66 kV抗水树XLPE绝缘轻型海底电缆研制

介绍一种额定电压66 kV抗水树XLPE绝缘轻型海底电缆的研制方法。通过对模型电缆进行工频电压和雷电冲击电压击穿性能测试,按照CIGRE TB 722:2018规范对研制样品进行500 Hz/3000 h、50 Hz/8750 h、50 Hz/17500 h 3种湿式绝缘质量鉴定试验,按照CIGRE TB 490:2012和CIGRE TB 623:2015规范对研制产品进行型式试验,试验结果完全满足设计规范要求。在未来的深远海、大功率海上风机互联阵列海缆选型中,66 kV抗水树XLPE绝缘轻型海底电缆可以完美替代35 kV XLPE绝缘海底电缆。     

The selection of the frequency range for high-voltage on-sitetesting of extruded insulation cable systems

High-voltage on-site tests of extruded insulation cables are necessary to check the quality of the installation of the system. The test voltage should simulate the stress under service conditions, and generate the same failure mechanism. With respect to an optimum design of test systems, a frequency range of 20 to 300 Hz, proposed in the latest IEC Draft for on-site testing of extruded insulation cables, seems to be reasonable. The test results on model cables can be used for real cables concerning the influence of the waveform on the breakdown voltage. The withstand voltage decreases with increasing frequency. The withstand voltage and the electrical breakdown field strength are very close together for frequencies between 20 Hz to 300 Hz. Mechanical defects, as well as water trees, reduce the breakdown voltage at 0.1 Hz more than at 20 to 300 Hz, but the absolute test voltage values are higher, and the breakdown mechanism is different compared with voltages of power frequency or adjacent frequencies. For on-site tests, frequency-tuned resonant test systems (ACRF) can be recommended because they have a very good weight-to-test power ratio, and very low power demands     

基于81电平铁路功率调节器的不平衡补偿策略

为进一步降低铁路功率调节器在大功率补偿过程的开关频率,采用开关频率较低的混合级联81电平变换器作为电压源、开关频率较高的单相全桥变换器作为电流源,将两个电压源背靠背连接,提出一种81电平铁路功率调节器。由于系统中承担85%的补偿功率的开关器件的开关频率在250 Hz及以下,开关频率高的电流源仅承担1%的功率,因此系统开关损耗小且对补偿电流参考信号的跟踪性能好。研究了系统的基本结构及其等效电路,通过构建等效对称三相电压源建立等效三相电路,采用有功功率平均分配法,使得补偿后的系统等效为Y-Y型对称三相电路,从而实现不平衡电流补偿,并提出一种新的补偿电流检测方法。仿真结果证明所提系统及其补偿方法的有效性和可行性。     

±1500 kV特高压直流输电系统主回路设计

为满足超远距离大容量电力输送需求,研究更高电压等级的直流输电技术是可行方案之一。文章重点对±1 500 kV电压等级直流输电系统主回路进行概念设计,提出适应±1 500 kV电压等级直流输电需求的3个12脉动换流器分层接入的主接线型式,并结合该接线型式特点提出了包括双极混合电压、双极2/3（1/3）电压等方式在内的多种直流运行方式;提出±1 500 kV特高压直流输电工程换流变压器、平波电抗器、直流滤波器和无功补偿设备等关键设备参数的可行方案。     

35 kV及以下XLPE电力电缆试验方法的研究

通过对交链聚乙烯（ＸＬＰＥ）电力电缆试品的工频、０．１Ｈｚ超低频和振荡３种击穿电压的平行比对试验研究,探讨能够有效发现、判别ＸＬＰＥ电力电缆运行故障隐患的试验方法,试验研究结果表明：振荡波电压试验能够有效地发现电力电缆及其附件的制造和安装质量缺陷,超低频电压试验能够有效地发现电力电缆及其附件绝缘树枝状早期劣化缺陷;工频电压试验是一种较好的方法,需进一步深入研究。     

