Experimental performance evaluation of a closed‐loop vertical ground source heat pump in the heating mode using energy analysis method

An experimental study is performed to determine the performance of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system in the heating mode in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. The GSHP system using R‐134a as refrigerant has a single U‐tube ground heat exchanger (GHE) made of polyethylene pipe with a 16 mm inside diameter. The GHE was placed in a vertical borehole with 55 m depth and 203.2 mm diameter. The average coefficients of performance (COP) of the GSHP system and heat pump in heating mode are calculated as 2.09 and 2.57, respectively. The heat extraction rate per meter of the borehole is determined as 33.60 W m^?1. Considering the current gas and electric prices in Erzurum city, the equivalent COP of the GSHP system should be 2.92 for the same energy cost comparing with natural gas. The virgin ground in Erzurum basin has high permeability and low thermal conductivity. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of GHE and thus improve COP of a GSHP in the basin, the borehole should be backfilled with sand as low‐cost backfill material and a 1 to 2 m thick surface plug of clay should be inserted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

垂直螺旋盘管地源热泵供暖制冷实验研究

结合一实际用户建立垂直螺旋盘管地源热泵实验系统，在供暖制冷工况下测量地下盘管的进出水温度，盘管从地下的取热量、排热量，从而分析系统性能、供热、制冷系数。     

Performance assessment of a horizontal-coil geothermal heat pump

This paper evaluates the performance of a geothermal heat pump in Iran. An air-to-air 5.275 kW heat pump has been changed and redesigned to a geothermal heat pump system for the first time in Iran. Air-to-air condenser has been replaced by a tube-in-tube heat exchanger and assembled system has been tested under ARI-325 standard at the national energy lab of Iran and the results have been compared with the original system. Then, local weather conditions and soil properties of Tabriz (located at the north-west of Iran) have been applied and geothermal coil has been designed. Coil has been connected to the heat pump and the average coefficient of performance (COP) of rather more than three has been recorded in cooling mode. Results obtained from experimental measurements show that horizontal GSHP systems can be used for Tabriz-like climates in Iran. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermoeconomic analysis of ground‐source heat pump systems

A thermoeconomic analysis of a ground‐source heat pump (GSHP) system with a vertical or horizontal ground heat exchanger, a type of heat delivery system, was performed using the modified productive structure analysis method. In this analysis, the unit cost of geothermal heat delivered to a room using GSHP system was estimated. The unit cost of heat delivered was calculated to be $0.063/kWh for input of electricity with a unit cost of $0.140/kWh for a GSHP with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.27. Exergy destruction and monetary losses due to the irreversibility that occurs at each component of the system were also estimated. The unit cost of heat was found to be inversely proportional to the COP of the heat pump and proportional to the electricity input. The greatest monetary loss occurs in the geothermal heat exchanger in which considerable mass of brine flows in long pipes and in the fan‐coil unit which features a complex configuration of pipes in the air passages, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cooling performance of a vertical ground-coupled heat pump system installed in a school building

This paper presents the cooling performance of a water-to-refrigerant type ground heat source heat pump system (GSHP) installed in a school building in Korea. The evaluation of the cooling performance has been conducted under the actual operation of GSHP system in the summer of year 2007. Ten heat pump units with the capacity of 10 HP each were installed in the building. Also, a closed vertical typed-ground heat exchanger with 24 boreholes of 175 m in depth was constructed for the GSHP system. To analyze the cooling performance of the GSHP system, we monitored various operating conditions, including the outdoor temperature, the ground temperature, and the water temperature of inlet and outlet of the ground heat exchanger. Simultaneously, the cooling capacity and the input power were evaluated to determine the cooling performance of the GSHP system. The average cooling coefficient of performance (COP) and overall COP of the GSHP system were found to be ～8.3 and ～5.9 at 65% partial load condition, respectively. While the air source heat pump (ASHP) system, which has the same capacity with the GSHP system, was found to have the average COP of ～3.9 and overall COP of ～3.4, implying that the GSHP system is more efficient than the ASHP system due to its lower temperature of condenser.     

