不同纤维混凝土耐久性研究

本文通过不同种类纤维混凝土:钢纤维混凝土、玻璃纤维混凝土、聚丙烯纤维Ⅰ混凝土、聚丙烯纤维Ⅱ混凝土抗冻和抗碳化耐久性试验研究纤维种类对混凝土抵抗冻融循环;碳化性能影响。试验结果表明,纤维可有效提高混凝土抗冻和抗碳化性能,其中钢纤维增强抗冻性能效果最明显;聚丙烯纤维增强抗碳化性能效果最明显。     

混杂纤维对活性粉末混凝土高温后抗压强度的影响

对混杂纤维活性粉末混凝土(RPC)不同温度等级作用并烧透(试件中心内置热电偶达到目标温度)后抗压强度进行了测试,研究了钢纤维和聚丙烯掺量对RPC抗压强度的影响.结果表明,RPC混凝土的抗压强度随着作用温度的升高总体呈下降趋势,钢纤维可以有效提高RPC混凝土抗压强度,而聚丙烯纤维可以改善RPC高温后性能和抑制爆裂,混杂纤维可优势互补.基于实验结果,给出了在钢纤维体积掺量2％,同时混掺聚丙烯体积掺量0、0.1％和0.2％下的RPC平均抗压强度与受火温度的关系式.     

高强混凝土高温爆裂行为改善措施的研究进展

科学技术的进步促进了高强混凝土的广泛应用.但是,由于高强混凝土高密实度、低渗透性的特点,致使其在高温或火灾条件下易出现爆裂现象.本文主要从掺加纤维、调整原材料、涂覆防火材料三个方面对目前高强混凝土高温爆裂行为的改善措施进行了总结.结果表明:通过掺加纤维、调整原材料、涂覆防火材料等措施可以不同程度的提高高强混凝土的耐高温性能.综合利用不同的改善措施可以更好地抑制高强混凝土的高温爆裂行为.     

短切玄武岩纤维对矿渣粉煤灰混凝土力学性能和微观结构的影响

以聚丙烯纤维为参照,研究了不同长度(12 mm、18 mm)和体积掺量(0.50％、0.10％、0.20％和0.30％)的短切玄武岩纤维对矿渣粉煤灰混凝土工作性能、抗压强度、劈裂抗压强度和抗折强度的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)和压汞法(MIP)对纤维混凝土的微观形貌和孔结构进行了分析.结果表明:掺入玄武岩纤维可以显著提高矿渣粉煤灰混凝土的抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度,但对抗压强度的改善并不明显,且以长度为18 mm的玄武岩纤维,体积掺量为0.20％时,对混凝土的抗压、抗折和劈裂抗拉强度的增强效果最为显著.SEM和MIP分析结果显示:一定掺量范围内,玄武岩纤维与基体界面黏结性能良好,能够有效抑制裂纹扩展,且玄武岩纤维的掺入能够降低混凝土中有害孔的比例,改善孔结构.     

浅谈防火涂料在混凝土防火中的保护作用

随着温度的升高,钢筋混凝土结构各项性能将会发生明显编号,混凝土会因高温作用而爆裂,钢筋强度会显著降低,结构变形明显增大。通过对四组C25混凝土试块进行的高温试验,然后冷却到常温后2h后进行抗压强度试验。对有、无防火涂层的混凝土试块进行高温试验,结果表明防火涂层对混凝土具有明显的保护作用。因此对重要建筑物结构在高温环境中防火涂层的作用进行研究是非常重要的。     

养护制度对超高性能混凝土抗高温爆裂性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用4种不同养护制度(20℃水养、热水养护、干热养护和热水-干热组合养护)制备超高性能混凝土(UHPC),测定其高温爆裂行为,并结合多种微观测试技术,对UHPC的微观结构进行分析。结果表明:组合养护能够明显改善UHPC的抗高温爆裂性能,且当先进行90℃热水预养护2 d,再进行250℃干热养护3 d时,混凝土的高温爆裂现象完全被抑制。明显不同于通常的掺加聚丙烯纤维抑制爆裂的是,热水-干热组合养护是一种新的抑制爆裂方法。其机理是内部游离水的减量化机理,即:组合养护可使UHPC内部建立一种高温蒸汽环境,有效促进水泥水化、激活掺合料的火山灰活性,导致许多致密的水化产物得以生成,同时消耗大量混凝土内部游离水,使得制备出的UHPC在高温加热过程中所能形成的蒸汽压较低,不足以引发高温爆裂。     