Steady-state operating conditions of very long EHVAC cable lines

In the present paper the authors investigate steady-state capabilities of very long EHVAC underground cable lines, without intermediate compensating stations, installed in meshed networks. Analytical formulas of cable length-loading relationship are presented to this purpose. The study shows that, in optimal operating conditions, most of the ampacity of such long underground cable lines can be exploited for active power transmission. Non-optimal operating envelopes are studied, showing the effect of terminal voltages and line losses on cable utilization and evidencing limited derating under realistic hypotheses. A parametric analysis of loading limits and possible voltage violations along the cable is shown; a simple criterion for optimal utilization of lossy cable lines is also proposed. Line-end shunt compensation requirements for integration of long EHVAC cable lines in transmission networks are then specified. Studies performed for both ideal and real cables and shunt reactors show that active power transmission of 100 km long, 400 kV-50 Hz underground cable lines can attain 90% of their thermal limit, without intermediate compensating stations. Excess reactive power and temporary overvoltages are effectively controlled by line-end compensation around 90%.     

互感器二次压降及二次负荷模拟测试系统研究

互感器二次压降及二次负荷直接关系到电能计量的误差,是电力系统必须定期检定的项目。本文研制了一套用于电力技术人员培训用的模拟测试系统,采用三相电压电流源来模拟互感器的二次侧输出,用电阻、电抗序列模拟互感器的二次负荷及压降,接线方式包括三相三线制和三相四线制两种。以数字信号处理器(TMS320F206)为核心控制器,来控制各个模拟设备的参数,并通过A/D转换和运算放大等电路来采集电压、电流、功率因数等参数,整个系统由上位机软件进行控制,采用RS485串口通讯协议。实践表明该系统具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,模拟测试的各项指标符合现场测试的技术要求。     

A Low-Impedance Uninterruptible Power Technology for Nonlinear Critical Loads

New-generation mainframe computer complexes serving time-critical industrial and commercial users have introduced new problems for facilities engineers. Harmonic currents induced by switching computer power supplies badly distort the output waveform of high-impedance power sources. The resultant source current output will typically be out of required tolerance and can directly relate to unwanted voltage drops, data inaccuracies, and impaired load reliability. Conventional uninterruptible power supply systems offer load voltage continuity but suffer a trade-off in extremely high impedance compared to utility. This trade-off may no longer be well tolerated. A new UPS technology that demonstrates dramatically lower input-to-output impedance than was possible formerly will be evaluated. The system is based primarily on a unique rotating device employing a common stator for both motor and generator functions. Data will be presented on system reliability, efficiency, load isolation, and current-voltage dynamics.     

Static series compensators applied to very long distance transmission lines

Flexible ac transmission systems are discussed for the power-flow control of lines that are a little longer (about 2,700 km at 60 Hz) than half the wavelength of the power system's frequency. These very long lines do not need reactive power compensation to function properly and, if they are uncompensated, they present, in several important respects, much better behavior than lines with a length above 300 km with conventional reactive compensation. Small series compensation can be used with the GCSC (gate-turnoff thyristor--controlled series capacitor) to control large quantities of active power transmitted by very long lines. A new control strategy is presented for the GCSC, which proves to be efficient, simple and robust. The theoretical principles are confirmed by computer simulations.     

考虑工频过电压的海上风电场无功配置方案研究

随着海上风电能源的不断开发,海上风电场的过电压问题对系统的安全运行极为重要,而无功补偿问题影响着系统的电能质量,因此在确定无功补偿方案的同时也应该考虑过电压的限制。本文基于海上风电场含有架空线路和海底电缆混合输电线路的风电场电磁暂态模型,提出了一种考虑工频过电压的无功配置方案,利用ATP/EMTP仿真软件分析了海上风电场工频过电压,并在此基础上对风机不同出力情况下的风电场无功容量需求进行计算,从而得到符合系统安全运行范围的海上风电场无功容量配置方案,并以某海上风电场为例,最后利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了所提方案的可行性。     

高压交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆耐压试验方法的研究

通过对高压交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆进行直流耐压、0．1Hz超低频耐压、工频谐振以及调频串联谐振耐压等试验方法的分析比较，指出直流耐压对交联聚乙烯电缆的危害；超低频试验能有效发现电缆的水树故障；串联谐振的等效性最好；调频揩振试验方法等效性较好，设备轻便，试品长度的范围几乎不受限制。针对高压交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆耐压试验方法提出了建议。     

Compensation of cable voltage drops and automatic identification of cable parameters in 400 Hz ground power units

In this paper a new cable voltage drop compensation scheme for ground power units (GPU) is presented. The scheme is able to predict and compensate the voltage drop in an output cable by measuring the current quantities at the source. The prediction is based on an advanced cable model that includes self and mutual impedance parameters. The model predicts the voltage drop at both symmetrical and unbalanced loads. In order to determine the cable model parameters an automatic identification concept is derived. The concept is tested in full scale on a 90-kVA 400-Hz GPU with two different cables. It is concluded that the performance is significantly improved both with symmetrical and unsymmetrical cables and with balanced and unbalanced loads.     

