NiO@ZnO纳米核壳结构的制备、光催化与光电流响应性质

利用电化学法在碳布衬底上制备出尺寸均匀、重复性好的ZnO纳米棒、NiO纳米片及NiO@ZnO纳米复合物,利用扫描电子显微镜,X射线衍射对材料的形貌与晶体结构进行表征。对材料进行光催化降解罗丹明B的实验,结果表明,NiO@ZnO纳米核壳结构具有更优异的降解效果。并且NiO@ZnO纳米核壳结构的光电流响应明显高于纯ZnO和纯NiO。这些良好的光电性质归因于ZnO和NiO之间形成的p-n结有助于光生载流子的分离。     

基于温稳段微波能量调控对制备纳米ZnO形貌及性能的影响

针对微波常压水热法,通过增设热管快速冷却而提高温度稳定段微波能量制备纳米氧化锌,以探究温稳段微波辐射能量增加对合成ZnO的影响,并在此基础上添加不同表面活性剂(柠檬酸钠、草酸钠)制备ZnO探究其性能。利用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),紫外-可见光漫反射和降解罗丹明B的光催化实验对样品结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,随着温稳段微波能量增加,ZnO明显偏向片状结构,其光学带隙最大可减少0.13 eV,表现出对高功率下微波能量变化的敏感,进一步添加表面活性剂形成三维ZnO结构,以草酸钠为表面活性剂的ZnO吸光峰红移明显。光催化实验表明,同功率下,提高微波辐射能量制备的ZnO在90 min后降解率可提高20%,表面活性剂草酸钠制备的ZnO120 min内降解率可达到99%以上,表现出优异的光催化性能。     

微波辅助法合成纳米CeO2/ZnO光催化剂及其光催化性能研究

采用微波辅助共沉淀法制备了纳米CeO_2/ZnO光催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪以及紫外-可见吸收光谱仪对催化剂样品进行结构表征。以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标降解物对催化剂样品进行光催化降解实验。结果表明:合成的纳米CeO_2/ZnO光催化剂由立方相的CeO_2及六方相ZnO组成,且CeO_2与ZnO较好地复合在一起;该催化剂在紫外区域吸收性能良好。光催化降解RhB实验表明,在质量浓度0.2g/L、pH=8条件下,催化剂光催化性能最佳。     

Fe（Ⅲ）-taPc/ZnONWs/SiO2三元复合光催化剂的制备和性能

采用晶种原位形成与水热合成法,在SiO2大孔材料中原位生长出氧化锌纳米线(ZnO NWs)。纳米线是由六方纤锌矿型氧化锌晶体构成,在孔道内呈现无规纳米线团形貌,且分散良好、结构稳定,其直径为15-20 nm。ZnO NWs/SiO2复合能有效负载四羧基酞菁铁(Fe(Ⅲ)-taPc),最高负载量(质量分数)为11.5%。进一步制备出Fe(Ⅲ)-taPc/ZnO NWs/SiO2三元复合光催化剂,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)、Raman光谱(Raman)对其进行表征,并以有机染料罗丹明B为目标降解物考察了其可见光光催化降解性能。结果表明,在可见光照射下三元催化剂能快速催化降解罗丹明B,降解反应遵守一级动力学方程。Fe(Ⅲ)-taPc负载量(质量分数)为3.5%的三元复合光催化剂显示出最高的活性,在60 min内使罗丹明B的降解率达到98.6%,ZnO NWs的存在使Fe(Ⅲ)-taPc的光催化活性平均提高77%。6次循环使用后三元复合催化剂的活性没有明显下降,表明催化剂性能稳定,可重复使用多次。     

氧化锌/铈纳米材料的微波合成及其光催化性能研究

采用微波辐射-焙烧法合成了ZnO/Ce纳米光催化剂,利用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、X-射线能谱和紫外-可见光谱等技术对ZnO/Ce的晶相结构、表面形貌和光催化性能等进行表征。以罗丹明B脱色降解为模型反应,考察不同合成条件对光催化性能的影响。结果表明:最佳条件为2-甲基咪唑和二水合乙酸锌物质的量比为10∶1,微波辐射12min(650W),无水乙醇为溶剂,马弗炉550℃煅烧5h,铈含量为2%,可以得到纯度高、颗粒小、光降解效果好的ZnO/Ce纳米材料。该材料不仅合成时间短,45min内太阳光下对罗丹明B的降解率为97.1%,较纯ZnO提高了26.6%,降解反应过程符合准一级动力学模型。     

