德国的雨水管理及其技术措施

德国对降水在城市生态系统中的作用有了较早的认识和研究，并提出了相应的管理手段，发展了适宜的技术措施。从20世纪80年代至今，其雨水管理思想有了较大的转变，1989年《雨水利用设施标准》的出台标志着“第一代”雨水利用技术的成熟，在经历了1992年自控技术的提升后，目前的雨水利用技术正处于设备集成化的“第三代”发展阶段。     

Thermal upgrades of existing homes in Germany: The building code, subsidies, and economic efficiency

One of the cheapest ways to reduce CO₂ emissions is thermal renovation of existing homes. Germany is a world leader in this project, with a strict building code, generous state subsidies, and an advanced renovation infrastructure. The effects of its policies are here explored in the light of progressive tightening of the building code, and the strict criteria for subsidies. Data on costs and outcomes of residential building renovations are presented from published reports on renovation projects, and cross-checked with projects investigated directly. Comparisons are made in terms of euros invested for every kilowatt hour of heating energy saved over the lifetime of the renovations, for standards ranging from 150 kWh (the lowest standard) to 15 kWh (the highest) of primary energy use per square metre of floor area per year. It is found that the lowest standard is an order of magnitude more cost-effective than the highest, in terms of both energy saved per euro invested, and return on investment over the lifetime of the renovations, regardless of fuel prices. It is argued that this throws into question Germany's policy of progressively regulating for higher renovation standards, and offering subsidies only for projects that go beyond the minimum standard.     

Artificial islands: environmental aspects off Belgium

Processing municipal and industrial wastes on land and particularly near inhabited centra has met with increased opposition. An apparent remedy to the problem is the establishment of such facilities offshore, hence various projects to build them on artificial islands. The paper examines a concrete proposal to locate such an island offshore from the Belgian Coast. Oceanographic and environmental aspects of the site are discussed, construction methods reviewed, erosion and corrosion effects looked at. The possibility of utilizing ocean power to provide the necessary operation energy is likewise considered.     

长液压缸的设计及其它

长液压缸由于其自身特点，在使用过程中较易出现漏油，抖动，爬行等问题。为避免该类现象的发生，必须从设计，工艺，使用等方面加以控制，本扼要地阐述了该方面的经验。     

高效节能环保的供热采暖系统

从供热系统、采暖系统的组成、原理、特点分析了供热采暖系统对二者的综合应用，并比较其经济效益，指出该系统的合理应用，能达到高效、节能、环保、方便、安全的效果。     

一种节能高效液压缸试验台设计

工程机械行业对液压缸的需求量越来越大,质量要求越来越严,传统液压缸试验台在试验效率和检验质量上已不能满足液压缸生产企业的需要,为此德州宇力液压有限公司根据多年来液压缸试验台研究和应用经验,设计、研制了一套节能、高效液压缸综合试验台,既可以实现液压缸综合性能的快速检测,又能达到节能降耗目的,取得良好效果.     

液压挖掘机油耗测试与绿色性能评价探讨

在阐述工程机械节能减排的重要性基础上,结合行业标准《液压挖掘机燃油消耗试验方法》的制定,介绍了液压挖掘机油耗测试作业对象选择、测试工况确定、油耗测量方法、评价指标及计算,确定了以挖掘机能效作为评价挖掘机油耗水平的主要指标,并指出液压挖掘机绿色性能评价应该从能效、废气排放、噪声等方面综合考虑。     

压路机行驶液压系统新探之一压路机闭式液压系统的输出特性与传动效率

闭式回路液压系统在压路机等工程机械上获得了广泛应用,泵和马达的不同组合方案使之具有不一样的输出特性.液压传动效率是系统动力匹配时不可回避的因素,在不同元件转速和压力条件下,系统的机械效率和容积效率是随机变化的.输出特性和传动效率共同决定着液压传动机械工作性能及能源消耗的合理性,设计者不可忽视.     

Rainwater harvesting, quality assessment and utilization in Kefalonia Island, Greece

The quality of harvested rainwater which is used for domestic and drinking purposes in the northern area of Kefalonia Island in SW Greece and the factors affecting it were assessed through 3-year surveillance. In 12 seasonal samplings, 156 rainwater and 144 ground- or mixed water samples were collected from ferroconcrete storage tanks (300-1000 m3 capacity), which are adjacent to cement-paved catchment areas (600-3000 m2). Common anions and major cations as well as the metals Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were tested. The presence of three major groups of organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochloride pesticides (OCPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), was screened by common analytical techniques. All of the rainwater samples were within the guidelines for chemical parameters established by the 98/93/EU directive. As far as microbiological quality is concerned, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were detected in 80.3%, 40.9% and 28.8% of the rainwater samples, respectively, although they were found in low concentrations. Chemical and microbiological parameters showed seasonal fluctuations. Principal component analysis revealed that microbiological parameters were affected mainly by the cleanness level of catchment areas, while chemical parameters were influenced by the sea proximity and human activities. Disinfection should be applied into the tanker trucks which distribute the water to the consumers and not into the big storage tanks in order to avoid by-products formation. Due to the lack of fluoride in rainwater samples, the consumers must become aware of the fact that the supplementation of this element is needed.     

