含水承载煤岩损伤演化过程能量释放规律及关键孕灾声发射信号拾取

不同含水状态对煤岩样损伤演化过程有重要的影响,为了研究不同含水状态煤岩样单轴压缩全过程煤岩样损伤演化过程能量释放规律,并基于能量贡献率与振铃计数贡献率共同准则拾取关键孕灾声发射信号,以指导声发射技术在岩体工程监测和灾害预警中的应用。利用岩石力学试验系统和全信息声发射信息分析仪,开展不同含水状态煤岩样的单轴压缩试验,主要对不同含水状态下煤岩样的力学特性、能量释放规律、破坏模式以及关键部位孕灾声发射信号进行拾取。试验结果表明,不同含水状态煤岩样力学性质各不相同,含水率的增大能有效弱化煤岩样强度。不同含水状态煤岩样能量释放规律各不相同,水在软化煤岩基质的同时,也对弹性应变能进行大量吸收,进一步导致含水煤岩受载屈服阶段弹性应变能占比增大,耗散应变能迅速降低,对应蓄能期(声发射平静期),待其孔隙水压力增大到对裂隙进行了扩展与贯通,即试样马上进入破坏阶段。不同含水状态下煤岩样单轴压缩破坏模式均为剪切形式,且含水率增大,剪切裂纹趋于复杂。同时验证了基于能量贡献率和振铃计数贡献率计算准则的声发射信号拾取方法可行,并与其他常规声发射参数形成对应关系,可为具体分析前兆特征分析和灾变预警提供参考。     

剪切荷载下贯通结构面应变能演化机制研究

 开展贯通结构面剪切荷载下应变能演化规律研究,有利于更好地理解岩体复杂的力学行为。以重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡岩体结构面为例,综合利用三维激光扫描、红外热成像以及离散元数值模拟等技术,开展岩体结构面室内与数值试验,获取剪切破坏全过程应变能演化规律。研究结果显示：(1) 贯通结构面剪切破坏时,能量集聚发生在岩体结构面表面,其中面向剪切方向的部位,能量集聚相对较多,证明这些部位在剪切破坏过程中起到主要抗剪作用;(2) 贯通结构面上下盘接触部位在剪切破坏前,发生能量集聚现象,弹性应变能增加,当增加到能量极限时,接触部位岩体被剪断破坏,能量释放,应变能减小。并且不同部位的应变能演化规律不一样,结构面中部位置剪切破坏时上下盘可能发生多次摩擦,能量演化也交替出现集聚与释放现象;(3) 红外热成像试验温度分布结果与数值模拟弹性应变能结果具有较好的一致性,说明数值模拟数据真实可靠。该研究成果对完善岩体不同荷载下的能量演化机制做出了一定贡献。     

预制孔岩石破坏过程中的声发射时空演化特征研究

选取粗粒花岗岩和细粒砂岩,通过预制方孔和圆孔,开展单轴加载条件下岩石破坏声发射试验。采用单纯形定位算法,对岩石破裂过程中的声发射时空演化规律进行研究,并对声发射活动特征、能量释放率和空间相关长度进行分析。研究结果表明：对于预制孔间距与预制孔尺寸相同的试件,声发射事件主要在岩石中部群集,试件以中部剪切破坏为主,声发射三维定位事件直观反映裂纹初始、扩展直至贯通的动态演化过程;在整个加载过程中,颗粒较粗且大小不均的花岗岩试件声发射活动性较强,颗粒较细且均匀的砂岩试件声发射活动性在加载后期才开始增强;岩石破坏前,小尺度裂纹合并贯通形成大尺度裂纹,声发射率下降,能量释放率增强,出现声发射信号“平静”而能量释放“不平静”的现象;岩石在受载过程中,应力场通过迁移和重新分布逐步建立起长程相关性;岩石破坏前,空间相关长度显著增加,且在岩石破坏时达到最大值。     