Experimental study of horizontal ground source heat pump performance for mild climate in Turkey

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of horizontal GSHP by considering various system parameters for winter climatic condition of Bursa, Turkey. For this purpose, a previously used experimental facility on cooling cycle [Coskun S, Pulat E, Unlu K, Yamankaradeniz R. Experimental performance investigation of a horizontal ground source compression refrigeration machine. International Journal of Energy Research 2008; 32: 44–56] was modified for the heating cycle. Soil thermal conductivity estimation was expanded and discussed. Preliminary numerical temperature distribution around GHE pipes was obtained. Tests were performed under laboratory conditions for space heating from December 2004 to March 2005. Variations of entering and leaving antifreeze solution temperatures, extracted heat from ground and rejected heat to the test room, super heat rate in evaporator and subcooling rate in condenser, total power consumption and coefficient of performance (COP) values for both the entire system and only heat pump unit (HPU) were obtained. Effect of outdoor temperature on system capacities and COP values with respect to outdoor air and mean soil temperatures were also presented. The COP of the entire system and HPU lie between 2.46–2.58 and 4.03–4.18, respectively. GSHP system was compared to conventional heating methods in the economical analysis and it was shown that the GSHP system is more cost effective than the all other conventional heating systems.     

陕西渭南地区岩土热响应测试与分析

地层热物性参数的确定对浅层地热能地源热泵系统的设计至关重要。依托陕西渭南某地源热泵项目,应用恒流法进行了岩土热响应测试,测试共进行了58 h,根据线热源理论对测试数据进行分析计算,求得准确的地层热物性参数,得到工区地层导热系数为2.16 W/(m∙K),比热容为2.39 MJ/(m³∙K),单U地埋管每延米换热量45 W。该研究结果可为项目后期设计与施工提供了相关参考和依据。     

Theoretical study on the performance of an integrated ground-source heat pump system in a whole year

Being environmental friendly and with the potential of energy-efficiency, ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems are widely used. However, in southern China, there exists large difference between cooling load in summer and heating load in winter. Thus the increase of soil temperature gradually year-by-year will decrease the COP of the GSHP system. In this paper, the configuration of a vertical dual-function geothermal heat exchanger (GHE) used in an integrated soil cold storage and ground-source heat pump (ISCS&GSHP) system, which charged cold energy to the soil at night and produced chilled water at daytime in summer, and supplied hot water for heating in winter, is presented. This is then followed by reporting the development of the mathematical model for the GHE considering the impact of the coupled heat conduction and groundwater advection on the heat transfer between the GHE and its surrounding soil. The GHE model developed was then integrated with a water-source heat pump and a building energy simulation program together for a whole ISCS&GSHP system. Then the operation performance of the ISCS&GSHP system used for a demonstration building is studied. These simulation results indicated the system transferred 71.505% of the original power consumption at daytime to that at nighttime for the demonstration building. And the net energy exchange in the soil after one-year operation was only 2.28% of the total cold energy charged. Thus we can see the feasibility of the ISCS&GSHP system technically.     

Cooling characteristics of ground source heat pump with heat exchange methods

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the cooling performance for a water-to-water ground source heat pump (GSHP) by using the counter flow and parallel flow methods. The GSHP uses R-410A as a refrigerant, and its main components are a scroll compressor, plate heat exchangers as a condenser, an evaporator, a thermostatic expansion valve, a receiver, and an inverter. Based on our modeling results, the heat transfer rate of the counter flow evaporator is higher than that of the parallel flow evaporator for a heat exchanger length greater than 0.42 m. The evaporator length of the GSHP used in this study was set to over 0.5 m. The performance of the water-to-water GSHP was measured by varying the compressor speed and source-side entering water temperature (EWT). The cooling capacity of the GSHP increased with increased compressor RPMs and source side EWT. Also, using the counter flow method, compared to the parallel flow method, improves the COP by approximately 5.9% for an ISO 13256-2 rated condition.     

Experimental investigation of the performance of a solar‐assisted ground‐source heat pump system for greenhouse heating

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the performance characteristics of a solar‐assisted ground‐source heat pump system (SAGSHPS) for greenhouse heating with a 50 m vertical 1¼ in nominal diameter U‐bend ground heat exchanger. This system was designed and installed in the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir (568 degree days cooling, base: 22°C, 1226 degree days heating, base: 18°C), Turkey. Based upon the measurements made in the heating mode, the heat extraction rate from the soil is found to be, on average, 54.08 Wm^?1 of bore depth, while the required borehole length in meter per kW of heating capacity is obtained as 12.57. The entering water temperature to the unit ranges from 8.2 to 16.2°C, with an average value of 9.1°C. The greenhouse air is at a maximum day temperature of 25°C and night temperature of 14°C with a relative humidity of 40%. The heating coefficient of performance of the heat pump (COP_HP) is about 2.13 at the end of a cloudy day, while it is about 2.84 at the end of sunny day and fluctuates between these values in other times. The COP values for the whole system are also obtained to be 5–15% lower than COP_HP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Techno-economic and spatial analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Germany

