GA-BP网络在钢轨磨损量预测中的应用

基于GA算法及BP神经网络优点,将GA算法优化的BP网络应用于钢轨磨损量预测。通过赫兹模拟试验方法,在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上获得不同曲线半径、轴重、运行速度工况下对应的钢轨磨损量,即神经网络所需样本,建立GA算法优化三层BP神经网络,对钢轨磨损量进行预测。结果表明:GA算法优化的BP神经网络对钢轨磨损量具有良好的预测性能,较好地反映了曲线半径、轴重、运行速度对钢轨磨损量的影响规律。     

钢轨滚动接触磨损研究

利用三维非Hertz滚动接触理论和数值程序CONTACT分析了不同轴重下轮轨滚动接触斑上应力、摩擦功等参数的变化.通过JD-1轮轨模拟试验机研究了轴重对钢轨材料磨损性能的影响,分析了磨痕形貌的变化情况.数值计算及试验结果表明:轴重和曲线半径是影响钢轨滚动接触磨损的重要因素;轮轨摩擦功的变化与钢轨磨损量的变化之间存在一定线性对应关系.     

苜蓿草粉对45#钢磨损的RBF神经网络预测

苜蓿草粉对金属材料的磨损是影响制粒机使用寿命的主要原因,其中转速、负载和粒度是影响磨损量的重要因素.建立了苜蓿草粉对45#钢磨损量的RBF神经网络模型,在磨粒磨损试验机上通过改变试验参数进行磨损试验,获得了不同试验参数下的磨损量.以磨损数据作为RBF神经网络的目标样本,对不同试验参数下的磨损量进行了预测.结果表明:模型可较准确地计算转速、负载和粒度对45#钢管磨损量的影响规律.     

钢轨滚动磨损性能试验研究

在JD-1型轮轨摩擦试验机上研究了轴重与曲线半径对钢轨滚动磨损性能的影响。结果表明：轴重与曲线半径是影响钢轨磨损的主要因素。试样磨损量随着载荷的增加而增加,也随着曲线半径的减小而增加;试样表面磨损形貌随着载荷与曲线半径的改变而表现出不同的变化,其中大载荷和小曲线半径试验使钢轨试样磨损程度严重,表面容易产生较明显的塑性形变以及龟裂现象;制动力条件下滚动试样磨损更为严重。     

不同轴重下轮轨损伤特性试验研究

利用MMS-2A型微机控制摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同轴重下轮轨摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:随着轴重的增加,轮轨间的摩擦系数呈增大趋势,且轴重越大,摩擦系数趋于稳定后的波动系数越小,车轮和钢轨的磨损加剧,但轮轨材料硬度值的差异会导致磨损量的增幅差异;轮轨间接触应力的增加,会导致晶体滑移线向材料里层滑移深度增加,塑性变形层加厚;随着轴重的增加,车轮材料的磨损机制由黏着磨损逐渐向疲劳裂纹方向转变,钢轨材料主要变现为疲劳磨损,由疲劳短裂纹向疲劳长裂纹及多层剥落磨损转变。     

钢轨踏面斜裂纹模拟再现试验研究

根据钢轨踏面斜裂纹的损伤特点和轮轨力与斜裂纹关系分析设计试验方案,在西南交通大学JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上,对广深高速铁路铺设的PD3热轧钢轨材料进行了斜裂纹损伤再现试验。试验结果表明,轮轨接触方式是钢轨斜裂纹产生和扩展的重要影响因素;轴重增加会增大轮轨接触应力,增加磨损量,加速接触疲劳现象的产生。     

高速铁路轮/轨材料匹配性能研究

在研究高速铁路钢轨/车轮材料时,提高钢轨或车轮材料硬度可减少磨损,但单方面提高钢轨或车轮材料硬度,会导致与之配合的车轮或钢轨损伤更为严重,因此研究轮轨的匹配问题十分重要。研究根据赫兹接触理论,在MMS-2A磨损试验机上模拟不同钢轨和车轮匹配时的服役过程,并采用扫描电镜观察磨损表面,分析不同材料轮轨匹配服役后的损伤情况。结果表明:随着钢轨材料的含碳量增加,其磨损量下降,但与其相配的车轮的磨损量却随之增加;随着模拟轮轨硬度比的增加,摩擦副的总磨损量呈上升趋势。因此,为了取得摩擦副整体优良的使用性能,应该选择适当的钢轨钢和车轮钢,以达到轮轨之间最佳的硬度匹配。     

基于PSO混合算法优化BP网络在钢轨磨损量预测中的应用

提出基于PSO混合算法对BP网络进行优化,改善了BP网络权阈值求解所面临的局部极值与收敛速度慢的问题.通过赫兹模拟试验方法,在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上获得BP神经网络训练数据,运用基于PSO混合算法优化BP网络对钢轨磨损量进行拟合.结果表明:基于PSO混合算法优化BP网络对钢轨磨损量数据能够进行极好的拟合,为钢轨磨损量预测提供一种更有效的数据分析途径.     

