脱硫放空天然气回收技改经验总结

川化股份有限公司200kt／a国产化合成氨装置建于20世纪80年代末，采用的是凯洛格技术。该装置在凯洛格节能流程的基础上，采用了燃汽轮机驱动空压机并与一段炉联用，同时设计了高压汽轮机发电机组的节能新流程，设计中还吸取了日本东洋工程公司在大型氨厂凯洛格传统流程工程设计中所作的改进，与凯洛格大型氨厂的传统流程相比具有自身的特点。装置于1990年底建成投产，1992年进行了性能考核，产品质量达到设计要求，装置各设备运转正常，     

空分装置节能降耗的途径

本文通过对空分装置优化操作、降低各种损耗、减少冷量损失采取新流程等方面入手，探索了一些空分装置节能降耗的方法。     

大庆石化炼油厂酸性水汽提装置的改进

本文介绍了大庆石化总厂炼油厂新老酸性水汽提装置的工艺原理及流程，并阐述了新建１００ 吨／时酸性水汽提装置设计中采用的一些改进措施。     

含硫污水汽提装置扩能技术改造

通过对含硫污水装置现状分析及全面核算，选用新型塔盘，更换原有设备，增加新设备，对汽提装置进行扩能改造，使加工污水总量及净化水质量满足了工厂总流程的要求。     

乙烯联合装置三种流程优化以降低产品能耗

乙烯联合装置是石化行业能耗大户,节能降耗意义重大。研究乙烯原料裂解反应过程并分析油品性质与工艺装置能耗关系可知:油品中氢质量分数与能耗成反比,芳烃质量分数与能耗成正比;对乙烯联合装置的4套装置进行常规流程、新加氢流程和新抽提流程等3种流程的重新组合和优化。以常规流程为基准,在裂解原料相同的条件下,采用新加氢流程增产乙烯4.5 kt/a、丙烯11.1 kt/a;采用新抽提流程以乙烯和丙烯总量为基准的单位产品能耗可下降2.36%以上。故新抽提流程能够降低能耗并可用于新建或改进现有乙烯工程中从而降低乙烯能耗并提高企业的经济效益。     

硫铁矿制酸废热锅炉的完善和发展

介绍几种新发展炉型，带前置扩散沉降室的Ｗ形烟气流程炉型，带冷却烟道式Ｗ型炉型，直通式水平烟气流横向冲刷型废热锅炉的结构，烟气流程，清灰装置的特点，讨论了ＱＣＦ（原Ｆ１０１）型及新发展炉型废热锅炉的使用前景。     

油气大庆常减压装置轻油收率创新高

油气大庆公司在其常减压生产装置上新增加了电脱盐和碱液脱硫系统，在装置的精细化操作上狠下功夫，根据柴油闪点调节柴油一、二线注气量，动力调控常压塔塔顶温度，并对装置的换热流程进行了整体优化，使其加工能力提升到220万t，且全部采用DCS控制系统，以期实现装置效益的最大化。     

硫磺回收及尾气处理工艺新型流程

针对硫磺回收及尾气处理Claus +SCOT装置存在的问题进行探讨 ,提出采用非在线加热炉并合理利用自身热源的新型简化流程。对新老流程进行了对比 ,指出了新流程设计中应考虑的问题。     

基于软件集成的常减压蒸馏装置的全流程模拟与优化

根据炼油厂提供的数据，利用Aspen Plus Pinch和B-JAC等软件分别实现了常减压蒸馏车间的主装置模拟、换热网络优化和旧换热器的校核及新换热器的设计。并最终实现了整个车间的全流程模拟，为常减压蒸馏装置的改造奠定了基础。     

2万t/a联醇设计改造小结

根据原联醇装置暴露出的一些问题,进行了技术分析,经过严格的计算,在新装置的设计中对流程和部分设备进行了改进,经过2a运行,效果良好。该文对流程和设备的改进予以叙述。     

硝基氯苯的生产现状与市场分析

介绍了国内硝基氯苯的生产现状,根据下游产品的生产与市场情况,对其市场发展趋势进行了分析。     

An electrochemical technique for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds

A preparative technique for the electroreduction of aromatic nitro compounds using a copper cathode, a lead anode and a porous pot diaphragm with 30–40% H₂SO₄ as the anolyte and 30–40% H₂SO₄ containing 2–3% Ti(SO₄)₂ as the catholyte is reported. Nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzenes, nitrotoluenes, phenols, phenetoles and nitrochlorobenzenes have been reduced by this method. Slightly modified techniques were employed for some compounds such as 2-nitro-m-xylene. The results of some pilot plant studies are also reported. The studies indicate that on smaller scales this technique may be competitive with metal/acid systems with the additional advantage of less pollution problems.     

Synthetic membranes containing schardinger cyclodextrin additives

The permeation characteristics of the isomers of such aromatics as dichlorobenzenes, nitrochlorobenzenes, xylenes, etc., through a Methocel HG membrane containing various amounts of Schardinger α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin additives were measured in liquid/liquid dialysis and pervaporation experiments. The results showed that the cyclodextrins are able to selectively mediate molecular transport through the Methocel HG membranes. In general, increased membrane selectivity and a decrease in permeation rates were observed. Permeation rates for some aromatic compounds were decreased several hundred times with only 25% amounts of additive cyclodextrins in the Methocel HG membranes. Concentration electrical potential and bi-ionic electrical potential in membranes containing the Schardinger cyclodextrin have been measured and also show that the cyclodextrins are able to induce ion transport selectively through nonionic membranes. Dynamic mechanical properties of Methocel HG membranes containing cyclodextrins suggest these additives to be antiplasticizing agents. A mechanism for the modification of the intrinsic membrane permeation properties by cyclodextrin additive involving antiplasticizing action by the additives plus induced tortuous diffusion, where the latter is a result of specific interactions between the cyclodextrin additive and the permeating molecules, is proposed.     