ZnO/TiO_2纳米管的制备及光降解性能研究

采用水热法合成TiO2纳米管,在碱性条件下与乙酸锌的无水乙醇溶液反应,得到表面负载ZnO的TiO2复合纳米管(ZnO/TNTs),并研究了复合纳米管在紫外光照射下对罗丹明B的光催化降解性能。通过透射电镜(TEM)、电子衍射能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)对所合成的材料进行了表征。结果表明,TiO2纳米管管径约5~10nm,管长约0.1~1μm;经ZnO表面修饰后,纳米管的结构没有发生明显变化,且ZnO粒子呈六方晶系纤锌矿结构均匀分散在纳米管的外表面,粒径约为6nm;光谱分析表明,ZnO/TNTs的吸收光谱有明显红移;且ZnO/TNTs的光催化活性较锐钛矿型TiO2纳米粉末、ZnO纳米粉末和TiO2纳米管有显著提高,且其光催化性能重复性好。     

含共轭结构的ZnO/聚乙烯醇复合光催化材料的制备与性能

以ZnO和NaOH为原料,采用低温水热法合成纳米ZnO 半导体材料,并与聚乙烯醇（PVA）水溶液在超声作用下混合,通过直接煅烧制备出PVA中含共轭双键碳链结构（C）的ZnO/PVA_C复合光催化材料。采用 SEM、XRD、FTIR、Raman和UV-Vis DRS对样品进行表征。结果表明:ZnO/PVA_C复合光催化材料由结晶性能良好的纳米ZnO和具有共轭结构的聚合物组成,且界面间通过化学键Zn-O-C相连接;在模拟太阳光照射下,ZnO/PVA_C复合光催化材料对光的吸收响应可扩展到整个可见光区,并产生较高光电流。光催化性能测试结果表明,ZnO/PVA_C复合光催化材料对罗丹明B的降解催化性能（30 min降解率接近于100%）明显高于纯纳米ZnO。      

电泳沉积法制备ZnO/SnO_2复合薄膜及其光催化性能研究

在导电玻璃FTO基底上,利用电泳沉积技术成功制备了ZnO/SnO2复合薄膜,并对样品进行了SEM和XRD表征,并以降解罗丹明B为模型反应,考察不同条件下制备的复合薄膜的光催化活性。结果表明电泳沉积时间为20min时,可得到表面致密均匀的ZnO薄膜,膜厚为0.5μm,且随着电泳沉积时间的延长,薄膜的光催化速率不断增加,沉积时间为20min时,光催化速率达到最大（0.016min-1）,如此优异的光催化性能可能是由于异质结构光催化剂ZnO/SnO2减小光生电子-空穴的复合几率,提高了复合催化剂的光催化效率。此外,还研究了热处理温度对ZnO/SnO2复合薄膜光催化效率的影响,结果发现在300℃热处理的光催化薄膜对罗丹明B的降解率最好,活性最高。     

具有核壳结构的纳米CaCO3@SiO2的制备与表征

采用简单的溶胶-沉淀法制备了具有核壳结构的纳米CaCO3@SiO2复合产物。用X-射线衍射、电子扫描显微镜、X-射线能谱以及耐酸性测试等方法对粒子的包覆效果、化学组成等做了分析和表征。结果表明,用硬脂酸改性后的碳酸钙比较容易包覆无机的SiO2,SiO2在CaCO3表面包覆后形成了CaCO3为核,SiO2为壳的核壳结构。     

表面疏水性纳米TiO2颗粒的制备及光催化性能

在70℃水解钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)时加入十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),无需热处理就能得到准球形锐钛矿结构的纳米TiO2.这种TiO2粉具有强疏水性,漂浮于水溶液的表面,可通过过滤手段与溶液分离.应用透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对TiO2粉进行了形貌观察和晶体结构的测定.研究了反应体系pH值的变化对TiO2粉结构的影响.FT-IR光谱证明在酸性条件下SDS分子吸附于TiO2颗粒的表面.颗粒尺寸增大引起Rama峰、紫外吸收峰的红移,表现出量子尺寸效应.在对罗丹明B的光催化降解反应中,表面吸附SDS的TiO2粉显示出很强的光催化活性,在50 min内催化降解了100%罗丹明B.     