High voltage VLF testing of power cables

This publication describes a laboratory test program conducted with the objective to develop a test that would replace the existing DC withstand test. The article describes the methodology used to establish the voltage duration and magnitude of VLF (0.1 Hz) high voltage field tests suitable for crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated power cable. The results show that the voltage breakdown of laboratory aged XLPE cable at 0.1 Hz is approximately equal to that at 60 Hz, that proof tests at 0.1 Hz cause very little damage to the cable, and that 0.1 Hz testing appears to be a satisfactory alternate to DC testing. Preliminary values are suggested for voltage magnitude and time duration of cable acceptance, maintenance and proof tests at 0.1 Hz for XLPE cable rated up to 35 kV. A program is underway to similarly evaluate samples of service-aged XLPE cable; as well as to demonstrate the use of the preliminary test values at typical utility installations     

A novel and fast single-phase three-wire power flow solution for a modern home premises wiring systems

Single-phase 2-wire (1φ2w) and single-phase 3-wire (1φ3w) circuit layouts are commonly adopted in premises wiring systems. Compared with 1φ2w circuits, the arrangements of 1φ3w circuits have some advantages such as reduced voltage drop, reduced line loss, and fewer conductors. Currently, more detailed power flow solutions of premises wiring systems are required because they can be used in more applications, such as power loss analysis, conservation voltage regulation (CVR), load balancing, and network reconfiguration especially in the design and operation of modern home energy management systems (HEMSs). This paper presents a novel approach to solve the power flow problem of a 1φ3w premises wiring system. The proposed approach is based on the loop frame of reference rather than the conventional approach, which is normally based on the bus frame of reference. Because the proposed approach is mainly based on graph theory, feeders and branch circuits of a premises wiring system are represented in a more detailed fashion than in previous corresponding mathematical models. In addition, the proposed approach provides an efficient and simple way to help engineers build a performance equation and full-scale system model of a premises wiring system. The simulation results of the proposed approach are verified through the OpenDSS software package and field testing. The proposed approach and implementation technique are of value to engineers and technicians in the design and operation of premises wiring system for dwelling units or smart buildings and may be implemented in HEMSs.     

用于60Hz电力系统的高压直流换流阀运行试验等效方法

为保证高压直流(HVDC)工程能够可靠运行,必须进行换流阀运行试验,而运行试验回路工作频率受制于电力系统的频率,如何对不同频率下的产品进行试验是亟待解决的问题。为满足60Hz电力系统的换流阀运行试验要求,以西安高压电器研究院50Hz频率的换流阀运行试验回路为基础,对换流阀的最小单元晶闸管级的结构、运行中各种过程、晶闸管级承受的电流和电压等电气参数及损耗特性进行了研究和比较,提出了进行60Hz换流阀运行试验的等效方法和折算系数。研究结果表明,在1种运行试验回路上进行不同频率的换流阀运行试验的方法可行,但需要根据不同的试验项目进行适当等效折算,以达到试验检测的目的。该方法的提出可为在世界范围内适用不同频率的直流输电工程的研究、检测等工作提供指导和参考的作用。     

一种电弧引燃电缆的电气火源模拟方法

模拟故障电弧引燃电缆的火源对电缆火灾模拟试验和防火性能评估十分重要,现有的电气火源大多基于化学燃烧,较难反映故障电弧引燃特点,为了模拟故障电弧引燃电缆,本文开发了一种基于电弧的火源。首先,本文分析了110 kV电缆发生接地线被盗或两侧交叉互联线被盗等故障时金属铠装层上的感应电压,其可高达数千伏。其次,对比研究了工频交流电压和20 kHz交流电压条件下金属护套对地电弧和雅各布天梯电弧的击穿前电压与维持电压,发现两者电弧击穿与维持特性接近。进一步提出了基于雅各布天梯电弧引燃电缆的电气火源模拟方法,并实验验证了该火源能够使110 kV电缆引燃和火焰蔓延。所得结论为：高频雅各布天梯电弧能够模拟故障电弧特点并有效引燃110 kV电缆。     