The objective of the current study was to assess the technical and economic factors that influence the design and performance of vertical GSHP (ground source heat pump) systems and to evaluate the spatial correlation that these factors have with geographic components such as geology and climatic conditions. The data from more than 1100 individual GSHP systems were analysed. The average capital cost of one GSHP system is about 23,500 € ± 6800 €; the large standard deviation is primarily caused by local market dynamics. In comparison to other countries such as USA, Austria, Norway, UK and Sweden, the highest capital costs for vertical GSHP systems are in Germany and Switzerland, which is almost certainly partly due to economies of scale. Although geological, hydrogeological and thermal conditions in the studied state considerably vary spatially and the evaluated specific heat extraction rates are heterogeneously distributed, no correlation between the subsurface characteristics and the design of GSHP systems could be identified. This outcome suggests that as yet subsurface characteristics are not adequately considered during the planning and design of small-scale GSHP systems, which causes an under- or oversizing and therefore a long-term impact on the maintenance costs and payback time of such systems.     

太阳能与土壤源耦合供暖系统的实验研究

在分析太阳能、土壤源热泵及联合供热特点的基础上,研究了太阳能热泵独立系统、土壤源耦合热泵系统运行模式的制热性能和节能效果,建立了太阳能蓄能-热泵耦合热泵系统的供暖模式及优化模型.通过采暖季初期的太阳能蓄能、供暖,土壤源热泵独立供暖及太阳能-土壤源耦合热泵供热的实验研究,验证了太阳能-土壤源耦合热泵供暖模式的可行性和经济...     

Investigation on the feasibility and performance of ground source heat pump (GSHP) in three cities in cold climate zone,China

As a renewable energy technology, ground source heat pump (GSHP) system is high efficient for heating and cooling in office buildings. However, this technology has strong dependence on the meteorological and building envelope thermal characteristic parameters. For the purpose of quantitative investigation on the feasibility and performance GSHP, three cities located in cold climate zone, Qiqihaer, Shenyang and Beijing, were sampled. Firstly, the office building dynamic loadings in these cities were calculated on basis of the different meteorological and envelope thermal characteristic parameters. The TRNSYS, one kind of energy simulation software, were employed to simulate the operation performances of GSHP on basis of these parameters. The simulation revealed the data on the outlet/inlet temperature of buried pipes, soil temperature, energy consumption distribution and the coefficient of performance (COP) for one year operation. Furthermore, ten years operation was also simulated to show the stability of the performance based on the outlet/inlet temperature of buried pipes and soil temperature. From these results, the GSHP had shown its most suitable performance in Beijing, second in Shenyang and worst in Qiqihaer. These results could be used as a reference on suitable utilization of GSHP systems in office buildings located in cold climate zone, China.     

Energetic performance test of an underground air tunnel system for greenhouse heating

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the performance characteristics of an underground air tunnel (UAT) for greenhouse heating with a 47 m horizontal, 56 cm nominal diameter U-bend buried galvanized ground heat exchanger. This system was installed in the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. Based upon the measurements made in the heating mode, the average heat extraction rate to the soil is found to be 3.77 kW, or 80.21 W/m of tunnel length, while the required tunnel length in meters per kW of heating capacity is obtained as 12.46. The entering air temperature to the tunnel ranges from 14.3 to 21.5 °C, with an average value of 15.5 °C. When the system operates, the greenhouse air is at a minimum day temperature of 13.1 °C with a relative humidity of 32%. The maximum heating coefficient of performance of the UAT system is about 6.42, while its minimum value is about 0.98 at the end of a cloudy and cold day and fluctuates between these values at other times. The daily average maximum COP values for the system are also obtained to be 6.42. The total average COP in the heating season is found to be 5.16.     

A design and simulation tool for ground source heat pump system using energy piles with large diameter

Calculation of the underground temperature resulting from heat injection/extraction into/from ground heat exchangers (GHEXs) with hourly variation is one of the most noteworthy challenges to address when simulating and designing a ground source heat pump (GSHP). In order to overcome this challenge, the authors introduce a method to calculate the underground temperature, by considering heat injection/extraction into/from GHEXs with hourly variation. The method applies the superposition of the infinite cylindrical source (ICS) solution and the infinite line source (ILS) solution to calculate the temperature change due to heat injection/extraction into/from the considered GHEX and other neighboring GHEXs, respectively. The calculation method also considers heat injection/extraction from GHEXs with different heat injection/extraction rates and is able to accommodate GHEXs with large diameters such as energy piles. The calculation method was evaluated by applying it to calculate the temperature variation of the heat carrier fluid in a GSHP system with energy piles.     