不同应力路径下大理岩破坏过程的声发射特性

 对大理岩试样进行常规三轴和卸围压破坏过程的声发射参数测试,研究加荷和卸荷两种应力路径下大理岩破坏过程的声发射特性差异。结果表明,常规三轴试验中,声发射幅值随着围压的增加逐渐增大,岩样破坏前的声发射累计释放能量呈线性增加,最大振铃计数率和能量计数率不是出现在峰值,而是出现在峰后应力跌落阶段,峰值应力前的屈服阶段和残余强度前各存在一个平静期,振铃计数率的每个突增都与应力降相对应。卸围压试验中,岩样破坏后声发射幅值明显增大,卸荷开始后振铃计数率和能量计数率出现突增,声发射累计释放能量呈非线性迅速增加,根据声发射累计释放能量增速可以将岩样破坏过程分为3个阶段：弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和塑性阶段,在大规模声发射出现前期会出现平静期,两者会交替发生。与常规三轴试验相比,卸荷声发射振铃计数率更大,累计释放能量更高,说明大理岩卸荷破坏更加剧烈。     

A constitutive model for the deformation of a rock mass containing sets of ubiquitous joints

As part of the rock mass, the discontinuities inherently affect the strength and the deformational behavior of rock mass. Existing models can either handle the pre- or post-peak deformation of intact rock or joints alone; however, a model which can determine the failure mode and simulate the complete pre- and post-deformation of rock mass with multi-sets of joints is not yet available. This study focusses on rock mass with multi-sets of ubiquitous joints and establishes a mathematic model and an associated numerical implementation accounting for the anisotropy in strength and deformation induced by the existence of joints. Accordingly, an approach incorporating the existing models or methods to enable simulation of the complete deformation of rock mass is proposed. In addition to the pre- and post-peak deformation characteristics for intact rock, the pre-peak deformation of joint, such as the closure, shear and dilatancy effect as well as its post-peak deformation, such as the reduction on roughness, have also been taken into account. A series of comparisons validates that the proposed model is capable of presenting the joint-induced anisotropy in strength and deformation of rock mass, determining the possible failure modes and reasonably simulating the complete stress–strain relationship as well.     

A theoretical model for rock joints subjected to constant normal stiffness direct shear

The authors have conducted an investigation into the behaviour of rock joints subjected to direct shear. Both concrete/rock and rock/rock joints were investigated. The behaviour of rock/rock joints is important for the assessment of stability issues involving rock masses (e.g. rock slope stability). Concrete/rock joints are vital to the assessment of performance of concrete piles socketed into rock, rock anchors and concrete dam foundations.This investigation included an extensive series of direct shear tests under a range of stress boundary conditions. The rock used for the tests was a soft artificial siltstone, called Johnstone. The results from the tests on concrete/Johnstone joints have been presented in Seidel and Haberfield (Geotech. Testing J. (2002), accepted for publication) and on Johnstone/Johnstone joints in Fleuter (MEngSc Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 1997) and Pearce (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 2001, in preparation). This paper describes the theoretical models developed to simulate the observed behaviour, including asperity sliding, asperity shearing, post-peak behaviour, asperity deformation and distribution of stresses on the interface. These models have been combined into a micro-mechanical simulation of joint shear. Comparisons between program predictions and measured performance are presented and discussed.     

非贯通节理岩体直剪贯通模型和强度研究

基于Lajtai和Jennings理论,研究了直剪应力状态下共面闭合非贯通节理岩体的受力特点,将非贯通节理岩体破坏分为三种模型;分析了各种模型的破坏机理;通过修正Lajtai理论,建立了非贯通节理岩体的贯通破坏强度准则。重点推导了岩桥以拉剪复合破坏时,非贯通节理岩体的峰值强度公式。通过与前人的试验比较,表明提出的破坏机理能较好地解释试验现象,理论计算的峰值强度与试验实测值吻合较好。     

基于EMD的粉砂岩单轴压缩破裂损伤分析

通过RMT-150C岩石力学测试系统与SAEU2S型声发射仪器,对粉砂岩进行了单轴压缩声发射试验。运用荷载—时间—振铃累计计数关系对岩样损伤阶段进行划分,利用经验模态分解法(EMD)对不同损伤阶段的典型信号源进行了分解,并结合EMD能量熵分析声发射信号能量分布,进而对岩体损伤阶段进行描述。结果表明,粉砂岩单轴压缩破裂可分为起始损伤期、损伤发展期、损伤加剧期、试件屈服期及试件断裂层剥离期五个阶段,其EMD能量熵主要能量所占优势频率分布情况呈现先往高频发展、再往低频发展的趋势。利用EMD能量熵能有效分辨岩样损伤过程中的声发射源信号特征,为评估岩体损伤变化奠定了基础。     

