电控喷射稀燃天然气发动机的开发

进行了发动机进气系统、燃烧系统、天然气供给系统、点火系统和电控系统等的设计。研究了天然气发动机稀薄燃烧规律,提出了空燃比分区控制的稀薄燃烧控制方案,实现了不采用EGR情况下NO,排放物的有效控制,仅通过匹配氧化催化转化器,使发动机排放达到了欧Ⅲ（ESC）法规要求。试验结果表明,CA6SE1—21N天然气发动机不仅达到了原柴油机的标定功率水平,而且具有良好的可靠性。     

柴油机改为火花点火式天然气发动机技术研究

结合天然气的特性,通过理论分析,论述了柴油机改为火花点火式天然气发动机所涉及的技术问题,如进气系统、燃烧系统、点火系统、控制策略等。     

机组用天然气发动机开发

以某V型增压水冷柴油机为原型机,新开发HC8V132G机组用天然气发动机。对柴油机进行冷却系统、燃烧系统、进气系统等重新设计,匹配燃气供给系统、点火系统和电控系统。对发动机进行了传感器和性能标定。采用高效稀薄燃烧控制策略,通过氧传感器采集尾气中的O_2含量计算空燃比,控制燃气Trim阀开度,实现燃气进气量的调整,完成发动机实际空燃比和设定空燃比闭环控制。试验结果表明,新开发的机组用天然气发动机达到了功率设计要求。     

LRN6A3L-Q型天然气发动机的开发研究

随着我国燃气汽车技术的不断发展以及西气东输工程的开展,柴油公交车改为压缩天然气汽车的需求将越来越大。将柴油机改造为天然气发动机需要相当大的制造加工工作量,且需进行大量附加设备的选型匹配。本文通过对东方红LR6105ZLQ型柴油机进气系统、燃烧系统、点火系统等进行改进设计研究,开发了LRN6A3L-Q天然气发动机,并对其基本情况和测试结果进行介绍。     

天然气发动机多点顺序喷射技术的开发研究

介绍天然气发动机多点顺序喷射系统的开发研究，试验在原F913C柴油机上进行，对原机的进气系统和燃烧系统进行了改进，采用高能点火。电控系统精确控制点火时刻、燃气喷射量，通过三元催化剂控制排放。发动机通过了动力性和排放的测试，达到了动力性要求并满足欧Ⅱ排放标准。     

满足国家第Ⅳ阶段排放标准天然气发动机的开发

针对用于城市道路交通的单一燃料稀燃天然气发动机进行了深入研究.通过多维燃烧数值模拟计算,设计出直口碗型燃烧室;通过一维燃烧数值模拟设计计算,设计出0°CA气门重叠角的配气相位;通过气道稳流试验设计出较原柴油机涡流比低15%的进气道.通过对进气空气量的控制设计、燃气供气量的控制设计和点火控制设计进行了满足高排放要求的控制系统设计.通过对适应火花点火天然气发动机燃烧过程的燃烧系统设计、燃烧系统的试验研究、工作过程的优化研究、发动机控制策略的研究,开发出了满足国家第Ⅳ阶段(国Ⅳ)排放标准的火花点火稀燃天然气发动机.     

车用稀燃天然气(CNG)发动机的开发研究

采用稀薄燃烧方式，是降低发动机排放和改善经济性的有效手段。在以柴油机为原型机开发的单燃料天然气发动机中，对进气系统和燃烧系统等进行了优化设计，采用了增压中冷、多点顺序喷射、高能直接点火以及综合电控技术，使之达到空燃比的精确控制和高能点火，以实现天然气的稀薄燃烧。同时对研制的样机在稀薄燃烧状态下的性能进行了试验研究，获得了良好的经济性和排放性能。     

6230SG型天然气发动机研发

在对原有的6230柴油机实施技术改造的基础上,进行6230SG型天然气发动机开发.6230SG型天然气发动机遵循稀薄燃烧原理,采用预燃烧室电火花塞点火,逐缸控制燃气进气正时,燃气-空气混合良好,采用每缸一套机械式燃气控制机构设计.型式试验结果表明:6230SG天然气发动机的各项主要技术指标均达到设计要求.该机获得了中国船级社颁发的天然气发动机型式认可证书,实际应用达到预期要求.     

柴油、天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧特性分析

研究了柴油,天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧特性,并着重分析了引燃柴油供给系统参数对双燃料发支持性的影响。以试验为基础,首先简要比较了柴油,天然气双燃料发动机与柴油机的燃烧特性,并对比了负荷对双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响。然后分析了最小循环喷油量,引燃柴油量,引燃油喷射压力,喷嘴参数及供油提前角等引燃柴油供给系统参数对最高爆发压力,燃烧放热率,着火开始时间、累积燃烧放热率等柴油,天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的     

压缩天然气发动机的设计及性能研究

为提升压缩天然气(CNG)发动机的综合性能,从考察、研究压缩天然气理化特性的角度出发,选择在一款柴油机原型机上改装天然气发动机,为天然气发动机设计燃料供给系统、进气系统、点火系统、燃烧系统以及后处理系统,以满足压缩天然气在发动机上的相关燃用要求。对改装设计的压缩天然气发动机开展台架试验研究,分析压缩天然气发动机的负荷特性、速度特性以及万有特性,并综合评价改装后的压缩天然气发动机性能表现。研究结果表明:相比于柴油机原机,改装设计的压缩天然气发动机最大转矩提高约22%,动力性增强;同时最小等热值有效燃油消耗率下降约2%,经济性获得改善;且压缩天然气发动机的升功率和比功率提升,发动机强化程度提高。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.