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1.
Synergistic flame retardant effect of BiFeO3 in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites
《Polymer Composites》2017,38(12):2771-2778
The BiFeO3 was used to intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polypropylene (PP) composites as a synergist. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 tests indicated that there is an optimum synergistic concentration of BiFeO3 in the PP/IFR composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) results of flame retardant PP showed that the moderate of BiFeO3 can reduce the decomposition rate of sample at high temperatures. TG of APP/PER/BiFeO3 showed that BiFeO3 main affects the third mass loss stage of APP/PER. So the morphology and composition of the char residue of APP/PER/BiFeO3 composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS). An appropriate amount of BiFeO3 can react with APP/PER forming Bi O P and Fe O P bond, and so more P elements was involved in a crosslinking reaction to form more stable char residue, which can effectively increase the flame retardant properties of PP. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2771–2778, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
2.
Synergistic flame retardancy of ZnO and piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate in polypropylene
Wenhao Liu Zhengwen Wang Shuqian Su Hongzhi Wu Mingmei Sun Linsheng Tang 《乙烯基与添加剂工艺杂志》2023,29(1):202-219
In order to improve the flame retardant efficiency and smoke-suppression of piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate (PPAP/MCA) in PP, the synergism of ZnO and PPAP/MCA was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) determination, UL-94 test, and cone calorimetry test (CCT). It is found that ZnO performs an exceptional synergism in flame retardant effect and inhibition on the flame propagation. Besides, ZnO can significantly inhibit the production of the smoke and CO. The TGA of the PP composites, the component and structure analysis of the heated composites and CCT residues reveal that ZnO performs the synergism primarily by the following modes: ZnO promotes obviously the charring of the composite, and improves the thermal stability as well as the strength of the intumescent layer, which brings about an improved flame retardant property and inhibiting ability on the flame propagation. 相似文献
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Synergistic effect between silicone‐containing macromolecular charring agent and ammonium polyphosphate in flame retardant polypropylene 下载免费PDF全文
A novel silicone‐containing macromolecular charring agent (Si‐MCA) was synthesized via polycondensation, and it was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to flame retard polypropylene (PP). The results showed that Si‐MCA exhibited a good synergistic effect with APP in flame retardant PP. When the content of APP was 18.7 wt % and Si‐MCA was 6.3 wt %, the limiting oxygen index value of the PP/APP/Si‐MCA composite was 33.5%, and the vertical burning (UL 94) test classed a V‐0 rating. The peak heat release rate, total heat release, average mass loss rate, and total smoke production of the composite were also decreased significantly. Moreover, the PP/APP/Si‐MCA composite showed an outstanding water resistance. After soaking in 70°C water for 168 h, the PP/APP/Si‐MCA composite could still reach a UL 94 V‐0 rating at 20.0 wt % IFR loading, whereas the PP/APP/PER composite failed to pass the UL 94 test even at 25.0 wt % IFR loading. Thermogravimetric analysis, thermogravimetry‐Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry results revealed that a compact and thermostable intumescent char was formed by APP/Si‐MCA during burning, thus effectively improved the flame retardancy of PP. The possible synergistic mechanism between APP and Si‐MCA was also discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41580. 相似文献
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Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid piperazine (ATPIP) salt, as a novel charring agent, is prepared via a simple ionic reaction in distilled water using amino trimethylene phosphate (ATMP) and piperazine as raw materials. The synergistic flame retardant effect of ATPIP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is investigated by various characterization and testing methods. The results show that the polypropylene (PP)/modified APP with piperazine (MAPP)/ATPIP ternary blend passes UL-94 V-0 rating and achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30% at a loading level of 25 wt% IFR (MAPP:ATPIP = 3:1). Meanwhile, the total smoke production (TSP) value of IFR-PP samples is 3.3 m2, which decreases by 93.2% compared with that of pure PP, exhibiting excellent smoke suppression performance. Besides, the analysis of gaseous pyrolysis products and char residue indicates that the IFR-PP samples show a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism including the gas phase and the condensed phase. 相似文献
7.
Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of halloysite nanotubes on intumescent flame retardant in LDPE 下载免费PDF全文
Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CC) test, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results of LOI and UL‐94 tests indicated that the addition of HNTs could dramatically increase the LOI value of LDPE/IFR in the case that the mass ratio of HNTs to IFR was 2/28 at 30 wt % of total flame retardant. Moreover, in this case the prepared samples could pass the V‐0 rating in UL‐94 tests. CC tests results showed that, for LDPE/IFR, both the heat release rate and the total heat release significantly decreased because of the incorporation of 2 wt % of HNTs. SEM observations directly approved that HNTs could promote the formation of more continuous and compact intumescent char layer in LDPE/IFR. TGA results demonstrated that the residue of LDPE/IFR containing 2 wt % of HNTs was obviously more than that of LDPE/IFR at the same total flame retardant of 30 wt % at 700°C under an air atmosphere, and its maximum decomposing rate was also lower than that of LDPE/IFR, suggesting that HNTs facilitated the charring of LDPE/IFR and its thermal stability at high temperature in this case. Both TGA and SEM results interpreted the mechanism on the synergistic effect of HNTs on IFR in LDPE, which is that the migration of HNTs to the surface during the combustion process led to the formation of a more compact barrier, resulting in the promotion of flame retardancy of LDPE/IFR. In addition, the mechanical properties of LDPE/IFR/HNTs systems were studied, the results showed that the addition of 0.5–2 wt % of HNTs could increase the tensile strength and the elongation at break of LDPE/IFR simultaneously. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40065. 相似文献
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研究了膨胀型阻燃剂聚磷酸三聚氰胺(MPP)/季戊四醇(PER)对天然橡胶(NR)硫化胶的阻燃性能、热稳定性能、残炭形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明,MPP/PER对NR硫化胶具有很好的阻燃效果,能有效提高NR复合材料的极限氧指数和热稳定性能,降低NR硫化胶的热释放速率,使NR硫化胶的燃烧过程变得稳定;当MPP/PER燃烧时可在NR硫化胶表面形成连续、致密且可隔绝氧气和热量的膨胀炭层;增加MPP/PER的总加入量会对NR硫化胶的力学性能造成一定的负面影响。 相似文献
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Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame‐retardant polystyrene 下载免费PDF全文
The halogen‐free flame‐retardant polystyrene (PS) composites containing expandable graphite (EG) and melamine phosphate (MP) were prepared successfully, and the thermal degradation behavior and fire performance were investigated by various measurements. The experimental results show that EG and MP have a synergistic effect on flame‐retardant PS, which can catalyze the char formation from PS. PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite achieves limited oxygen index value of 28.0% and UL‐94V‐0 (1.6 mm) rate. The mass retention at high temperature (800 °C) under air atmosphere of PS composites have a large increase by the introduction of EG and MP. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and cone calorimetric analysis indicate that the heat release rate and total heat release of PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite are reduced significantly, because the formed thick char layer has a notable barrier property. The study on the char residue of PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the formation of the stable structures containing P? O? C. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PS composites were also investigated; compared with neat PS, the addition of flame retardants leads to the decrease of tensile strength and flexural strength, but the impact strength of PS/MP/EG(1:2) has increased by 44.2%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45474. 相似文献
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Sarang Deodhar Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan Qinguo Fan Charles A. Wilkie Maurius C. Costache Nicholas A. Dembsey Prabir K. Patra 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2011,120(3):1866-1873
The chemical mode of action as a flame retardant of calcium carbonate nanoparticles combined with ammonium polyphosphate in polypropylene was investigated. Reduction in burning rates for 0.5 mm thick samples were observed without appreciable char formation up to 30 wt % loading of additives. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the mixture of CaCO3 and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) showed that calcium carbonate nanoparticles react with ammonium polyphosphate before the degradation of the phosphate chains. TGA–FTIR studies of the polymer composite samples and powder mixtures of the additives confirmed the evolution of ammonia and carbon dioxide due to interaction between the additives. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of chars, obtained after burning the films, showed definite diffraction peaks corresponding to that of calcium metaphosphate. The inert gasses produced by the interaction of the additives hindered the advancing flame and, thus, reduces the burning rates, at times even without char formation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011 相似文献