车轮滑动时钢轨热机耦合有限元分析

利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立了轮轨接触热机耦合分析的热弹性平面应变有限元模型.模型中考虑温度对材料热物理参数的影响.分析了车轮滑动时不同摩擦因数和轴重对钢轨应力场分布的影响.结果表明,最大Von Mises等效应力发生在接触斑后半轴靠近接触区的边缘处,轮轨摩擦热影响区主要分布在接触表面,并随深度的增加其影响越来越小;当温升较大时,热物理参数随温度变化的影响应予以考虑;钢轨表面应力随摩擦因数和轴重增大而增大.     

车轮滑动时钢轨热弹塑性有限元分析

利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立轮轨接触热弹塑性平面应变热机耦合有限元模型。模型中,材料本构采用的是双线性塑性模型,考虑轮轨自由表面与环境的热对流的影响和温度对材料参数的影响,通过移动边界条件模拟轮轨接触区的移动。分析车轮滑动时不同摩擦因数和轴重对钢轨温度场和残余应力分布的影响。计算结果表明,钢轨表面最高接触温升发生在接触斑中心后半轴靠近边缘处,温升主要分布在接触表面大约1.6mm的深度范围,钢轨表层最大VonMises等效应力发生在离钢轨表面大约0.2mm的次表面;残余应力应变的影响主要在钢轨表面大约10mm范围内,在钢轨表面考虑热影响时残余应力比不考虑热影响的大;考虑热影响时钢轨表层的温度随摩擦因数和轴重的增大而增大,钢轨表层残余应力也随着摩擦因数的增大而增大,而轴重对钢轨表面残余应力影响不明显,而在次表层影响很大。     

Experimental study on wear and spalling behaviors of railway wheel

The current researches of the wear and spalling behaviors of wheel/rail materials focus on the field investigation rather than the mechanism. However, it is necessary and significant for clarifying the mechanism and relationship between the wear and spalling damage of railway wheel to test and reproduce the wheel damages in laboratory. The objective of this paper is to investigate the wear and spalling damage behaviors of railway wheel using a JD-1 wheel/rail simulation facility, which consists of a small wheel serving as rolling stock wheel, and a larger wheel serving as rail. The damage process of wheel roller is explored in terms of the creep ratio, axle load, and carbon content by means of various microscopic examinations. The experimental results show that the wear volume growth of wheel roller is proved to be proportional to the increase of the creep ratio and normal load between simulating wheel and rail. The increase of carbon content of wheel material causes a linear reduction in the wear volume. The microscopic examinations indicate that the rolling wear mechanism transfers from abrasive wear to adhesive and fatigue wear with an increase of tangential friction force, which results in the initiation of fatigue crack, and then aggravates spalling damage on the wheel roller surface. The surface hardness of material depends strongly upon its carbon content. The decrease of the carbon content of wheel material may alleviate spalling damage, but can cause a significant growth in the wear volume of wheel roller. Therefore, there is a competitive relationship between the wear and spalling damage of wheel material. This research proposes an important measure for alleviating or preventing the wear and spalling damage of railway wheel material.     

曲线半径及轴重对轮轨摩擦功影响的研究

基于非Hertz滚动接触理论利用数值计算方法详细分析了静态接触情况下,轴重和曲线半径对轮轨接触质点间等效应力、接触斑粘滑区的分布、总滑动量和摩擦功的影响。分析计算表明,轴重增加引起轮轨接触质点间等效应力,接触质点间粘滑区的面积以及总滑动量的变化,同时对轮轨接触质点阍的摩擦功的变化有重要影响;小曲线半径处轮轨接触质点间的总滑动量,接触斑滑移区的面积以及摩擦功都明显增大,导致曲线上钢轨磨损加剧。因此曲线半径和轴重是影响轮轨滚动接触磨损的重要因素。     