Kinetics of phase transfer catalyzed reduction of nitrochlorobenzenes by aqueous ammonium sulfide: Utilization of hydrotreater off-gas for the production of value-added chemicals

The reduction of nitrochlorobenzenes (NCBs) was carried out in an organic solvent, toluene, under liquid–liquid mode with phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). The selectivity of chloroanilines (CANs) was found to be 100%. The reaction rate of m-nitrochlorobenzene (MNCB) was found to be highest among the three NCBs followed by o- and p-nitrochlorobenzene (ONCB and PNCB). The reactions were found to be kinetically controlled with apparent activation energies of 22.8, 19.6 and 9.4 kcal/mol for ONCB, PNCB and MNCB, respectively. The effects of different parameters such as TBAB concentration, NCB concentration, sulfide concentration, ammonia concentration, and elemental sulfur loading on the conversion and reaction rate of NCBs were studied to establish the mechanism of the reaction. The rate of reaction of NCBs was found to be proportional to the concentrations of the catalyst and NCBs and to the cube of the concentration of sulfide. A generalized empirical kinetic model was developed to correlate the experimentally obtained conversion versus time data for the three NCBs.     

纯净磷酸盐工艺中三聚氰胺与湿法磷酸反应条件的研究

采用二次正交组合实验设计研究了三聚氰胺反应媒循环法由湿不磷酸生产纯净磷酸二氢析工艺中三聚氰胺与湿法磷磷酸浓度、搅拌速度、反应温度、反应时间、三聚氰胺用量诸因素的一交、二次及交互作用对磷收率、硫和氟净化的影响。找出了相应的数学模型,为复杂反应体系提供了定量描述,根据其数学模型求得磷收率、硫和氟净化率最佳的处理条件。     

可再分散乳胶粉的制备与性能表征

研究间歇法、平衡溶胀法和半连续法不同工艺制备乳液，并对不同工艺制备的乳液测试其性能．详细分析了乳液胶粒粒径的分布，不同胶粒粒径对乳液性能差异的影响。对制得的产品的性能进行了表征，用喷雾干燥法可以制得性能良好的可再分散乳胶粉。     

Modelling powder compaction and pressure cycling

The manufacturing process of a pyrotechnic device containing compressed powder has been investigated with the purpose of improving process consistency and product robustness. Aspects of the manufacturing process have been modelled, in particular the powder compaction process, the container assembly and the “leak check” test.The mechanics of powder compaction have been considered and the relevant powders have been characterised and represented using the modified Drucker–Prager constitutive model. Simplifying assumptions that have been made in defining the powder properties in terms of the available experimental data are indicated. The processes of pre-compaction and attachment of the cup to the header in the sub-assembly machine followed by the leak check test have been simulated using finite element analysis (FEA).The modelling activity in conjunction with experimental and product observations have highlighted the irreversible changes in powder density distribution following each of the stages of the process and the effect of these on the final product. The investigation provides an example of the application of FEA in solving a practical problem involving powder compaction.     

Efficiency of a vortex contact stage in thermal distillation

The results of studying the process of distillation in a column with 21 vortex contact stages have been reported. The partial condensation of an ascending ethanol–water mixture vapor at the contact stages has been shown to intensify the mixture distillation process by threefold compared to adiabatic distillation. The process parameters that intensify heat and mass transfer in thermal distillation have been established. Some relationships for estimating the efficiency of a vortex contact stage have been derived.     

间歇精馏过渡馏分脉冲馏出规律研究

建立了二元理想物系考虑全塔持液量的间歇精馏微分形式的数学模型,采用四阶定步长龙格－库塔法对间歇精馏过渡馏分的常规操作和脉冲式操作过程进行模拟计算。实验证明,模拟计算结果与实际符合较好。提出的Ｃ因子概念可用于考察间歇精馏操作效率和经济效益,通过过程模拟,计算了间歇精馏不同操作模式下Ｃ因子的值,并由此分析了不同操作模式的动态规律。     

The application of membrane technology for reuse of process water and minimisation of waste water in a textile washing range

Recycling of process streams and reduction of waste disposal using membrane technology in a continuous textile washing process after dyeing with reactive dyes have been investigated theoretically. A mathematical process model of a conventional open-width washing range has been extended by membrane processes to determine the benefits and limitations of the modified washing processes. The concentrations of hydrolysed reactive dyes, sodium chloride, urea and caustic soda have been calculated with this process model. Reverse osmosis for desalination and decolourising and nanofiltration for decolourising have been implemented as membrane technology. Reusing filtered wash water in a previous wash step results in more water saving than recycling to the same wash step according to the process calculations. The total fresh water demand can be reduced by 70% and the total waste water volume by 90% compared with the conventional process. Greater reduction of fresh water use is limited by the osmotic pressure difference between the retentate an permeate streams.