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Nanocomposite of thermoplastic elastomer ethylene‐octene copolymer/maleated ethylene‐octene (POE/POE‐g‐MAH) with organo‐montmorillonite (OMMT, 11 wt %) as masterbatch have been obtained by melt blending and it has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Flame retardant POE/POE‐g‐MAH/OMMT/ammonium polyphosphate‐pentaerythritol (APP‐PER) (an intumescent flame retardant with 75 wt % ammonium polyphosphate and 25 wt % pentaerythritol) composites were prepared by using melting processing to study their structures, flame‐retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties. TEM showed exfoliated structures throughout POE/POE‐g‐MAH/OMMT masterbatch and POE/POE‐g‐MAH/OMMT/APP‐PER nanocomposites. Synergistic effect was observed between OMMT and APP‐PER resulting in significant improvements on thermal stability, flame‐retardancy and mechanical properties in the POE/POE‐g‐MAH/OMMT/APP‐PER nanocomposites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 相似文献
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Mesoporous silica SBA‐15 synthesized from Pluronic P123 and tetraethoxysilane was used as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP)/intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 rating and thermogravimetric analysis were used to evaluate the synergistic effect of SBA‐15 on PP/IFR system. It showed that PP/IFR system could reach V‐0 with loading of SBA‐15 ranging from 0.5 to 3 wt%, while without SBA‐15 it had no rating at UL‐94 test. The LOI value increased from 25.5 to 32.2 when the loading of SBA‐15 was 1 wt%. The thermal stability of PP/IFR was improved in the presence of SBA‐15 and the amount of the char residue at 600° C was increased from 8.96 to 16.42 wt% when loading of SBA‐15 varied from 0.5 to 5 wt%. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) and scanning electron microscopy were employed to study the morphology of the char residue of PP/IFR system with and without SBA‐15. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Synergistic effects of dual imidazolium polyoxometalates on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene 下载免费PDF全文
The role of dual imidazolium polyoxometalates (POMs) in the flame retardancy of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (PP/IFR) composites was studied. The results showed that the structures of dual imidazolium POMs have a great effect on the flame retardancy of PP composites. The dual imidazolium POMs based on an ethyl group (EMIPMA) obtain the best flame retardant efficiency. With 15.5 wt % IFR and 0.5 wt % EMIPMA, the PP composites reach a limiting oxygen index of 25.7 and the UL‐94 V‐0 standard. However, the dual imidazolium POMs containing a butyl (BMIPMA) or hexyl (HMIPMA) group cannot achieve the UL‐94 V‐0 standard at the same formulation. Dual imidazolium POMs not only promote the formation of good char, but also induce the formation of intumescent char with a hierarchical and microporous structure that helps to prevent gas and heat from transferring from the flame to the resin. Therefore, the flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites is improved. However, excessive combustible components produced by BMIPMA or HMIPMA deteriorate the flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45491. 相似文献
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Synergistic effect of THEIC‐Based charring agent on flame retardant properties of polylactide 下载免费PDF全文
A novel charring agent tris(2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate terephthalic acid ester, tetramer (TT4) was synthesized using tris(2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate and terephthalic acid as raw materials, and it was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry and 1H‐NMR spectrum. It was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form intumescent flame retardants for polylactide (PLA). The combustion properties and thermal stability of PLA/APP/TT4 composites were evaluated by UL‐94 burning tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). It was found PLA with 30 wt % of APP/TT4 (5 : 1) achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating and a 40.6 LOI value. Results from TGA demonstrated that APP/TT4 composites could retard the degradation of PLA above 410°C. The char residue at 500°C is higher than 24%, showing a good char forming ability. Moreover, the continuous and expansionary char layer observed from the SEM images proved good charring forming ability of TT4. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41218. 相似文献
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Nickel formate was used as a catalyst to improve the flame‐retardancy of intumescent systems based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (petol) in polypropylene (PP). Limited oxygen index (LOI), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the fire‐retardancy and thermal stability of the PP system and the microstructure of the burned residue. The catalytic effect was shown in an increase in LOI, and a change in the residue microstructure and the thermal stability of the PP system. LOI increased with the concentration of the catalyst in the range 0.1–5 wt% of the composition until a maximum was reached. At higher concentration of the catalyst a decrease in the LOI was observed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
《塑料、橡胶和复合材料》2013,42(3):77-81
AbstractFlame retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were prepared based on different contents of hollow glass beads (HGBs) and aluminium hydroxide (ATH) in this paper, and the flame retardant properties were studied using limiting oxygen index, UL-94 test and cone calorimeter test respectively. The results showed that EVA-4 with 1·0 wt-%HGBs has the lowest heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate among all samples, and HGBs could promote to form a compact char layer on the surface of the sample. It indicates that there is an obvious synergistic flame retardant effect between HGBs and ATH in this composite. 相似文献
18.
