微小型超精密微细铣削机床的研制

为了满足超薄壁微小结构零件的超精密加工需要,研制了一台微小型超精密三轴联动微细铣削加工机床.机床的总体尺寸为600mm×500mm×700mm,三个直线运动轴的行程均为75 mm.为了克服传统的由滚珠丝杠驱动的伺服系统带来的非线性问题,此机床采用了永磁直线电动机直接驱动气体静压导轨,并由5nm分辨率的线性光栅作为位置反馈元件组成全闭环控制系统的伺服控制方法;采用高精度运动控制卡PMAC嵌入工控机的开放式数控系统,并采用"PID算法+前馈控制"的复合控制策略.跟踪阶跃信号和正弦信号的实验结果表明,机床可以实现纳米级的运动控制精度:使用分辨率为1 nm的Renishaw激光干涉仪测量,得到补偿后的三个运动轴的定位精度均小于±0.25 μm,重复定位精度均小于±0.2 μm.使用φ0.5 mm的硬质合金立铣刀加工一组高度为50 μm的台阶,加工精度为±0.3 μm;使用φ1 mm的硬质合金立铣刀加工平面的表面粗糙度为40nm.     

超精密加工刀具磨损评估有望装上“透视眼”

正超精密飞刀铣削是一种高精度多轴联动铣削技术,广泛应用于加工具有亚微米级尺寸精度和纳米级表面粗糙度的非旋转对称微纳结构表面。然而,加工过程中出现的刀具磨损将导致加工表面质量下降,影响切削加工效率。深圳大学机电与控制工程学院副研究员张国庆发现,超精密飞刀铣削中切屑形貌与刀具磨损特征之间有着某种对应关系,基于这种关系,可提出一种刀具磨损及加工表面形貌的在线辨识新方法。     

微细电火花铣削影响加工精度的主要因素分析

通过微电火花铣削试验研究,优化电参数、小厚度分层加工等方法分析微小孔加工直线度和圆柱度误差。结果表明:空载电压110V,峰值电流为70A,脉冲宽度为4μs,脉冲间隔为90μs,分层厚度0.15mm,放电间隙0.012mm,微小孔铣削精度最高,其加工尺寸精度±0.005mm,表面粗糙度0.427μm。     

日本推出振动切削装置

日本富士工业公司近日推出FUM 1超声波振动切削装置 ,通过对机床主轴施加扭转振动 ,可改善加工表面粗糙度和提高加工精度。该装置是利用超声波使机床主轴产生 2 70 0 0Hz的微小扭转振动 ,以增加刀具刀尖与工件的接触次数 ,从而获得在高速慢走刀下才能得到的高质量加工表面。另外由于减少了切削阻力 ,因而可减少冷却液的使用量 ,并可用于加工难切削材料。该装置可用于钻孔、铣削和车削 ,可安装在现有机床上日本推出振动切削装置     

基于CCD传感器的超精密车床光学精确对刀及其应用

对刀精度是影响加工工件面形精度的主要因素之一,为了实现平面或球面零件在超精密车削过程中的高精度对刀,设计了一种基于CCD传感器的光学对刀装置.通过LVDT对刀装置粗定位、光学对刀装置精定位的粗精结合的方法,快速准确地测得刀具的中心高、刀尖圆弧半径以及刀具定心坐标,重复对刀精度达到1 μm,实现精确对刀.对刀装置应用于自...     

超精密铣削加工平面产生的误差分析

如何提高机械加工精度是机械制造领域的重要研究课题。这里重点分析了工艺系统刚度、切削层参数、铣削方式和机床主轴偏斜对加工精度的影响。分析表明：飞刀铣削时切削层参数和机床主轴偏斜是影响平面度误差的重要因素；铣削时飞刀在每个位置的切削层参数不同，铣削力不同，从而引起工艺系统变形，进而影响平面度误差；铣削方式不同，切削层参数也不同，影响平面度误差。工件形状不同，飞刀铣削时接触角不同，因此，飞刀铣削加工时，飞刀回转半径要比工件尺寸尽量大，使飞刀铣削时接触角变化相对小，也就是使切削层平均厚度和机床主轴偏斜对平面度的影响变小，从而减小超精密铣削的平面度误差。并推导出了机床主轴偏斜对平面度误差影响的公式。     

铣削方式对微小精密零件加工表面质量的影响

铣削加工是精密零件加工的重要手段之一,不同铣削加工方式对微小精密零件的表面质量有很大影响。本文通过研究铣刀单齿的运动轨迹模型,分别建立顺铣和逆铣时的粗糙度计算模型,以某微小精密零件实际加工参数为例,对顺逆铣的表面粗糙度进行对比分析;以AISI4340钢为工件材料,对某微小精密零件的顺逆铣进行仿真,研究两种铣削方式的铣削力和表面残余应力。     