养护制度对超高性能混凝土抗高温爆裂性能的影响

采用4种不同养护制度(20℃水养、热水养护、干热养护和热水-干热组合养护)制备超高性能混凝土(UHPC),测定其高温爆裂行为,并结合多种微观测试技术,对UHPC的微观结构进行分析。结果表明:组合养护能够明显改善UHPC的抗高温爆裂性能,且当先进行90℃热水预养护2 d,再进行250℃干热养护3 d时,混凝土的高温爆裂现象完全被抑制。明显不同于通常的掺加聚丙烯纤维抑制爆裂的是,热水-干热组合养护是一种新的抑制爆裂方法。其机理是内部游离水的减量化机理,即:组合养护可使UHPC内部建立一种高温蒸汽环境,有效促进水泥水化、激活掺合料的火山灰活性,导致许多致密的水化产物得以生成,同时消耗大量混凝土内部游离水,使得制备出的UHPC在高温加热过程中所能形成的蒸汽压较低,不足以引发高温爆裂。     

桥梁铺装纤维高强混凝土的力学及收缩性能试验研究

为研究不同纤维对桥面铺装高强混凝土力学性能及收缩性能的影响规律,通过室内试验分别设计了不同玄武岩纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维掺量的高强混凝土试件,并针对不同龄期试件的抗压、抗折、抗拉强度以及干缩应变值进行对比分析。结果表明：玄武岩纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维的掺入均可有效提升高强混凝土的力学性能,且对于混凝土的收缩变形均具有明显抑制效果,玄武岩纤维对于混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度及干缩性能改善效果更好,而聚乙烯醇纤维则对混凝土的抗拉强度改善效果更为显著,其中玄武岩纤维的最佳掺量为0.15%,聚乙烯醇纤维的最佳掺量为0.1%。     

涂层对速凝3D打印水泥砂浆力学性能的影响

3D打印砂浆普遍存在层间界面粘结较弱、抗折强度较低的问题,而膨胀水泥浆涂层涂覆于砂浆表面可产生表层压应力,进而提升其抗折强度,作为界面剂涂覆于层间可同时增强其界面粘结强度。本文通过将硫铝酸盐水泥与膨胀剂混合而成的涂层涂覆于速凝3D打印砂浆的表面与层间,研究了该涂层对不掺纤维及掺0.5%(体积分数)玄武岩纤维3D打印砂浆试件力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,涂覆层间涂层对无纤维与掺纤维速凝3D打印砂浆的层间界面粘结强度提升率分别为21.4%、12.2%,同时对其抗压强度也有一定提升作用。仅涂覆表面涂层与仅涂覆层间涂层对3D打印砂浆的抗折强度提升效果相当;同时涂覆表面及层间涂层对3D打印砂浆的抗折强度提升效果最显著,与无纤维、掺纤维的无涂层试件相比,提升率最高分别可达44.2%、23.2%。涂层对于无纤维3D打印试件层间粘结强度及抗折强度的提升效果优于掺纤维试件。     

高表面积纳米纤维

公开一种高表面积纳米纤维。该纳米纤维具有含孔涂层，所含孔足以提高该纳米纤维的有效表面积。通常，该高表面积层是通过涂层聚合物热解形成的。优选碳纳米纤维。专利申请号：97196484；公开号：1225695(美国)     

Synergistic effect of combined fibers for spalling protection of concrete in fire

This study demonstrates the synergistic effect of some particular combination of fibers that can provide significantly better spalling protection of concrete in a fire than single fiber by themselves at the same fiber content level. Various combinations of polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose and nylon fibers were investigated. Fire tests were conducted in accordance with ISO-834. The combination of nylon (9 mm length) and polypropylene (19 mm length) fibers found to provide the most optimum results. By combining these two fibers, the same level of spalling protection was achieved by three times less fiber content than the single type of 0.10% polypropylene fiber commonly prescribed. A “fiber effectiveness parameter” is proposed which is a function of total number of fibers per unit volume and length of fiber. This parameter is useful in providing quantitative explanations of various fiber additions and their spalling results in fire.     

Fire spalling of concrete,as studied by NMR

The moisture transport in concrete subjected to fire is one of the most important processes with respect to fire spalling. The research on fire spalling of concrete is currently lacking experimental information of the moisture transport processes.We present combined moisture content and temperature profiles of one-sided heated concrete samples measured with our dedicated NMR setup. The concrete samples were equilibrated at different moisture contents ranging from 97 to 50% RH. The moisture content can be measured quantitatively and non-destructively while heating up the sample one-sided to 500 °C.We present the first experimental proof for the build up of a moisture peak in concrete, and the formation of a saturated layer. The temperatures measured at the boiling front indicate a vapour pressure in the order of 1.8 MPa. A simple vapour transport model was successfully used to describe the speed of the boiling front.     