The effects of hydroxy silicone oil as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene
composites (IFR-PP) were studied, and the IFR system mainly consisted of the ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL)
and pentaerythritol (PER). The UL 94 rating, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CONE) and digital photograph
were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of hydroxy silicone oil (HSO). It has been found that the PP composite containing
only APP, MEL and PER does not show good flame retardancy at 30% additive level. The cone calorimeter results show that the
heat release rate, mass loss rate, mass, total heat release, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide of PP/APP/MEL/PER/HSO composites
decrease in comparison with the PP/APP/MEL/PER composite. The digital photographs demonstrated that HSO could promote to form
the homogenous and compact intumescent char layer. Thus, a suitable amount of HSO plays a synergistic effect in the flame
retardancy. 相似文献
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This article studies the relationship between the distribution of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and the flammability of flame retardant polypropylene which consists of polypropylene (PP), brominated epoxy resin‐antimony oxide (BER‐AO) and OMMT. Polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) was used to increase the polarity of PP and aid the dispersion of OMMT. Two model systems, PP/BER‐AO/OMMT and PP/PP‐g‐MAH/BER‐AO/OMMT composites, have been prepared by melt blending. TEM studies reveal a significant change in the distribution of OMMT for these two systems. For the first composites, OMMT platelets are aggregated in the BER‐AO domains, whereas for the second composites, OMMT platelets are dispersed in the PP matrix. The flame retardant properties of the second composite reflected by UL 94 vertical burning test and cone calorimetry are better than that of the first one. When OMMT platelets aggregate in BER‐AO domains as in the first composite, the BER‐AO associated with OMMT may agglomerate into long ribbon‐like structures during burning, inducing uneven distribution of BER‐AO. As a result, loose and uneven residues are formed at the end of combustion. In comparison, OMMT platelets dispersed in polymer matrix are more efficient at stabilizing the polymer and preventing aggregation of BER‐AO during burning, which induce thick and uniform char layers at the end of combustion. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
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Preparation of a chitosan‐based flame‐retardant synergist and its application in flame‐retardant polypropylene 下载免费PDF全文
A novel flame‐retardant synergist, chitosan/urea compound based phosphonic acid melamine salt (HUMCS), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 31P‐NMR. Subsequently, HUMCS was added to a fire‐retardant polypropylene (PP) compound containing an intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system to improve its flame‐retardant properties. The PP/IFR/HUMCS composites were characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning tests (UL‐94 tests), microscale combustion calorimetry tests, and thermogravimetric analysis to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The addition of 3 wt % HUMCS increased the LOI from 31.4 to 33.0. The addition of HUMCS at a low additive amount reduced the peak heat‐release rate, total heat release, and heat‐release capacity obviously. Furthermore, scanning electron micrographs of char residues revealed that HUMCS could prevent the IFR–PP composites from forming a dense and compact multicell char, which could effectively protect the substrate material from combusting. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40845. 相似文献