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of ZnO/NiO nanocomposites and kinetic study of their photocatalytic activity

In the present study, a facile ultrasonic-assisted method was developed for the synthesis of ZnO/NiO nanocomposites. The X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques was applied for characterization of structure, purity, morphology and optical properties of the resultant samples. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized ZnO/NiO nanocomposites was evaluated by monitoring the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV light irradiation. Moreover, the influence of various parameters, such as molar percentage of NiO to ZnO, initial RhB concentration, pH of solution and photocatalyst weight was studied. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/NiO nanocomposite was higher than that of pure ZnO and NiO.     

The morphology-dependent photocatalysis for rhodamine B degradation over Bi2WO6 hierarchical nanostructure

In this paper, the nanostructured Bi2WO6 with different hierarchical morphologies was synthesized via a warmly hydrothermal route. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared Bi2WO6 products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and N2-sorption analysis. The photocatalytic efficiency of Bi2WO6 was investigated by photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible-light irradiation. The present work demonstrated that Bi2WO6 with four different hierarchical structures was effective visible-light-driven photocatalytic functional material for environmental purification. Moreover, the nest-like Bi2WO6 exhibited superior photocatalytic effects on rhodamine B degradation compared with other three Bi2WO6 morphologies. The excellent catalytic effect of the nest-like Bi2WO6 was attributed to its unique structural property and large surface area. The relationship between morphology and photocatalytic performance was discussed in detail. The photocatalytic mechanism for the degradation of RhB was also investigated, which revealed the important role of morphology in improving the photocatalyitc activities of Bi2WO6.     

Hydrothermal synthesis,characterisation and photocatalytic properties of BiOIO3 nanoplatelets

In this work, BiOIO₃ nanoplatelets were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterised by energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared BiOIO₃ nanoplatelets were evaluated by photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated solar light. The results showed that the change of temperature within a certain range has almost no influence on the morphology and size of BiOIO₃ nanoplatelets. However, it had an obvious effect on the photocatalytic performance of BiOIO₃ nanoplatelets. The results showed that the BiOIO₃ sample synthesised at 130 °C exhibited the highest photocatalytic activities compared to others, with RhB completely decomposed in 80 min. The products with proper crystallinity formed at 130 °C have the optimal rate of RhB photodegradation. It indicated that the most favourable crystallinity made it beneficial to improve the photocatalytic activity. The possible mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction based on deep analysis and the experimental results was discussed in detail.     

Photodegradation pathway of rhodamine B with novel Au nanorods @ ZnO microspheres driven by visible light irradiation

A series of Au–ZnO photocatalysts were successfully synthesized from ZnO microspheres impregnated with Au nanorods by the seed-mediated method, and their photocatalytic activity of degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated. The nanocomposite catalyst exhibited high photocatalytic activity and degraded 92% of RhB solution under visible light irradiation in 330 min. The enhancement of photocatalytic effects was mainly ascribed to the surface plasmon resonance effect of Au nanorods; therefore, Au–ZnO spheres can absorb resonant photons and transfer the electron to the conduction band (CB) of ZnO leading to the separation of electrons and holes under visible light. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic performance was beneficial from the flower-like porous structure of ZnO, which enhances adsorption of the dye molecules and dissolved oxygen on the catalyst surface and facilitates the electron/hole transfer. Furthermore, the degradation pathway was proposed on the basis of the intermediates during the photodegradation process using liquid chromatography analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC–MS). The degradation mechanism of pollutant is ascribed to the superoxide radicals (^·O^2?), which is the main oxidative species for the N-deethylated degradation of RhB. Moreover, the Au–ZnO photocatalysts demonstrated excellent photostability after five cycles. This work provides a facile and effective approach for removal of organic dyes under visible light and thus can be potentially used in the environmental purification.     

Shape-controlled synthesis of bare ZnO nanomaterials with improved photoactivity and photostability

ABSTRACT

Understanding the growth mechanisms of nanomaterials usually leads to the successful preparation of targeted micro-structures with excellent properties. In this paper, flower-like and roughly spherical ZnO nanocrystals have been successfully synthesised through facile wet chemical methods, i.e. hydrothermal pathways and homogeneous precipitation method. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared photocatalysts were evaluated by degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and phenol under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Remarkably, the ZnO powder via homogeneous precipitation (urea/Zn²⁺?=?2.0) exhibited better photocatalytic performance and photostability than those of flower-like ZnO substrate. The enhanced photocatalytic properties could be attributed to more active catalytic sites and effective separation of carriers, which were confirmed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, photocurrent responses, and photoluminescence spectral analysis. A possible mechanism for the excellent photocatalytic activity of ZnO substrates was proposed.     