断续节理岩体模型试验及强度分析研究

采用理论分析同模型试验相结合的方法对共面闭合断续节理岩体的直剪强度特性进行研究。理论分析方面,引入法向变形协调条件,推导了模型的直剪强度公式。模型试验发现,全应力应变曲线主要经历了线弹性增长、节理面错动、次生裂纹起裂稳态扩展、节理面贯通破坏和残余强度五个阶段;峰值和残余强度都随正应力的增大而增大,而变形特性随正应力的变化规律性不强;峰值强度随节理连通率的增大而减小,低连通率时强度下降速度慢;节理两边分布的试样的强度普遍高于节理在中间的。对比发现,理论计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

锦屏二级水电站大理岩不同应力路径下加卸载试验研究

 针对锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞赋存于高地应力环境的特点,对隧洞内的大理岩开展常规三轴压缩试验及峰前、峰后卸围压试验,通过试验数据对比分析,研究大理岩的强度变形特征及破裂机制。主要研究成果：(1) 大理岩峰值强度与实时围压关系密切,应力路径不同、实时围压相同时,峰值强度相同。(2) 围压效应明显,峰值强度随初始围压增加而增加;相比三轴加载试验,峰前卸围压试验峰值强度降低约19.5%,峰后卸围压试验规律不明显,而峰后卸围压试验达到峰值强度时的围压值约占初始围压值的 97.2%,峰前卸围压试验结果较离散。(3) 相比三轴加载试验,峰前卸围压试验c值降低约27.5%, 值提高约22.6%,而与此相反,峰后卸围压试验c值增加约13.7%, 值降低约6.5%,表明大理岩抗破裂的主控因素峰前卸围压试验由摩擦力控制,峰后卸围压试验由黏聚力控制。(4) 峰后卸围压试验自卸荷点开始出现明显的应变平台,表现为理想塑性变形。(5) 峰前卸围压试验的体积应变自卸荷点开始出现明显的转折点。(6) 三轴压缩试验和峰后卸围压试验,大理岩的破坏模式主要为单一剪切破坏,随着围压增加,剪切破裂面端口的粗糙程度降低;峰前卸围压试验的破坏模式为：低围压时的劈裂破坏～中等围压时的“X”型共轭剪切破坏～高围压时的单一剪切破坏。这些研究结论揭示了锦屏大理岩加、卸载应力路径下的力学特性差异,可为西部深埋引水隧洞的开挖、支护设计及稳定性分析提供理论参考。     

Cyclic loading tests and shear strength of steel reinforced recycled concrete beam–column inner joints

To study the seismic behavior and shear strength of steel reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) beam–column inner joints, four 1:2.5 scaled specimens with different replacement percentage of recycled coarse aggregates were fabricated and tested under cyclic lateral loadings. The failure modes of SRRC joints were observed, and the various mechanical indexes of SRRC joints, including hysteresis loops, envelope curves, load carrying capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation, were analyzed. The results indicate that the main failure mode of the SRRC joints is the shearing diagonal compression in the core zone of joint. The seismic behavior of the SRRC inner joints degrade only slightly compared with the ordinary steel reinforced concrete inner joints. Based on the test and analysis results, a modified design method is proposed to calculate the nominal shear strength of SRRC inner joints.     

