.5、1.2和2.0）下斜缝气膜冷却曲面模型壁面的传热系数.结果表明：低吹风比（M=0.5）时,壁面压力梯度越大,传热系数越小;中吹风比（M=1.2）时,射流对主流扰动加剧,传热加强,凹面总体传热系数比凸面小;高吹风比（M=2.0）时,曲率对传热系数的影响减弱,传热系数差异不大.     

Experimental study of convective heat transfer during cooling with low air velocity in a stack of objects

During cooling with low air velocity (u0.2 m·s⁻¹) of a stack of foodstuffs (a few centimeters dimension), the radiation and conduction between products can be of the same order of magnitude as convection. A method was developed to quantify these various transfer modes. The experiment was carried out using an in-line spherical arrangement; however, the same methodology can be applied to other product shapes. The results confirm that the heat transfers by radiation and conduction cannot be neglected. In addition, the convective heat transfer coefficient varies not only with air velocity but also with the product position in the stack.     

Thermal cooling data for figs exposed to air cooling

This paper implies the presentation of a methodology for determining the thermal cooling data in terms of the cooling coefficients, lag factors, half cooling times and seven-eighths cooling times, as well as the heat transfer coefficients of the food products. This methodology was employed to determine the thermal cooling data for the individual figs being cooled with air at the flow velocities of 1.1, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.5 m/s. The results of this study show that the cooling coefficient and lag factor varied linearly, the half cooling time and seven-eighths cooling time decreased by 21.5% and 20.9% and the heat transfer coefficient increased by 27.3% with increasing air-flow velocity from 1.1 to 2.5 m/s.     

Blowing models for cooling surfaces

To study the cooling of surfaces exposed to high temperature stress and heat flux, the blowing, or transpiration, technique is numerically investigated in the case of a porous circular cylinder. Two models are developed to simulate the blowing impact on the outer flow and an experimental set-up available allows for direct comparison and validation of the numerical simulations. The heat exchange occuring within the porous wall itself between the coolant and the solid part of the wall is accounted. The results show an excellent effectiveness of the blowing in terms of surface temperature reduction, even for low blowing ratii. The incident heat flux exhibits a maximum for medium blowing rates due to a decreasing heat transfer coefficient and a growing temperature difference between the surface and the main flow with the injection rate. Finally, the blowing is demonstrated to be very effective in cooling heavily thermally stressed parts in terms of homogeneity and coolant rate required.     

Investigation of the Conjugate Heat Transfer and Flow Field for a Flat Plate with Combined Film and Impingement Cooling

Film cooling combined with internal impingement cooling is one of the most effective technologies to protect the gas turbine vanes and blades from the hot gas. In this study, conjugate heat transfer CFD study was undertaken for a flat plate with combined film cooling and impingement cooling. An experiment on conjugate heat transfer of a flat plate with combined film and impingement cooling was performed to validate the code. Then the effects of several parameters including Biot number, blowing r...     

Theoretical simulation of vacuum cooling of spherical foods

A model has been developed for predicting the temporal temperature and mass of spherical solid foods during vacuum cooling. This paper discusses the effects of product thermophysical properties, convection heat transfer coefficient, latent heat of evaporation as well as vacuum environmental parameters that govern the heat and mass transfer of product. The temporal trends of total system pressure, product temperature such as surface temperature, centre temperature, mass-average temperature, the mass of product were predicted. The model accounts for the change of temperature of solid product systematically during vacuum cooling by means of simulation. This paper also compares the results of the computer algorithm with experimental results taken from published literature.