Effect of environmental temperature and fly ash addition in hydraulic lime grout behaviour

The purpose of grout injection is to increase the compactness of the masonry and its injection optimization is a task of major importance for masonry consolidation. Fresh grout properties seem to be as important as the ones in the hardened state since grout consistency is an essential characteristic to allow the filling of voids. Since the grout rheological behaviour is associated with its fresh properties, they should be well understood and controlled so that the fluid may be pumped and flow correctly inside the porous media. This paper analyses some relevant rheological properties for natural hydraulic lime grouts, such as yield stress, plastic viscosity, consistency and power-law index. The study envisage to increase the understanding of the influence of environmental temperature and of the addition of fly ash in fresh grouts behaviour. An attempt was made to achieve an optimal grout composition by using the Taguchi method. The paper shows that fly ash is capable of substantially changing the grout rheological parameters, while the effect of temperature is negligible for the parameters tested.     

雨水调蓄+人工湿地工艺在初期雨水处理中的应用

为了治理长期以来,不断受到污染白浪河,拟在河道两岸敷设截污管涵截流合流污水和初期雨水,输送至下游处理站集中处理。处理站采用雨水调蓄+人工湿地的处理工艺,出水水质达到一级B标准,满足山东省最新出台的水体排放标准,处理后水最终排放至白浪河。     

Polycyclic musk fragrances in different environmental compartments in Berlin (Germany)

The aim of this study was to obtain data about the contamination of different environmental compartments (102 surface water samples, 59 sediment samples and 165 eel samples) by polycyclic musks (HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, AHMI, and ATII) within the framework of an exposure monitoring program. Results for HHCB (Galaxolide) gave the following mean values in areas strongly polluted with sewage: surface water 1.59 micrograms l-1; sediment 0.92 mg kg-1 d.w. and eel 1513 micrograms kg-1 f.w. (in the edible portion) (6471 micrograms kg-1 lipid). The following average concentrations were found in waters hardly contaminated with sewage: surface water 0.07 microgram l-1, sediment < 0.02 mg kg-1 and eel 52 micrograms kg-1 f.w. (445 micrograms kg-1 lipid). Mean concentrations of 6.85 micrograms l-1 (maximum: 13.3 micrograms/l) could be measured at sewage treatment plants' outlets. It could be shown that these polycyclics are highly suited to use as indicators of the degree of contamination of waters with organic substances originating from sewage. A mean bioconcentration factor (BCF) on wet weight of 862 (HHCB) and 1069 (AHTN) for the transfer from water to eel under natural conditions could be calculated. The corresponding BCF-values based on the lipid content of eel were 3504 (HHCB) and 5017 (AHTN).     

德国自行车交通复兴:法规、规划与政策

本文在简要回顾德国自行车交通复兴历程的基础上,系统介绍了德国自行车交通的法规框架,规划管理,以及自行车交通与公共交通相结合的独特发展政策等相关内容,最后以法兰克福市为例,展现了当前德国城市自行车交通发展状况.希望为我国城市复兴自行车交通提供借鉴.     

Environmental rating methods: selecting indoor environmental quality (IEQ) aspects and indicators

It is often unclear whether environmental rating methods for buildings assess the most significant environmental aspects or if other considerations lie behind the choice of assessment aspects in specific methods. In the development of a comprehensive Swedish environmental rating method for buildings, a number of approaches for selecting environmental aspects in a method were tested. These include basing the selection on the severity and extent of problems, on official objectives, on mandatory rules, and on current practice. Once aspects, or rather building-related health problems, are selected, possible indicators for monitoring these problems can be tested with regard to theoretical and practical criteria in order to understand better the strengths and limitations of different indicators. The analyses in the paper are limited to indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and thus cover extensive reviews of current IEQ methods, Swedish objectives, and legislation as well as the severity and extent of IEQ problems. The results show that depending on the chosen approach, different numbers of aspects turn out to be significant. The approaches for prioritizing aspects suggested here can be used, preferably in combination. An aspect can be seen as motivated for inclusion in a method if many of the approaches suggest its significance.

