B样条曲线C2连续混合

提出了一种新的B样条曲线混合方法。混合曲线是一条整体三次B样条曲线。裁剪后原曲线上的数据点、两个裁剪点、新增数据点以及中间连接点组成数据点列,混合曲线即插值于该数据点列。通过插入新增数据点,使混合曲线上两个裁剪点外侧附近的形状与原曲线完全匹配。混合曲线上两个裁剪点之间的中间部分的形状与光顺性可通过调节两个参数值加以控制。     

A structured approach to the automatic planning of machining operations for rotational parts based on computer integration of standard design and process data

The traditional procedure for developing a manufacturing process plan involves a number of interconnected steps beginning with the initial design and culminating in the instructions for the machine that makes the part. When performed manually, the procedure is very tedious, time consuming, and often, inconsistent. This paper presents an alternative method, called the Automated Machining-Operations Process-Planning System (AMOPPS), to automatically generate the process plan and the numerical control (NC) instructions to machine a part that has been previously designed by a computer-aided design (CAD) system. AMOPPS combines preset planning logic and data from three databases (viz., workpiece material, machine tool, and cutting tool) with appropriate data from a CAD database and information from the user about the workpiece to calculate the optimal machining parameters, print a process plan, print the corresponding NC program listing, and provide an on-screen animation of the cutting passes. Although AMOPPS is a prototype, it can be extended by adding other modules, and it does provide a structure through which a fully integrated manufacturing system can be developed.     

Wear and friction characteristics of atmospheric plasma sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr coatings

ABSTRACT

The present work focuses on investigating the wear and friction characteristics of the Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings deposited onto the surface of die steel material. The as-sprayed specimens were characterized. The coating porosity, bond strength and microhardness values were evaluated. Wear tests were performed on the high-temperature pin-on-disc tribometer at room temperatures, 400°C and 800°C under two loads as 25N and 50N in the laboratory. The wear mechanisms of all the worn-out samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The specific wear rates and the coefficient of friction values were analyzed. The developed coating showed better wear resistance than its uncoated counterpart. The coefficient of friction values for coated specimens decreased at elevated temperatures. At room temperatures, the wear mode was observed to be adhesive and further at elevated temperatures of testing, the wear mode was observed to be the combination of oxidative, adhesive and abrasive.     

Resonance Rayleigh Scattering of K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 Nanoparticles and its Application for the Determination of Vitamin C

Abstract

In Britton-Robinson buffer medium, (pH 4.43), potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) could react with vitamin C (VC) to produce potassium ferrocyanide (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]), which further reacted with Zn²⁺ to form potassium zinc hexacyanoferate K₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ nanoparticles. The shapes and diameters of the K₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ nanoparticles have been observed with transmission electron microscopy, which showed the shapes of these nanoparticles was cubic and their average sizes were about 50 nm in the presence of 2.0 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 VC. The characteristics of resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) spectra of this reaction have been studied. The optimum reaction condition for the determination of VC has been investigated. It was found that the RRS intensity of the system at the RRS peak of 363.4 nm was proportional to the VC concentration in the range of 4.0?80.0 µmol L^?1, and the detection limit (3σ) for VC was 0.075 µmol L^?1. A novel and simple RRS method for the determination of VC based on the formation of K₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ nanoparticles has been established.     

A study on the finite element preprocessing for the analysis and design with discontinuous composites

A strategy of finite element (FE) preprocessing of discontinuous fiber or whisker reinforced composite materials for mechanical analysis and design has been treated in this paper. The procedures were based on the calculation of the error in energy norm for global convergence and the traction differential approach at fiber/matrix interface for local convergence. The mesh refinement strategy was intended to theh-based generalized approach using the elongated element at the fiber/matrix interface, which yields significantly different patterns from those obtained by conventional mesh refinement procedures. This difference may have a critical bearing on the subsequent thermo-mechanical properties predicted by the finite element analysis (FFA). It was found that the FE mesh design of adequate element aspect ratio at the fiber/matrix interface results in a much more rapid computational convergence rate than that obtained by the conventional approach.     