Pipe-type cable ampacities in the presence of harmonics

This paper explores the effect of harmonics on high-pressure fluid filled pipe-type transmission cable ampacity. Industry currently calculates the current carrying capacity of underground power cable based on the assumption of a purely sinusoidal 60 Hz current. However, increasing levels of harmonics on power systems have raised concern about their effect on cable ampacities. The issue has already been addressed for distribution cables. This paper begins with a discussion of Neher and McGrath's classic equations and some recent revisions, and develops a closed form composite equation accurately reflecting the effect of harmonics. The effect of frequency on the loss ratio is shown and supported by comparison with measured data at 60 Hz and a finite element analysis at a number of harmonic frequencies. The effect of specific harmonic scenarios is shown in light of the IEEE standard on harmonics. The results are used to develop a derating factor to compensate for current harmonics on transmission systems     

VLF电压试验电压幅值与试验时间的优选

VLF电压试验电压(UT)和试验时间(tT)的选取直接影响到有效地发现绝缘缺陷的概率,但目前电力电缆线路VLF电压试验时如何选取UT和tT仍无明确结论。1980年以来各国标准规定值差异很大,试验的有效性和等效性尚在探讨之中,目前一般取UT=2~3.5U0(U0为相电压),tT=15~60 min。长期积累的运行经验和理论及试验研究证实,延长tT和提高UT将对电缆介质造成不可逆损害,导致介质早期击穿。因此结合国内外现场和试验室研究结果并采用数理统计分析的方法优选了VLF(0.1 Hz)UT和tT。结果表明:UT=3U0时,tT取40 min,基本能够满足电力电缆线路绝缘品质判别的现场试验要求。     

Low temperature coefficient and low line sensitivity subthreshold curvature-compensated voltage reference

A high-order curvature-compensated subthreshold voltage reference is proposed in this paper. The proposed curvature-compensated voltage reference consists of two supply-independent first-order voltage references and a curvature compensation circuit. The supply-independent first-order voltage reference uses a negative feedback loop which improves the line sensitivity and eliminates the demand of operational amplifier, whereas the curvature compensation circuit provides high-order temperature-compensated output reference voltage. The proposed curvature-compensated voltage reference provides an output reference voltage of 118.54 mV with a temperature coefficient of 21.5 ppm/°C over a wide temperature range of −60°C to 120°C . The power supply rejection ratio and line sensitivity are observed as −68.64 dB (for the frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz) and 0.035%/V (for the supply voltage varies from 0.85 V to 2.5 V), respectively. The values of output noise at the frequencies of 1 kHz and 10 kHz without using any capacitive filter are obtained as 179.13 nV/ √ Hz and 123.87 nV/ √ Hz , respectively.     

Discrimination between internal PD and other pulses usingdirectional coupling sensors on HV cable systems

On-site partial discharge (PD) measurement is required to ensure proper installation of extra high voltage (EHV) cable systems accessories. To achieve high sensitivity and good localization, two problems have to be overcome. First, the strong high frequency in long XLPE cables requires that the sensors be located along the cable, preferably directly at the accessories. Secondly, the detection system must be able to distinguish internal PD from other pulses. This paper describes a solution based on directional coupling sensors and a data visualization system, which displays phase-amplitude diagrams for individual PD sources which are identified by the direction of pulse propagation. It has been applied to on-site measurements, type and routine testing of HV cable joints and stress cones. Due to the reliable discrimination between internal PD from the accessory measured and from other pulses, testing can be done in unshielded rooms even using terminations with internal PD and corona. The method works independently well on line voltage, resonance sources, oscillating voltages and 0.1 Hz cosine-square voltage. It has been used to verify the cable accessories installed in the 6.3 km long 380 kV cable system in Berlin, Germany