激光陷阱引导神经细胞生长方向的研究

激光陷阱技术是近年来发展起来的一种非接触的操纵技术,它在生命科学领域取得了许多开创性成果,作者用特别设计的倒置式激光陷阱放在生长锥的前方来引导生长锥的生长方向,通过对生长锥施以持续的作用力,作者在实验上成功地引导了神经细胞生长锥的生长方向,并讨论了激光陷阱引导神经细胞生长的分子生物学基础。对这种新的引导神经细胞定向生长的方法的研究,可能对神经轴突的定向生长机制、控制神经再生产生非常积极的影响。     

激光诱导神经生长

借助于英国科研人员的研究,人们对激光如何用于神经细胞的修复和生长的理解更加深刻了.他们利用线性光阱(optical line trap)激发和引导神经细胞的生长,并希望有一天该技术能用于人类神经系统脊髓外伤的修复.     

复合栅控二极管新技术提取热载流子诱生的NMOS/SOI器件界面陷阱的横向分布

提出了用复合栅控二极管新技术提取MOS/SOI器件界面陷阱沿沟道横向分布的原理,给出了具体的测试步骤和方法.在此基础上,对具有体接触的NMOS/SOI器件进行了具体的测试和分析,给出了不同的累积应力时间下的界面陷阱沿沟道方向的横向分布.结果表明:随累积应力时间的增加,不仅漏端边界的界面陷阱峰值上升,而且沿沟道方向,界面陷阱从漏端不断向源端增生.     

复合栅控二极管新技术提取热载流子诱生的NMOS/SOI器件界面陷阱的横向分布

提出了用复合栅控二极管新技术提取MOS/SOI器件界面陷阱沿沟道横向分布的原理,给出了具体的测试步骤和方法.在此基础上,对具有体接触的NMOS/SOI器件进行了具体的测试和分析,给出了不同的累积应力时间下的界面陷阱沿沟道方向的横向分布.结果表明:随累积应力时间的增加,不仅漏端边界的界面陷阱峰值上升,而且沿沟道方向,界面陷阱从漏端不断向源端增生.     

Cr∶Mg_2SiO_4激光晶体的发光机理

掺铬镁橄榄石(Cr∶Mg_2SiO_4)是一种新型激光晶体,可获得可调谐的近红外激光。但其发光机理尚不清楚。作者从实验上用激光诱导荧光法研究了它的发射光谱,并从理论上计算和解释了发光中心的结构和机理。 实验样品是自己生长和加工的,尺寸为14×14×20(mm)~3。泵浦激光的波长分别为0.532μm、0.64μm和1.064μm,用偏振激发方式,在不同方向上得到了结构不同的荧光辐射。实验表明,泵浦光的偏振矢量相对于晶体轴的方向对辐射带的结构有重要影响。泵浦波长为0.532μm时,荧光辐射谱有两个带,带峰分别     

激光超高温度梯度快速定向凝固研究

研究了激光重熔工艺参数对三种不同成分的Cu Mn合金重熔区微观组织生长方向的影响。结果表明 ,熔池中微观组织的生长方向强烈地受激光工艺参数 (激光输出功率和扫描速度 )和合金成分的影响。通过选择合适的工艺参数 ,实现了与Bridgman法类似的超高温度梯度快速定向凝固 ,其温度梯度可高达 10 6 K m ,速度可高达 2 4mm s。利用激光表面熔凝技术实现超高温度梯度快速定向凝固的关键在于 :1)在激光熔池内获得与激光扫描速度方向一致的温度梯度 ;2 )根据合金凝固特性选择适当的激光工艺参数以获得胞晶组织。     

生物传感器芯片拓展神经科学

德国Infineon技术公司和马克斯普朗克生化研究所(MPI)成功地把一种新研制的生物传感器芯片和活神经细胞连接起来,读取神经细胞产生的电信号。这个在最近在旧金山召开的国际固态电路会议上发布并命名为Neuro-Chip的芯片有望使神经生物和神经化学研究人员获得对人体神经细胞、神经组织和有机神经网络的生物功能的检测活性神经组织的电信号(b)Neuro-Chip新认识。此外,该芯片还可以实现用活神经细胞试验制药化合物,将有助于开发新药。Infineon负责半导体技术,MPI负责神经细胞和芯片的连接。第一批试验测量了蜗牛脑神经细胞发出的电信号。N…     

激光诱导化学在微电子技术中的应用

在集成电路发展的早期,固体物理和材料科学是微电子学的基础。目前,化学,特别是包括二个不同相的异相化学(气相和固相)在制造微电子学电路方面起着越来越重要的作用。激光诱导异相化学反应在制作微电子学元器件上应用很广。这些异相化学反应的研究又促进了固体表面光化学反应的研究。激光诱导化学工艺在微电子学应用方面的发展吸引了许多学者。开始是用激光产生化学反应,以制备特殊的化学试剂或者分离同位素。当前激光控制亚毫米范围的反应是一个重要的研究课题。在固体表面固定区域产生的化学反应可能性导致了半导体新工艺的出现。这种化学反应不同     