Visible light induced photocatalytic performance of Mn-SnO2@ZnO nanocomposite for high efficient cationic dye degradation

In this work, we have synthesized Mn-doped SnO₂@ZnO nanocomposite for photo degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes upon visible light irradiation. The crystal structure, functional group, optical absorption, defect related emission, morphology, purity and binding energy state of synthesized samples were identified by using various analytical tools. The crystal structure revealed the rutile tetragonal, hexagonal wurtzite for SnO₂ and ZnO samples and the average crystal sizes were found in the range of 23.3 nm to 16.7 nm for the synthesized samples. The optical absorption peaks were shifted to higher wavelength side and optical band gap values were found between 3.52 eV and 2.77 eV which confirm the formation of hetero-junction of SnO₂@ZnO composites. The field emission scanning electron spectroscopy (FESEM) revealed the spherical grain morphology for pure and composite samples. The energy dispersive spectra (EDS) and element mapping confirms the purity of the synthesized samples. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the composition and energy state of Mn⁴⁺, Sn⁴⁺ and Zn²⁺ for composite samples. The photocatalytic degradation results clearly indicate that the Mn-doped SnO₂@ZnO nanocomposite has higher degradation efficiency of 98% and 92% for the Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes, respectively and is higher than the other synthesized samples. The present study reveals a low cost and highly efficient photo-catalyst which works up on visible light irradiation for the purification of waste water from industries.

     

Fabrication and photocatalysis of mesoporous ZnWO4 with PAMAM as a template

Mesoporous ZnWO₄ was prepared with the template of PAMAM. The as-formed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen absorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). It is found that the size of pore is in the range of 5-22 nm and that the porosity of ZnWO₄ is composed of aggregated ZnWO₄ nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activities towards degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and malachite green (MG) under UV light has been investigated. The formation mechanism of mesoporous structures is proposed.     

Preparation of C60(O)n-ZnO nanocomposite under electric furnace and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized sonochemically by applying ultrasonic irradiation to a mixed aqueous-alcoholic solution of zinc nitrate with sodium hydroxide at room temperature. The morphology and optical properties of the ZnO nanoparticles were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The C60(O)n nanoparticles were synthesized by heating a mixture of C60 and 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in a benzene solvent under the reflux system. The heated C60(O)n-ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized in an electric furnace at 700 degrees C for two hours. The heated C60(O)n-ZnO nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM, and examined as a catalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic effect of the heated C60(O)n-ZnO nanocomposite was evaluated by a comparison with that of unheated C60(O)n nanoparticles, heated C60(O)n nanoparticles, and unheated C60(O)n-ZnO in organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet light at 365 nm.     

热处理对Ag-ZnO异质结构光催化性能的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法制备纯ZnO和Ag修饰ZnO复合光催化剂,并分别对其进行了400℃、450℃、500℃保温2 h的热处理。使用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、PL、BET等手段对其进行了表征。结果表明,纯ZnO和Ag修饰ZnO均为六方纤锌矿晶型,Ag颗粒沉积在ZnO表面形成了Ag-ZnO异质结构。以罗丹明B为目标污染物研究了样品的光催化活性。结果表明,热处理温度对纯ZnO的光催化性能的影响较大,在450℃热处理后光催化效果最佳;热处理温度对Ag修饰ZnO的光催化性能没有显著的影响;Ag修饰ZnO比纯ZnO的光催化活性均有所提高,因为Ag修饰提高了ZnO表面羟基的含量并抑制了光生电子与空穴的复合。在500℃热处理后Ag修饰ZnO对罗丹明B的60 min降解率达到98%,其反应速率常数为0.063 min^-1。     

类石墨相氮化碳二维纳米片的制备及可见光催化性能研究

以三聚氰胺为原料制备类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4),采用球磨与超声联用技术制备g-C3N4二维纳米片. 利用X 射线衍射光谱(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、荧光(PL)光谱等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明: g-C3N4二维纳米片具有与体相g-C3N4相同的晶体结构,片层结构仅有5个原子层厚.g-C3N4二维纳米片增加了对可见光的吸收,提高了光生电子-空穴对的分离效率.以染料罗丹明B的降解反应研究了g-C3N4二维纳米片在可见光下的催化性能. 结果表明,球磨超声1 h后制备的g-C3N4二维纳米片表现出最佳的光催化性能, 150 min 内对罗丹明B的降解率高达94%,是体相g-C3N4的2 倍.