Il est souvent difficile de savoir si les méthodes de classement de l'environnement utilisées dans le bâtiment évaluent les aspects environnementaux les plus significatifs ou si d'autres considérations restent derrière le choix des aspects d'évaluation dans des méthodes spécifiques. Dans le cadre de l'élaboration d'une méthode complète de classement de l'environnement en Suède appliquée aux bâtiments, on a testé un certain nombre d'approches pour sélectionner les aspects environnementaux dans une méthode. Cela implique de baser la sélection sur la gravité et l'étendue des problèmes, sur des objectifs officiels, sur des règles obligatoires et sur la pratique actuelle. Après avoir sélectionné les aspects ou plutôt les problèmes de santé liés aux bâtiments, on peut tester des indicateurs possibles pour surveiller ces problèmes par rapport à des critères théoriques et pratiques afin de mieux comprendre la force et les limitations des différents indicateurs. Les analyses exposées dans cet article sont limitées à la qualité de l'environnement intérieur (IEQ) et couvrent donc des revues complètes des méthodes IEQ actuelles, les objectifs de la Suède, la législation ainsi que la gravité et l'étendue des problèmes d'IEQ. Les résultats montrent qu'en fonction de l'approche choisie, un certain nombre d'aspects différents apparaissent comme significatifs. Les méthodes concernant les aspects de fixation des priorités suggérées ici peuvent être utilisées, de préférence en combinaison. Un aspect peut être considéré comme motivé pour inclusion dans une méthode si de nombreuses approches suggèrent sa signification.

Mots cle´s: evaluation des bâtiments, caractéristique des bâtiments, evaluation de l'environnement, indicateurs environnementaux, performances environnementales, classement de l'environnement, santé, qualité de l'environnement intérieur, bruit     

Estimation of passive cooling efficiency for environmental design in Brazil

An estimation of passive cooling techniques was conducted for 14 cities in Brazil, using a fairly accurate algorithm that accounts for heat conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation; this was done to determine the amount of heat gain/loss of room air, defined as a particular quantitative index for passive techniques. Heat gains and losses were calculated for four envelope conditions - namely, insulated, high-albedo, wet surface, and a combination of the previous two - and compared to a case assumed to be the standard condition. A conclusion drawn was that a passive design is efficient in decreasing the need for cooling in typical dwellings in Brazil; solutions should differ with regional climate characteristics. In semi-arid areas, evaporative cooling showed the best results. Reduced heat gain was found during the warm seasons for all cities, along with increased heat gain during the cool seasons for mid-latitude cities. In particular, a combination of high-albedo enveloping and evaporation can greatly decrease heat gain in building walls. High-albedo surfaces in the sub-tropical areas found in southern Brazil are more efficient. It is suggested that passive techniques should be conceived in such a way so as to work during the cooling season and be disabled during mild ones.     

Rainwater and the resulting runoff chemistry in Shiraz city,southwest Iran

Samples were collected from rainwater, the resulting runoff in urban drainage channels and the Khoshk River (a seasonal river which passes through the city and receives urban drainage channels runoff). Major elements and selected heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations were investigated for rainwater samples. Marine and non-marine sources of the elements in rainwater were investigated by calculation of Sea salt fraction, Non sea salt fraction and application of factor analysis. pH and mean concentrations of major ions and heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) were compared to the results of similar studies in other countries. GIS interpolation maps indicated the impact of traffic pollution and Shiraz industrial complex on spatial distribution of Cu, Pb and Zn in rainwater. Major ions and Cu, Pb and Zn mean concentrations in runoff samples were also studied and compared to the rainwater results. Since the Khoshk River is the main runoff drainage channel in the city and is used for irrigation, its water quality was also examined.     

Creative aspects of and uses for underground structures—Examples from Germany

Increasingly crowded conditions in European cities have increased the use of underground buildings for a variety of purposes. Underground structures serve economic and functional purposes that permit the realization of larger structural volumes when planned as part of the city structure areas; and, therefore, constitute an important component of modern urban architecture. This paper presents examples of underground space uses in Germany, including a street tunnel and a canteen building in Bonn; the Kö-Galerie shopping arcade in Düsseldorf; the harbour park house in Hamburg; the Altstadt/Dom-Rhein project; and the Basar de Cologne; arcade in Cologne; as well as the Arnulf-Klett Arcade in Stuttgart.     

Simulation of depth and wind effects on the hydraulic efficiency of sedimentation tanks

In this research, we aim to investigate the effects of the depth and wind effect on the surface of water on the hydraulic efficiency of the sedimentation tanks in water and wastewater treatments plants. A verified two‐dimensional numerical study was performed to evaluate hydraulic performance of series settling tanks by four different depths of 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 (m). Wind velocities of 5 and 7 (m/s) in co‐current and counter‐current direction of water flow in sedimentation tank were applied on the surface of the water. In this study, k–ε turbulent model and passive scalar tracer were used to perform the simulations. The research confirms that wind influence on the surface of water causes recirculation zones and increases the length of recirculation zones. In both windy and normal situation, the Real Hydraulic Retention Time and the effective volume of sedimentation tanks increases widely as the depth of the tank.