不同接触状态下粗糙节理剪切强度性质的颗粒流数值模拟和试验验证

节理表面形貌和接触状态对节理剪切力学性质有重要的影响。用砂浆材料的单轴压缩试验和光滑节理直剪试验得到材料和光滑节理的宏观力学性质参数,对颗粒流数值模拟的节理细观力学性质参数进行标定。用颗粒流离散元数值软件(PFC2D)构建人工粗糙节理表面形貌,对不同表面形貌的节理在不同接触状态下的剪切强度性质进行颗粒流直剪数值模拟试验,获得其峰值剪切强度。同时进行人工材料节理直剪试验,与颗粒流直剪数值模拟试验结果进行对比分析,数值试验与直剪试验结果吻合较好,验证了颗粒流直剪数值模拟试验与直剪试验具有同等的精度,可以作为各种表面形貌的节理在不同法向应力水平下抗剪强度研究的一种补充方法,以解决节理直剪试验中表面形貌损失对其剪切强度的影响,也可以在少量节理直剪试验的基础上,预估相同形貌的节理在不同接触状态下的剪切强度性质,同时还可以在现场测定不同粗糙度的节理表面形貌,预估其在不同接触状态、不同法向应力下的剪切力学性质。从而解决节理直剪试验中在相同形貌节理试件取样和制备困难的问题,且具有经济、方便、快捷、可重复性强等特点。     

Acoustic emission monitoring of CFRP reinforced concrete slabs

Debonding of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials used for repair of reinforced concrete elements is commonly observed and is often the critical limit state for such systems. This paper presents an acoustic emission (AE) study performed during laboratory tests of concrete slab specimens strengthened with CFRP strips. Several specimens having different CFRP details were monitored. An AE paradigm to monitor damage initiation, progression, and location in the test specimens is demonstrated. An algorithm to classify the cracks in concrete, the disbond of the CFRP strips from the soffit of the slab, and the eventual failure (debonding or concrete shear) is also presented. The proposed general approach can be applied to large scale CFRP–concrete systems.     

不同岩石声发射时频特性实验研究

通过对变粒岩、花岗岩、石灰岩、粉砂岩等四种岩石进行室内单轴加载声发射试验,获取岩石破裂全过程的应力-应变曲线、声发射参数及声发射信号。根据岩石破裂过程,从时、频域对声发射信号进行分析,着重对比了不同岩石的力学性质、声发射信号频域特征。研究结果表明:采用声发射率、能率可以很好地描述岩石破裂损伤的整个阶段;随着加载的进行,根据岩体变形及破裂程度的不同,不同岩石破裂阶段的声发射信号的频带范围也在不断发生变化。结合声发射时间序列参数特征和频谱特性,可得出岩石破裂时的损伤特性,为现场岩体的稳定性监测提供技术支持。     

节理峰值抗剪强度试验研究

 节理的三维形貌特征是影响节理剪切力学行为的重要因素。为了深入研究三维形貌特征对岩石节理峰值抗剪强度的影响,制备花岗岩和红砂岩人工劈裂岩石节理试样,并在常法向应力条件下进行了两种岩样节理的直剪试验,法向应力变化范围为0.325～8.0 MPa。在直剪试验前对节理表面形貌进行测量,并计算其三维形貌参数最大接触面积比A0、最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C。通过对三维形貌参数和直剪试验结果的分析,基于三维形貌参数最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C,建立了节理峰值抗剪强度模型。最后,引用Grasselli的30组直剪试验数据对模型进行验证计算,并结合本文的20组试验数据与Grasselli和夏才初的节理强度模型进行对比分析,结果表明新模型有合理的改进,而且能够很好的预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。     

共面闭合非贯通节理岩体贯通机制和破坏强度准则研究

简述共面闭合非贯通节理岩体的破坏机制及其贯通强度依赖于节理和岩桥的特性，阐述现有的共面闭合非贯通节理岩体的强度准则及其不足。研究直剪应力状态下共面闭合非贯通节理的受力特点，提出共面闭合非贯通节理岩体破坏机制，引入起裂角，在此基础上建立含起裂角的共面闭合非贯通节理岩体贯通破坏强度准则。通过与前人的试验进行对比，结果表明提出的破坏机制能较好地解释试验现象，理论计算的峰值强度与试验实测值吻合较好。     

Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions

The rock failure process is associated with acoustic emission (AE). Hence, violent rock failure processes such as rock burst under different stress paths in laboratory can be studied using the AE monitoring technique. In this paper, single-face dynamic unloading tests under true-triaxial condition were carried out for Paleozonic marine sedimentation limestone samples produced by blocks cored from 1140 m depth in Jiahe coal mine of China. Frequency-spectra analysis was conducted for the full-wave AE data and figures showing the relationship of frequency–amplitude of AE signals in rock burst stages were obtained. The dynamical damage process and characteristics of limestone under the test condition are summarized. It is found from the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of the AE signals that there exist two main frequency ranges, i.e. lower (60–100 kHz), and higher (170–190 kHz), for the samples. When the limestone samples are under relatively lower stress, the AE signals are characterized by high frequency and low amplitude. As the stress increases, the AE signals tend to shift more towards a signature of high amplitude. Near the bursting failure of the rock samples, it is observed that there are much higher amplitude and lower frequency events. The AE accumulated energy release rapidly increases from the unloading state of the rock samples to its failure. The dynamic unloading test facility provides a useful tool to gain an insight into the characteristics of rock bursts.     

大理岩等围压三轴压缩全过程研究Ⅱ:剪切断裂能分析

通过对等围压三轴压缩和峰前峰后卸围压过程岩石试样的不同破裂形态和宏观破坏角的对比分析，结合大理岩应力-应变全过程中的分叉行为，提出剪切断裂能的计算方法，分析了剪切断裂能的发展过程，揭示了峰前卸围压破裂强烈的原因。     

砂岩卸围压变形过程中渗透特性与声发射试验研究

 利用岩石伺服试验系统,对江西红砂岩岩样进行气体渗透三轴试验及声发射监测,研究在常规加载、峰前卸围压和峰后卸围压3种应力路径下,岩样变形破坏过程中的渗透规律和声发射特征。试验结果表明：(1) 随着有效围压的增大,岩石岩样的应力峰值逐渐增大,岩样的应力峰值对有效围压很敏感。(2) 常规加载时,渗透率在岩石屈服前呈现略微下降的趋势,屈服后迅速增长,峰后应变软化阶段有小幅回落;峰前和峰后卸围压时,在卸载之前渗透规律与常规加载时相同,卸载后渗透率均呈急剧增长的趋势,增幅也较大,其中峰前卸围压后渗透率增幅最大。(3) 在相同加载方式下,围压的增大不影响渗透率曲线的发展趋势,只影响渗透率在各阶段量值的大小。(4) 常规加载时,岩石声发射活动在屈服前比较平静,屈服后声发射活动非常活跃,峰后应变软化阶段声发射活动再次趋于平静;峰前卸围压不久后,声发射活动异常活跃、密集,能量数相对值较大并有明显峰值;峰后卸围压过程与常规加载过程中声发射规律相似。(5) 岩样的破坏过程中,随围压增大,脆性减弱、延性增强,在同一围压水平下,峰前卸围压破碎程度最高,脆性最强。(6) 岩石扩容点与渗透率最小值所对应的轴向应变值十分接近,体应变和渗透率随轴向应变的变化趋势对应较好,声发射活动的密集阶段均发生在体积膨胀之后,渗透率、声发射、应力及(体)应变之间存在一定对应关系。     

不同加载速率下CFRP加固混凝土梁动态力学性能试验研究

混凝土动态力学行为具有明显的率相关性,为此对CFRP加固混凝土梁试件开展了4种加载速率(0.1、0.01、0.001mm/s和0.0005mm/s)下的力学性能试验，通过位移控制的单调加载方式研究不同加载速率对CFRP加固混凝土梁试件的破坏过程、荷载-裂缝张口位移曲线、断裂能和延性指数的影响。基于实时、动态的声发射无损检测技术，对不同加载速率下CFRP加固混凝土梁断裂过程中的声发射参量进行识别和采集，从声发射角度分析了CFRP加固混凝土梁的受力特性。结果表明：低加载速率下，试件侧面预制缝附近伴有其他裂缝产生，且加载速率越低，其裂缝越明显；CFRP加固混凝土梁的开裂、极限、破坏荷载随加载速率的提高而增大；随着加载速率的提高，CFRP加固混凝土梁的断裂能和延性指数均明显增大；声发射累积振铃计数随加载速率的提高而增大。