Verification study of a GSHP system Manufacturer data based modeling

GSHP (ground source heat pump) systems have become widely used as a result of the recent increasing demand for new and renewable energy polices in Korea. However, reliability issues have been key issues during installation and operation since they were initially designed. This paper introduces a systematic method for verification of the actual operating performance of a water-to-water GSHP system. The main idea is to compare the actual performance with the manufacturer's data, based on the ISO standard, and then to reduce the gap between the two. The manufacturer's performance data include the EWT (entering water temperature), LWT (leaving water temperature), capacity, flow rate, power, and COP (coefficient of performance). The verification technique was tested using a water-to-water GSHP system designed and installed at the KIER site. The verification study showed that actual performance was lower than that specified by the manufacturer's data. Accordingly, the refrigerant was recharged and the compressor and the expansion valve were replaced, resulting in an increase in the heating and cooling COP by 25.26% and 18.24%, respectively. The new verification method allowed the easy identification of the problems affecting the GSHP system and their subsequent correction.     

Calculation algorithm of the temperatures for pipe arrangement of multiple ground heat exchangers

The authors introduce calculation algorithm of the temperatures of the ground and heat carrier fluid in multiple ground heat exchangers for pipe arrangement of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. First, the outline is explained. Next, in order to investigate possibility for the operation of the GSHP system with steel foundation piles and validate reproducibility of the value calculated by the design tool including the calculation algorithm, field tests of heating and heat extraction were conducted with a residential GSHP system using 25 steel foundation piles of 8 m long as ground heat exchangers. From a result of comparison between temperatures of the measurement in the test and calculation by using the design tool, it was confirmed that the tool could predict the temperatures with acceptable precision and speed for utilizing as a design tool. In addition, performance of GSHP systems with steel foundation piles in long term is predicted with the design tool. In moderate climate region, since the GSHP systems using multiple ground heat exchangers with short length can operate with high efficiency as well as the GSHP system using a single ground heat exchanger with long length, the GSHP systems with steel foundation piles have possibility to become popular.     

Exergetic performance assessment of a ground‐source heat pump drying system

In evaluating the efficiency of heat pump (HP) systems, the most commonly used measure is the energy (or first law) efficiency, which is modified to a coefficient of performance (COP) for HP systems. However, for indicating the possibilities for thermodynamic improvement, energy analysis is inadequate and exergy analysis is needed. This study presents an exergetic assessment of a ground‐source (or geothermal) HP (GSHP) drying system. This system was designed, constructed and tested in the Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. The exergy destructions in each of the components of the overall system are determined for average values of experimentally measured parameters. Exergy efficiencies of the system components are determined to assess their performances and to elucidate potentials for improvement. COP values for the GSHP unit and overall GSHP drying system are found to range between 1.63–2.88 and 1.45–2.65, respectively, while corresponding exergy efficiency values on a product/fuel basis are found to be 21.1 and 15.5% at a dead state temperature of 27°C, respectively. Specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) on the system basis is obtained to be 0.122 kg kW^?1 h^?1. For drying systems, the so‐called specific moisture exergetic rate (SMExR), which is defined as the ratio of the moisture removed in kg to the exergy input in kW h, is also proposed by the authors. The SMExR of the whole GSHP drying system is found to be 5.11 kg kW^?1 h^?1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤源热泵的研究与开发

土壤源热泵是利用地下土壤能源资源来进行供暖空调的一种高效、节能、环保型空调技术，近年来得到了快速的发展；文章介绍了它的国内外研究状况，分析了土壤的传热特性、土壤的温度分布状况及埋地盘管的传热特性，建立了埋地盘管的传热数学模型，指出了土壤源热泵研究与发展中的关键性问题，最后展望了其应用前景。     

太阳能跨季节储热供热系统试验分析

介绍了一种太阳能-土壤源热泵联合供热系统,对其运行试验数据进行了分析,并对其运行能效比与两种单独由土壤源热泵供热的模式进行了比较。土壤温度的变化不仅与取热速率有关,还与地温的自动恢复能力相关。该试验建筑所在的土壤条件下地温的恢复能力为30～40MJ/d。采用太阳能-土壤源热泵联合系统能效比最高,土壤源热泵单机组双供系统次之,而土壤源热泵单机组单供系统能效比最低。太阳能跨季节储热及土壤源热泵联合供热系统适用于热负荷远大于冷负荷的建筑。