Test method for concrete spalling using small electric furnace

Concrete spalling can cause severe damage to concrete structure when exposed to fire. The spalling mechanisms are not very well understood. For the testing of spalling, full‐scale structural members should be used, as spalling tests are sensitive to size effects. Full‐scale testing in large furnace is costly and is not suitable for testing large number of concrete mixture trials. The standard and hydrocarbon fire time–temperature curves have rapid temperature rise during the initial phase. This temperature rise requires a gas furnace with high heating capacity and cannot be generated by electric muffle furnace commonly available in many laboratories. This paper presents a method to carry out spalling test in small‐scale specimens with exposure to rapid temperature rise using a commonly available electric furnace in the laboratories. The tests are based on 150 mm diameter cylinders that are laterally confined to simulate full‐scale structural members. The cylinder surface is exposed to rapid temperature rise by exposing through vertical and/or horizontal holes in pre‐heated small electric furnace. Some unconfined 100 mm diameter cylinders were also exposed horizontally to test the performance of confinement. The paper shows that the hydrocarbon fire and standard fire exposure can be simulated by manipulating the exposure location of the surface of the concrete cylinder. Ordinary Portland cement concrete cylinders with different strengths were tested and different spalling patterns were observed. The spalling patterns matched the test results from a gas furnace fire test simulating the fire curves. The tests demonstrated that the method is an effective and convenient technique to predict the spalling risk of a concrete. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the mechanism of polypropylene fibres in preventing fire spalling in self-compacting and high-performance cement paste

With the increasing application of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in construction and infrastructure, the fire spalling behavior of SCC has been attracting due attention. In high performance concrete (HPC), addition of polypropylene fibers (PP fibers) is widely used as an effective method to prevent explosive spalling. Hence, it would be useful to investigate whether the PP fibers are also efficient in SCC to avoid explosive spalling. However, no universal agreement exists concerning the fundamental mechanism of reducing the spalling risk by adding PP fiber. For SCC, the reduction of flowability should be considered when adding a significant amount of fibres.In this investigation, both the micro-level and macro-level properties of pastes with different fiber contents were studied in order to investigate the role of PP fiber at elevated temperature in self-compacting cement paste samples. The micro properties were studied by backscattering electron microscopy (BSE) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. The modification of the pore structure at elevated temperature was investigated as well as the morphology of the PP fibers. Some macro properties were measured, such as the gas permeability of self-compacting cement paste after heating at different temperatures. The factors influencing gas permeability were analyzed.It is shown that with the melting of PP fiber, no significant increase in total pore volume is obtained. However, the connectivity of isolated pores increases, leading to an increase of gas permeability. With the increase of temperature, the addition of PP fibers reduces the damage of cement pastes, as seen from the total pore volume and the threshold pore diameter changes. From this investigation, it is concluded that the connectivity of pores as well as the creation of micro cracks are the major factors which determine the gas permeability after exposure to high temperatures. Furthermore, the connectivity of the pores acts as a dominant factor for temperatures below 300 °C. For higher temperatures micro cracks are becoming the major factor which influences the gas permeability.     

Temperature, pore pressure and mass variation of concrete subjected to high temperature — Experimental and numerical discussion on spalling risk

Spalling at high temperature is a phenomenon that can be observed in different materials such as ceramics, rocks and bricks. For concrete, this phenomenon, considered as a thermal instability of the material, can seriously jeopardize the integrity of a whole structure during fire and can even constitute a risk for people. Many explanations to the spalling risk exist but still no model can accurately predict it. Among them, models based on thermo-hydral behaviour of concrete have been proposed and developed by several authors. In particular, an important role is given to the pore vapour pressure, considered by many authors as the main mechanism for the trigger of such a thermal instability. However, pore vapour pressure is not easy to measure and numerical works still need more experimental results to validate their assumptions regarding the spalling risk. This paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out on five different concrete mixtures. We used a device intended for measuring temperature, pore vapour pressure and mass loss of concrete specimens. The aim of the study was to better understand the thermo-hydral behaviour of concrete exposed to high temperature and the possible link to spalling risk. In particular, we focused on the influence of matrix compactness on the transfer properties of concrete and we discussed about the importance of pore vapour pressure on spalling risk. Moreover, based on our experimental observations, a numerical analysis of the influence of water content on the thermomechanical behaviour of concrete during heating is done.     