激光淬火基体对铬层表面形貌的影响

为了揭示激光淬火基体对电镀铬层表面形貌的影响,采用激光离散淬火基体的方法对镀铬层表面形貌进行了研究。铬层表面形成了与离散基体对应的、密实球状组织条带和疏散球状组织条带离散相间的周期性形貌;密实球状组织条带对应着原始基体区,而疏散球状组织条带则对应着激光淬火区。借助于高分辨率扫描电镜,利用化学腐蚀基体和粒子束刻蚀法分别对铬层界面和厚度方向组织形貌的进行了实验分析。结果表明,铬层表面形成了与其对应的周期性形貌,其机理是铬层界面周期形貌和铬层不同的生长方式,将激光离散基体特征传递给了铬层表面。     

调Q脉冲YAG三波长激光诱导液相沉积Si基Ni-Pd-P纳米膜

使用脉冲三波长Nd：YAG激光实现了室温下半导体硅上化学沉积Ni-Pd-P纳米膜。SEM结果表明,激光诱导化学沉积Ni-Pd－P纳米膜具有良好的选择性。经STM测试发现,由于激光作用,镀层不仅沿表面生长,而且在厚度方向上也不断增厚。极化曲线测试表明,短时间激光诱导沉积的Ni-Pd-P纳米膜具有优异的析氢催化性能。     

采用角度分集接收技术的光学天线设计

为了克服可见光通信系统中码间干扰的影响,利用角度分集接收技术,提出了在半球体上分布多个朝向不同的光锥作为光学接收天线新方法。应用Zemax光学设计软件,结合Matlab工具和Origin软件的数据处理分析,通过仿真单个光锥在不同半顶角取值时小端面上的光强值随光线入射角的变化量,拟合得到了相应的函数表达式和曲线图;并在光锥集光器分布夹角的数值分析基础上,根据同一个光信号在相邻两个光锥小端面上的光强关系,确定了光锥两两之间的夹角,给出了具体的布局设计方案;最后讨论了整个半球系统上总光强的接收情况。     

Anisotropic Wettability of Biomimetic Micro/Nano Dual‐Scale Inclined Cones Fabricated by Ferrofluid‐Molding Method

Learning from nature, a series of cone‐shaped structures resembling trichomes of plants are fabricated by ferrofluid molding to understand the influence of geometry on wettability. Experimentally, ferrofluid microdroplets are generated under an external magnetic field, and their shape can be changed from right cones into oblique cones by tilting the external magnetic field. Followed by hard molds made with UV‐curable tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane microcones with different inclination angle (θ) are subsequently generated. Nickel thin film is deposited onto the microcones to form micro/nano dual‐scale structures. The largest contact angle (CA) is obtained in nickel‐deposited right cones (CA = 163.1° ± 2.5°). Anisotropic wettability is exhibited in oblique cones and the retention forces in the pin and release directions differ up to 12 μN (cones θ = 50°). As explained by a model as a function of the inclination angle of the cone structures, the contact and retention forces of droplet move in pin and release directions exhibit considerable differences. Results suggest the inclination of the trichomes assist the balance between repellency and retention of water in a direction‐selective manner.     

一种新型的中性原子交流电磁囚禁

提出了一种新型的冷原子强场seeking态磁势阱 ,利用的是原子在交变四极场中受到的梯度力。计算结果表明通过选择合适的参数 ,可以控制势阱在轴向和径向的势阱深度。在得到一个径向势阱深度达 0 6mK ,纵向深度为 0 5mK的交流磁势阱 ,可以将温度为～ 10 0 μK的冷原子囚禁在径向 1mm ,纵向 4mm的范围内。如果撤消轴向囚禁 ,还可以获得一个径向囚禁深度为 1 8mK ,能将温度为～ 10 0 μK的冷原子囚禁在径向 5 0 μm范围内的新型磁导管。     

Fields in Planar Anisotropic Transmission-Line Metamaterials

An electromagnetic analysis of wave propagation in planar anisotropic transmission-line metamaterials is presented. It is shown that a planar square-celled grid, series-loaded with orthogonal inductors and capacitors and positioned over a ground plane, is magnetically anisotropic and may be described in terms of a diagonal permeability tensor. Resonance cone field concentrations form when two of the three diagonal elements of the permeability tensor are opposite in sign and the dispersion surface becomes hyperbolic. A theoretical treatment of an electric line current source excitation shows that the formation of resonance cones is a consequence of the singularity associated with the characteristic surface of a hyperbolic equation. The resonance cone angle, which also describes the direction of local power flow in the region between the grid and the ground plane, can be predicted to a good degree of accuracy. To the authors' best knowledge, the present work also verifies experimentally for the first time that current flow reverses direction across the resonance cone. Experiments, simulations, and analytical calculations of the cone angle are in good agreement.     

The effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on neurites from embryonic mouse spinal cord explants in culture

The calcium channel ionophore A23187 has been shown to cause a striking reduction in both the rate of neurite outgrowth and in growth cone motility; it has also been shown that these changes may be reversed when the ionophore is removed from the culture medium. The evidence supports the view that a specific concentration range of calcium is essential for outgrowth and motility and that calcium influences neuronal growth by an effect on actin structures within the growth cone. Using time-lapse video microscopy techniques, the effects of calcium ionophore A23187 on the rate of neurite outgrowth and growth cone motility in cultured embryonic mouse spinal cord neurons were examined. Concentrations in the range of 1-100 microM resulted in an inhibition of neuronal outgrowth, a loss of filopodia and a significant reduction in survival after seven hours. The results show that although the treatment with A23187 inhibited growth at all concentrations used, motility was inhibited only at the highest concentration indicating that the optimum calcium concentration for motility is higher than that for growth and that calcium mediates its effects on growth and motility at a very local level.     

Biconical antennas with unequal cone angles

The problem of radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves associated with a spherically capped biconical antenna having unequal cone angles ψ₁ and ψ₂ is investigated. Both cones that comprise a bicone are excited symmetrically at the apices by a voltage source so that the only higher order modes are TM. A variational expression for the terminal admittance is derived. Under the wide-angle approximation, expressions for the radiated field, the effective height, and the terminal admittance are obtained. In addition, limiting values of these quantities are derived for electrically small and electrically large wide-angle bicones. The results for arbitrary cone angles are new and subsume results that appear in the existing literature as special cases such as where ψ₁=ψ₂ or ψ₂=π/2. Moreover, the approximations of this paper are more accurate than many in the literature. It is argued that the radiation pattern of an electrically small cone is proportional to sin &thetas;, which is similar to that of a short dipole; whereas the pattern behaves like 1/sin &thetas; for electrically large cones. The parameter &thetas; is the angle from the bicone's axis of symmetry to the observation direction. Consequently, the direction of maximum radiation changes with exciting frequency for a bicone of fixed length. Although most of the analyses are presented in the frequency-domain, time-domain responses of bicones are discussed for some special cases that are similar to situations considered by Harrison and Williams. In particular, the time-domain radiated field and the received voltage are shown to depend on the input's passband and on the match between the source and the bicone     

A UTD type analysis of the plane wave scattering by a fullyilluminated perfectly conducting cone

A uniform high-frequency asymptotic solution, based on the physical optics (PO) approximation, is obtained in the format of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) to describe the fields diffracted by the tip of a semi-infinite, perfectly conducting cone when it is fully illuminated by an electromagnetic plane wave. The solution is expressed in terms of an integral, over finite limits which can be integrated numerically without difficulty. The results computed from the uniform asymptotic PO solution compare well with previously published results given for narrow-angle semi-infinite cones. In addition, they compare well with measurement and with an independent moment method (MM) solution for the scattering by a finite flat-backed cone in which several higher order wave interactions are found to be significant; one such interaction is between the tip and the base of the cone. Expressions are provided which are useful for calculating this tip-base interaction and confirm its relative importance. These expressions also provide tip diffraction effects which are important within the forward paraxial zone for the radiation by antennas on cones     

Electromagnetic scattering from finite circular and elliptic cones

A formulation based on the physical theory of diffraction (PTD) is presented for finite conical surfaces with circular and elliptic cross sections. The base-rim discontinuity is represented by equivalent currents, including second-order terms extended for elliptic boundaries. Tip-rim interactions are examined as a function of the tip-rim distance, cone angle, and illumination angle for circular cones; and their implication for elliptic cones is noted. The diffraction contribution from tip-rim interactions is shown to be dependent on the cone angle and the illumination angle but to be relatively insensitive to the tip-rim distance. The Fock Ansatz is used to enlarge the validity of the PTD formulation to cases where nonspecular effects arising from surface curvature and shadow boundaries are significant. The formulation is applied to cones with varying ellipticity for axial and oblique illumination. Correlation is made with published results for circular cones and with experimental data for an elliptic cone.     

Geometric-Optical Bidirectional Reflectance Modeling of a Conifer Forest Canopy

A geometric-optical forest canopy model that treats conifers as cones casting shadows on a contrasting background explains the major anisotropies in bidirectional reflectance measurements of a conifer forest canopy taken from the literature. The model uses parallelray geometry to describe the illumination and viewing of conifers as three-dimensional cones. Cones are randomly placed and overlap freely. Cone size (height) is distributed lognormally, and cone form, described by the apex angle of the cone, is a negative exponential function of height. The cones are first presumed to be solid dark gray Lambertian objects, located on a lighter gray Lambertian background. To add realism, "translucence" is added and light is allowed to pass through cones with negative exponential attenuation. Both computer simulation and analytical closed-form expressions are implemented. The results show a good qualitative agreement with the directional reflectance measurements of the conifer stand, indicating that the three-dimensional nature of the canopy is a key factor in determining its directional reflectance.