Early stages of negative PD development in dielectric liquids

The pulse shapes in the early stages of partial discharge (PD) development, well before liquid streamer onset, and obtained with a 500 MHz wide band detection system using needle-to-metallic plane electrodes submerged in a mineral oil, were compared to those measured with needle to mineral oil plane electrodes in air under negative dc potential. All measurements were carried out ≈50% below the breakdown field value, using gap separations between 3 and 25 mm. Whereas the needle to plane discharge behavior in the mineral oil was characterised by discrete sporadic pulses or burst of several pulses of increasing negative amplitude and oscillatory form, the needle to mineral oil plane gap in air gave rise to primarily dense bursts of unidirectional negative pulses with sequentially decreasing amplitude. The pulses had rise times typically of the order of 1 to 2 ns, indicating the involvement of rapid PD mechanisms     

直流下油纸绝缘中局部放电脉冲典型波形及其参数提取

笔者介绍了直流下局部放电脉冲波形测量系统的组建以及测量电阻的校验。利用该试验系统对模拟换流变压器油纸绝缘的5种典型缺陷模型进行了局放脉冲波形测量。试验结果表明:直流下油纸绝缘中缺陷放电稳定,脉冲波形无振荡分量和过冲,且不随电压变化而发生畸变。在对典型脉冲波形进行预处理的前提下,使用形状参数法、自相关函数法、AR模型参数法以及Renvi信息量进行了波形特征参数提取。所得结果为深入研究直流下油纸绝缘中局部放电机理、局放在线监测系统的频率特性以及放电类型的波形识别提供了实验依据。     

Effect of partial discharges on thermal breakdown of oil‐impregnated paper

In this paper, we investigate the effect of partial discharges (PDs) on the thermal breakdown voltage of oil‐impregnated paper (OIP). A disk‐shaped cavity in a stack of paper sheets formed the PD source. The paper sample was exposed to PDs for 18 h. Dielectric spectroscopy measurements were performed on the samples before and after exposure to PD activity. The dielectric spectroscopy results showed a big change in the real and imaginary part of the permittivity. These results were used to calculate the activation energy and heat losses inside the insulation. In order to investigate the possibility of thermal breakdown in the system, the OIP system was simulated by using the FEM software COMSOL Multiphysics. The heat produced by PD pulses and dielectric losses was considered in the simulation. The results show that for the OIP insulation, PD activity can reduce the thermal breakdown voltage by a factor up to 4 times. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

气体绝缘组合电器多局部放电源的检测与识别

介绍了基于宽带检测的气体绝缘组合电器(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)多局放源检测与识别技术。该技术由脉冲群快速分类和基于最小二乘支持向量机(least square-support vector machine,LS-SVM)的基于相位分布的局部放电谱图(phase resolved partial discharge,PRPD)识别2个主要模块组成。其中脉冲群快速分类模块由基于脉冲波形的时频参数提取和竞争学习网络无监督聚类实现,它将脉冲群分为若干个由相同波形特征脉冲组成的子脉冲群。PRPD放电谱图识别模块对各子脉冲群对应的PRPD谱图进行放电指纹提取,并使用GIS绝缘缺陷特征数据库训练得到的LS-SVM判别函数对各子脉冲群进行识别。仿真和试验结果均验证了该技术的可行性和实用性。     

XLPE电缆局放脉冲频谱分析及传感器选频

为选择好局放测量传感器的频带,用指数衰减函数、梯形函数、高斯函数和三角函数数学描述了交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中的局放脉冲并定量分析了局放脉冲的上限频率,其结果和实测局放脉冲经快速付里叶变换后的频谱基本吻合。用最小二乘法拟合信号各频率分量在XLPE电缆中的三特性并给出最优表达式后,把输出信号和输入信号比值在0.7~1范围内作为局放能量的集中区域,在此区域内得到检测不同长度XLPE电缆局放所需传感器的频带要求。对于5m长的电缆接头,传感器上限频率需>168.9MHz,较长电缆局放测量则需数十MHz。     

连续方波脉冲电压下温度对聚酰亚胺薄膜局部放电特性的影响

为了评估温度对局部放电(partial discharge,PD)特性的影响,对连续方波脉冲电压条件下的局部放电测试系统进行了改进,并采用该系统测试变频电机用聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜在不同温度条件下的局部放电特性,分析了不同温度下的局部放电散点图、放电次数及绝缘寿命。试验结果表明:局部放电多集中在方波脉冲的上升沿及下降沿附近,且在电压负半周期平顶区内,出现了大量放电;同时,随着实验温度的增加,局部放电次数及放电幅值虽然降低,但聚酰亚胺的绝缘寿命也逐渐降低,这说明局部放电只是引起聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜绝缘失效的原因之一,高温条件下活性电子的入陷、脱陷过程及空间电荷造成的电场畸变可能是诱导绝缘失效的另一个因素。     

Partial discharge pulse sequence patterns and cavity development times in transformer oils under AC conditions

Discrete partial discharge (PD) pulse occurrence times within the PD pulse bursts in transformer oils were found to extend from approximately 0.42 to 2.9 /spl mu/s, with the discrete pulse separation times evincing a weak dependence on the inverse of the oil viscosity. Many PD pulse burst patterns exhibited substantial deviation from the classical behavior, which is normally characterized by successive discrete pulses of ascending amplitude with well defined increases in the pulse separation times. The average elapsed time from the incipient formation for the cavity to the onset of the first partial discharge event extended downwards from 0.62 to 0.42 /spl mu/s with increasing oil viscosity.     