高速铁路小半径曲线钢轨磨耗影响因素分析

随着高速铁路运营里程的增大和运量的激增,钢轨磨耗成为不容小觑的问题,尤其在小半径曲线段钢轨磨耗更为复杂和严重。针对高速铁路小半径曲线段钢轨磨耗问题,利用SIMPACK多体动力学软件建立高速动车组车辆动力学模型,利用Archard磨耗模型计算钢轨磨耗深度,并分析不同运营工况、车轮磨耗状态及车辆一系悬挂参数和轨道参数对动车组车辆通过小半径曲线时钢轨磨耗的影响。仿真结果表明：动车组车辆以匀速、制动、牵引3种工况下通过曲线段时,制动工况下钢轨磨耗量最大,牵引工况下磨耗最小;车轮踏面磨耗加剧也会导致钢轨的磨耗量增大,而定期镟修车轮踏面可以减轻钢轨磨耗情况;车辆一系悬挂参数的变化对小半径曲线段钢轨磨耗的影响相对较小;为减小钢轨磨耗,宜采用较小的轨底坡和适当增加轨距,且曲线段超高设置不宜过大。     

An investigation into the effect of train curving on wear and contact stresses of wheel and rail

Some important papers concerning the studies on rail wear and wheel/rail contact stresses are briefly reviewed. The present paper utilizes a numerical method to analyze the effect of railway vehicle curving on the wear and contact stresses of wheel/rail. The numerical method considers a combination of Kalker's non-Hertzian rolling contact theory, a material wear model and a vertical and lateral coupling dynamics model of the vehicle/track. In the analysis, the important factors influencing on the wear and the contact stresses are, respectively, the curving speed, the curved track super-elevation and the rail cant. Compared to the present model, some concerned models and results in the published papers are in detail discussed. Through the detailed numerical analysis, it is found that the difference between the normal loads of the left and right of the wheelset increases linearly with increasing the vehicle curving speed. The material wear volume per length along the rail running surface has a tendency to grow. However, the variation of the maximum normal contact stress has a large fluctuation as the curving speed increases. The increase of the maximum contact stress depends greatly on not only the normal load but also the profiles of the wheel/rail. Increasing the track super elevation efficiently lowers the normal load difference of the left and right of the front wheelset, and the contact stresses and the wear. The rail cant has a great influence on the low rail wear of the curve track. An increase in rail cant results in a great increase in the low rail wear of the curved track, and a decrease in the outside rail wear. These conclusions are very useful in the maintenance of the track.     

Investigation of influence of constraints with radius links on locomotive axle load distribution and wheelset steering ability

The problem of improving the tractive and dynamic performance of locomotives by means of using axle boxes with inclined radius links was investigated. The kinematics of axle boxes with different variants (different angles) and designs of inclined radius links, based on the vector contour method for link mechanisms, was studied. The results of a bogie design with vertically inclined radius links were used for the improvement of vertical load distribution for locomotives. The behavior of a locomotive running in a curve is more complicated because the lateral forces appear between a flange of the wheel and the head of the rail in the contact zone, and the values of wheel slip are higher than for straight sections of track. These two factors are the main reasons for wheel wear. Theoretical and experimental investigations to reduce wear and to improve vehicle dynamics were made, and the results obtained show that an effective solution can be reached by the use of inclined links to the longitudinal axis of a bogie in the horizontal plane. Questions about the development of a bogie with a radial installation and active steering are discussed.     

轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷影响分析

以国内某型地铁车辆为例,研究轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷和轮对垂向振动的影响。在常规多刚体动力学模型的基础上,结合BM3000轮对和北京地铁轮对两种不同的弹性轮对模型,对比分别采用刚性轮对模型和弹性轮对模型时的轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力。结果表明,对BM3000弹性轮对模型来说,由于其弯曲刚度相对较小,随着运行速度的增大,轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨力与刚性轮对的差距不断加大,而对于轮轴弯曲刚度较大的北京地铁轮对来说,其弹性轮对模型和刚性轮对模型的结果比较接近,在计算的速度下轮对的振动峰值及频率均有明显的降低。因而,通过加大轮轴弯曲刚度可明显改善轮对的垂向振动和轮轨垂向力,实现改善轮轨动态接触状态的目的。     

基于Tγ/A-磨损率模型的车轮磨耗仿真分析

基于实验室获得的CL60车轮材料Tγ/A-磨损率曲线建立车轮踏面磨损模型,通过Simpack软件建立C80货车模型进行车辆轨道动力学仿真,利用Tγ/A-磨损率车轮踏面磨损模型对车轮踏面的磨耗规律进行仿真分析。结果表明：25 t轴重、600 m曲线半径工况下,同一转向架的前轮对较后轮对磨耗严重,同时与内轨处车轮相比,外轨处车轮磨耗较为严重;由于Tγ/A-磨损率曲线中磨损率输入取值的连续性,相同工况使用该模型获得的仿真结果比采用Archard磨损系数仿真得到的结果要小,其结果具有更好的精度。基于Tγ/A-磨损率的车轮踏面磨损模型为未来复杂服役环境下的车轮踏面磨耗预测提供了重要的方法。