Performance of spalling resistance of high performance concrete with polypropylene fiber contents and lateral confinement

This paper presents an experimental study on the spalling resistance of high performance concrete with polypropylene (PP) fibers and fabric or sheet material for lateral confinement subjected to fire. According to the test results, spalling occurred on all specimens that did not contain PP fiber in the concrete mixture. However, spalling did not occur on specimens containing PP fibers above 0.05% by volume. A metal fabric showed beneficial effect on spalling resistance, but glass or carbon fiber fabrics do not show the same effect on the spalling resistance due to reduction of bond strength at high temperatures. Spalling did not occur on all specimens in which PP fibers and metal fabric were applied at the same time, and hence spalling resistance performance was significantly improved. The residual compressive strength was maintained at about 90% of its original strength, and this can be considered as an improved performance against fire damage.     

Development and application of a simulation approach for fire and structure interaction of concrete members subject to spalling

This paper describes the development and illustrates the use of an approach to model the mechanical performance of a concrete bridge and its structural components exposed to fire and subject to spalling. The work is motivated by some recent fire incidents that involved concrete bridges, the poor state of an increasing number of bridges throughout the United States (which makes them more vulnerable to fire damage), and the lack of design codes and standards that adequately protect bridges against fire. An important objective of the work is to develop a method to predict spalling that captures the principal physical and chemical phenomena but is simple enough so that it can be implemented in a 3-D structural simulation. The first step in the approach involves using a hydrothermal model to determine if and at what temperature spalling occurs for a specified concrete mix (defined by its composition, type of aggregate, water-cement ratio, porosity, permeability, etc), free moisture content, and heating rate. The second step uses the resulting “critical spalling temperature” in a coupled thermal and mechanical analysis to determine how spalling affects the performance of the concrete member. The approach is illustrated for two standard fire resistance tests conducted on posttensioned concrete slab systems reported in the literature. The paper concludes with a list of recommendations for additional work to improve the predictive capability of the heat and mass transfer and structural models and to address several challenges with the implementation of the spalling criteria in the structural model.     

Relationship between inter-aggregate spacing and the optimum fiber length for spalling protection of concrete in fire

Addition of polypropylene fibers in concrete for spalling protection in fire is well known, where the fibers melt in fire and percolate the concrete. However, the optimum fiber characteristics for spalling protection are not well understood. In this study, the optimum fiber length for spalling protection of concrete is found to be related to the inter-aggregate spacing of coarse aggregates, which is critical for the interconnectivity of adjacent aggregates surrounded by porous interfacial transition zones. The experimental test results showed that, for the concrete with maximum 20 mm of graded aggregates, with optimum 30 mm length fibers, almost no spalling was found; whereas other fiber concretes lost up to 92% of weight due to spalling. By evaluating the criteria of the optimum fiber length, this study also found the critical threshold of fiber numbers per unit volume.     

Experimental discussion on the mechanisms behind the fire spalling of concrete

The behaviour of six concretes at high temperature (600 °C) and in particular the risk of fire spalling is studied. Tests are performed with two sizes of samples: small samples (300 × 300 × 120 mm³) and small slabs (700 × 600 × 150 mm³). Different storage conditions (pre‐drying at 80 °C, air and water storing) are used to highlight the effect of the initial water content. Thanks to different scenarios of heating, the influence of the heating curve is studied. Results enabled to identify parameters that highly influence the risk of fire spalling: initial water content and concrete permeability during heating. The permeability of concrete can increase during heating due to the melting of the polypropylene fibres or by thermal damage. This thermal damage is important when heating is violent (ISO 834 or increased hydrocarbon fire), or when concrete is made with silico‐calcareous aggregates (flint). Fire spalling cannot be explained by either the only thermo‐mechanical behaviour of concrete, or only by the appearance of high pore gas pressure. Based on the recent hypothesis of the critical zone, the formation of a saturated layer of liquid water is consistent with the results obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玄武岩纤维混凝土应力应变关系及孔结构分析

为了探究纤维掺量对玄武岩纤维混凝土宏、微观性能的影响规律,采用数字图像相关方法与微观气孔结构分析仪对不同纤维掺量的混凝土试件进行试验研究,通过数据回归建立了纤维掺量与平均峰值应力之间关系,给出了玄武岩纤维混凝土单轴受压应力-应变曲线上升段表达式;结合微观孔结构,建立了平均峰值应力与含气量、平均气泡弦长、气孔间距、比表面积相关公式,同时采用分形维数定量描述微观孔结构与玄武岩纤维混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量的关系.结果表明:玄武岩纤维的加入能够提高混凝土平均峰值应力和峰值应变,对试件应力-应变关系曲线上升段改变不明显;玄武岩纤维的加入能够减少混凝土内部缺陷,降低混凝土含气量、减小平均气泡弦长,使混凝土内部孔结构得到优化,孔隙分布较为均匀,抗压强度提高,割线模量有所下降.