基于宽带检测的局放脉冲波形快速特征提取技术

根据电工设备绝缘存在多局放的工况,提出研制基于单个脉冲的局放宽带检测与模式识别在线监测系统.并指出研制该系统需要解决脉冲群快速分类这一关键技术,其由脉冲波形的快速特征提取以及基于波形特征的快速聚类分析组成.本文针对100Ms/S采样率获取的宽带脉冲波形、-时间序列,提出分别使用幅值参数法、等效时频法和时频熵法对局放脉冲波形的特征参数进行提取.在对人工设置的多局放源产生的脉冲群数据进行波形特征提取后,使用模糊聚类对脉冲群波形特征提取结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:三种波形特征提取方法均能在一定程度上很好地分离干扰源而提取出局放数据.GIS母线尖刺缺陷的试验数据处理同样证实了该技术的有效性和可行性.这为研制基于单个脉冲的宽带局放检测与模式识别在线监测系统提供了实用的脉冲波形快速特征提取技术.     

Rejection of narrow-band noise and repetitive pulses in on-site PDmeasurements [corrected version]

This paper deals with the possibilities of noise suppression in partial discharge (PD) measurements under on-site conditions. After the presentation of previous work, a new concept of designing a digital FIR filter with a fixed order to suppress narrow-band disturbances is presented. The method is compared to a design using adaptive filters. A filter device, which was developed as an extension for a conventional PD detector, is presented. In the second part of the paper, a method for suppressing pulse shaped noise synchronous to the test voltage is discussed. The disturbing pulses are detected automatically in a PD signal by comparing several recorded cycles of the test voltage. There are two possibilities of suppressing the pulses. The first one is an off-line method that allows attenuation degrees up to 30 dB, the second one works on line, and can process continuous PD signals. For the latter case a suppression of 14 dB for worst case pulses is possible with the developed hardware. In order to demonstrate the abilities of the filters, several measurements are shown     

Rejection of narrow-band noise and repetitive pulses in on-site PDmeasurements

This paper deals with the possibilities of noise suppression in partial discharge (PD) measurements under on-site conditions. After the presentation of previous work, a new concept of designing a digital FIR filter with a fixed order to suppress narrow-band disturbances is presented. The method is compared to a design using adaptive filters. A filter device, which was developed as an extension for a conventional PD detector, is presented. In the second part of the paper, a method for suppressing pulse shaped noise synchronous to the test voltage is discussed. The disturbing pulses are detected automatically in a PD signal by comparing several recorded cycles of the test voltage. There are two possibilities to suppress the pulses. The first one is an off-line method that allows attenuation degrees up to 30 dB, the second one works on line, and can process continuous PD signals. For the latter case a suppression of 14 dB for worst case pulses is possible with the developed hardware. In order to demonstrate the abilities of the filters, several measurements are shown     

Wavelet-based denoising of partial discharge signals buried in excessive noise and interference

Achieving acceptable levels of sensitivity during online and/or onsite partial discharge (PD) measurements still continues to remain a very challenging task, primarily due to strong coupling of external (random, discrete spectral and stochastic pulsive) interferences. Many analog and digital approaches have been proposed for suppressing these interferences, and amongst these, rejection of the pulsive type of interferences is known to be very difficult, if not impossible. The time and frequency characteristics of the pulsive interference being very similar to that of the PD pulses is the main reason posing difficulty in their separation. In this paper, a novel, semi-automatic, and empirical wavelet-based method (using multi-resolution signal analysis) is proposed to recover PD pulses, buried in excessive noise/interference comprising of random, discrete spectral, pulsive, and any combination of these interferences occurring simultaneously and overlapping-in-time with the PD pulses. A critical assessment of the proposed method is carried out, by processing both simulated and practically acquired PD signals. The results obtained are also compared with those from the best digital filter (infinite impulse response, IIR and finite impulse response, FIR) method proposed in literature. From the results it emerges that, the wavelet approach is superior and further, has the unique capability of successfully rejecting all the three kinds of interferences, even when PD signals and one or all interferences occur simultaneously and overlap-in-time.     