A novel approach for recognition of control chart patterns: Type-2 fuzzy clustering optimized support vector machine

Unnatural patterns in the control charts can be associated with a specific set of assignable causes for process variation. Hence, pattern recognition is very useful in identifying the process problems. In this study, a multiclass SVM (SVM) based classifier is proposed because of the promising generalization capability of support vector machines. In the proposed method type-2 fuzzy c-means (T2FCM) clustering algorithm is used to make a SVM system more effective. The fuzzy support vector machine classifier suggested in this paper is composed of three main sub-networks: fuzzy classifier sub-network, SVM sub-network and optimization sub-network. In SVM training, the hyper-parameters plays a very important role in its recognition accuracy. Therefore, cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) is proposed for selecting appropriate parameters of the classifier. Simulation results showed that the proposed system has very high recognition accuracy.     

Tribological characteristics of low-pressure plasma-sprayed A12O3 coating from room temperature to 800 °C

The tribological characteristics of low-pressure plasma-sprayed (LPPS) Al₂O₃ coating sliding against alumina ball have been investigated from room temperature to 800 °C. These friction and wear data have been compared quantitatively with those of bulk sintered alumina to obtain a better understanding of wear mechanisms at elevated temperatures. The friction and wear of Al₂O₃ coating show a strong dependence on temperature, changing from a mild to a severe wear regime with the increase of temperature. The coefficient of friction at room temperature is approximately 0.17 to 0.42, depending on applied load. The tribochemical reaction between the coating surface and water vapor in the environment and the presence of the hydroxide film on the Al₂O₃ coating reduce the friction and wear at room temperature as contrasted to those of bulk sintered alumina. At intermediate temperatures, from 400 to 600 °C, the friction and wear behavior of Al₂O₃ coating depends on the inter-granular fracture and pull-out of Al₂O₃ grains. At above 700 °C, formation and deformation of fine grain layer, and abrasive wear in the form of removal of fine alumina grains further facilitate the friction and wear process of Al₂O₃ coating.     

CO2 erosion–corrosion of pipeline steel (API X65) in oil and gas conditions—A systematic approach

A systematic study of pipeline steel (API X65) degradation due to erosion–corrosion containing sand in a CO₂ saturated environment has been carried out. This work focuses on the total material loss, corrosion, erosion and their interactions (synergy) as a function of environmental parameters (temperature, flow velocity and sand content) to enable the critical conditions, which move the damage mechanism from a flow-induced corrosion regime to erosion–corrosion regime, to be determined.The experimental results show that the effect of corrosion in enhancing erosion, often referred to as the synergy, is significant and accounts for a high proportion of the deviation of measured material loss from the prediction derived from established CO₂ corrosion models. Ways forward to improve erosion–corrosion prediction are discussed.     

Addressing Surface Error Problems Found when Using Multiple Axis Milling for the Manufacture of Turbine Impellers

This paper addresses the phenomenon of circular dots, which often occur on the component surface as a result of 5-axis machining. These dots occur typically at the interface of two or more patches owing to the cutter fouling adjoining surfaces whilst machining is being undertaken on a particular patch. The action described above forms a half-dot in the adjoining surface. This is made into a full dot, when, during the machin-ing of the second surface, the first surface is fouled. This paper is concerned with an industrial case study, namely the machining of a hydraulic transmission turbine impeller blade. The work does not eradicate the dot problem; however, it reduces the occurrence. To achieve a component completely free from the dot problem it was necessary to amend the milling strategy to minimise the motion of the A and B axes. RID=" ID=" <E5>Correspondence and offprint requests to</E5>: Professor D. K. Harrison, Department of Engineering, Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK. E-mail: dha2&commat;gcal.ac.uk