Importance of bandwidth in PD measurement in operating motors andgenerators

It is well known that partial discharge (PD) events produce electromagnetic radiation with frequencies from de to sometimes hundreds of megahertz. In addition, in complex structures such as stator windings, the initial pulses are significantly distorted and attenuated as they propagate through a winding. The detection of the PD pulses needs to account for these effects. In particular, the bandwidth of the detection system will influence the sensitivity of the PD measurement, as well as in what portions of the winding PD can be detected. This paper summarizes over 20 years of research into these effects in stator windings, and discusses the implications for off-line and on-line PD testing, and the calibration of the PD quantities into apparent charge     

PD pulse burst characteristics of transformer oils

Partial Discharge (PD) characteristics of four typical transformer oils, having respective viscosities of 3.5, 9.1, 13.0, 18.3 cSt at 40/spl deg/C, were examined under ac conditions, using a needle-to-plane electrode system. Wide and narrow bandwidth measurements were carried out to determine simultaneously the apparent charge transfers associated with the overall PD pulse bursts in the oil as well as that of the individual discrete PD pulses within the PD pulse bursts themselves. Based on the apparent charge transfer value, the size or depth of the PD initiating microcavities in the field direction within the oils, producing the first detected discrete PD pulse, were estimated to be in the order of 2 /spl mu/m. The recurrence rate of the PD pulse bursts was found to increase with voltage above the PD inception voltage; this increase was accompanied by both an increase in number of discrete PD pulses and their amplitude within the pulse burst itself. These increases were reflected by a substantial rise in the apparent charge transfer per PD pulse burst. The charge transfer levels of the PD pulse bursts associated with the highly pressurized gas microcavities were of the same order of magnitude as those produced within the normally much larger macroscopic cavities that exist under atmospheric pressure in conventional oil-impregnated insulating systems of power transformers.     

X射线激励下的油间隙放电现象

目前变压器局部放电位广泛采用超声波定位方法。由于变压器局部放电信号同弱以及现场干扰强烈等原因,使这一方法的有效性受到限制。本文实验研究了X射线激励下油间隙局部放电现象。实验发现,在X射线照射下,油／纸绝缘中的某些局部缺陷部位会因此发生局部放电,其效应与X射线光子对金属导体表面产生的光电效应以及油介质状态有关。在封闭型间隙中,导体表面受激产生了大量的电子并注入油间隙中,由于油的流动性受到极大限制,其间聚积的带电粒子可能在油和固体绝缘界面形成空间电荷层,在外加电压作用下,油间隙局部电场明显加强,从而导致油间隙的放电起始电压降低,局部放电加强,利用这一特性有可能为变压器局部放电的检测和定位提供一种新方法。     

XLPE绝缘电老化中局放特性试验研究

利用TE571局放检测仪和超宽频带局放(PD)检测系统研究了XLPE电缆绝缘试样加速电老化过程中判断试样老化状态的局放统计参量和单次放电波形特性。结果表明,电老化过程中单次放电时域波形的上升沿变陡,从老化前50 ns降低为老化50 h的8 ns;脉冲幅值从老化前的2 mV增加到老化50 h的17 mV;放电频谱中特征峰的位置随着老化程度的加剧向高频方向移动,从老化前<15 MHz增加到老化50 h的<50 MHz和125~200MHz。该研究为放电单次波形检测技术评估XLPE电力电缆绝缘状态的基础研究。     

大型自耦变压器和换流变压器局部放电脉冲特征及实例分析

多台大型自耦变压器和换流变压器的试验结果表明,采用带模拟信号重构(数字信号处理)的数字局部放电测试仪,宽频带测量,深入分析局部放电脉冲的特征,结合“多端子测量和校正”,对判断放电的部位有较好的效果。局部放电脉冲的特征包括各端子的传递比,极性和脉冲震荡现象等特征,并结合与相应端子间的方波校正比较,能够较准确判断放电部位,并得到变压器解体的证实。     

PD pulse burst behavior of a transformer type synthetic organic ester fluid

The partial discharge (PD) pulse burst characteristics of a transformer type synthetic organic ester fluid were compared with those of an equivalent transformer type mineral oil. Wide and narrow bandwidth measurements were carried out to determine simultaneously the apparent charge transfers associated with the overall PD pulse burst as well as that of the individual discrete pulses within the PD pulse burst. The PD pulse burst behavior was found to be similar in both insulating liquids. The discharge cavity formation times ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 μs, while the charge transfers associated with the PD pulse bursts in the liquids were found to extend from approximately 5 to 30 pC.     

基于UHF和HF的局部放电降噪方法的研究

采用基于阿基米德螺旋天线的特高频法与基于电流传感器的高频法对比测量的方法 ,发展了一种新型的降噪方法。其基本原理是 :高频法测得的脉冲信号中包括了油中放电信号和空气中电晕造成的脉冲干扰信号 ;特高频法测得的只有油中放电信号 ;故对高频法获得的信号 ,在仅对应于特高频法获得的信号处开窗时 ,可剔除脉冲干扰而获得油中放电信号。模拟实验以及现场变压器的实测结果证明这种降噪方法可有效抑制各种干扰特别是脉冲型干扰。     

基于模糊聚类的XLPE电缆随机脉冲干扰抑制方法研究

为去除XLPE电缆局部放电现场检测中的随机脉冲干扰,采用等效时频法提取脉冲特征,对特征进行自适应模糊聚类,以相位集中度为指标区分局放与随机干扰.对现场数据分析处理的结果表明,该方法能够有效去除信号中的随机脉冲干扰,为评估XLPE电缆的绝缘状态提供了较好的理论和实践依据.