涂层刀具高速铣削铁基高温合金的切削力及表面粗糙度研究

针对铁基高温合金GH2132高速加工时铣削力大、加工质量不稳定的特点,采用新型涂层硬质合金刀具进行高速干铣削试验,研究切削参数对铣削力及加工表面粗糙度的影响规律。运用极差分析法并根据泰勒公式、正交试验数据和回归分析得出拟合公式,结果表明:对铣削合力峰值影响较大的切削因素是轴向切削深度和径向切削深度;对加工表面粗糙度影响较大的因素是每齿进给量和轴向切削深度。当vc=50-100m/min、fz=0. 08-0. 10mm/z、ap=0. 2-0. 3mm、ae=3-4mm时,可以获得较小的铣削力和表面粗糙度,且拟合公式可以有效预测加工过程中铣削力和表面粗糙度值。本文对探究刀片磨损机理及提高表面加工质量提供了参考数据。     

铝活塞顶球面的铣削装置

我厂生产的一种汽油帆铝活塞,顶面为R60mm的球体(图1)。对R60mm的球面,由于车削速度不一致,表面粗糙度达不到要求。为此,我们在小型活塞机床上自制了一套外球面铣削装置,用回转铣削加工铝活套顶球面,收到满意的效果。表面粗糙度达Ra2.5,班产量400件左右。铝活塞顶球面的铣削装置见图2。它由定位拉紧和回转两部分组成。工作时,先将     

工程陶瓷镜面加工工艺

用工程陶瓷材料制造机器结构零件已经在越来越多的领域得到应用，其精密加工技术也随之迅速发展。在加工过程中，陶瓷已加工表面质量的提高，不仅可使零件的耐磨性得到改善，而且其使用的可靠性也显著提高，因此一些陶瓷零件如喷咀、针问、精密快规和密封件等已要求表面粗糙度值不应大于Rao．05μm。本文针对ZrO2、Si3N4扣Sialon陶瓷进行了摩削、研磨和抛光等工序的实验研究，探索了陶瓷外圆表面和平面的精加工工艺，并成功地实现了表面粗糙度Ra0．011～0．016μm的镜面加工。一、外圆表面的研磨抛光1．实验装置图1所示为陶瓷件外圆研磨…     

超精密平面飞切机床关键技术研究

研制了一种用于KDP晶体加工的平面飞切机床,该机床直线轴基于直线电动机驱动、液体静压导轨支承;刀具旋转轴采用高刚度气浮主轴+高刚度主轴旋转机构。基于高精度分辨率位置反馈+线性驱动器+PID控制算法,直线轴获得了1 mm/min速度下,0.018 mm/min的低速波动以及±0.01μm的位置精度;刀具微进给装置采用差动螺纹进给来实现,最终获得了进给分辨率1μm、锁紧后位置移动量小于1μm高精度进给。在优化工艺参数后,金刚石飞切机床加工100 mm×100 mm×10mm的KDP晶体后获得表面粗糙度Rq优于2 nm高精度指标;加工400 mm×400 mm×30 mm的铝镜后获得面形PV值优于3μm的高精度指标。     

高速微铣削铝合金表面粗糙度的多指标正交试验研究

利用小型高速精密微铣削机床在6061铝合金表面加工微沟槽结构,对加工后的试件表面质量进行研究,以试件表面粗糙度Ra、Rz值为衡量指标,利用正交试验方法分析主轴转速、刀具悬伸量、进给量和轴向切深等因素对表面质量的影响。试验结果表明：试件表面粗糙度值整体变化趋势从大到小依次为中线区、顺铣区、逆铣区。主轴转速对表面粗糙度影响最显著,而其他因素随着表面质量要求的不同有所变化。综合考虑表面质量要求,最优组合为:刀具悬伸量为18mm,轴向切深为10μm,进给量为30mm/min,主轴转速为48 000r/min时,试件表面粗糙度最小,此时表面粗糙度Ra值为0.075μm,表面粗糙度Rz值为0.579μm。     

The use of D-optimal design for modeling and analyzing the vibration and surface roughness in the precision turning with a diamond cutting tool

Using a diamond cutting tool in the precision turning process, the vibration of tool-tip has an undesirable effect on the machined surface??s quality. The objective of this paper is to present the mathematical models for modeling and analyzing the vibration and surface roughness in the precision turning with a diamond cutting tool. Machining parameters including the spindle speed, feed rate and cutting depth were chosen as numerical factor, and the status of lubrication was regarded as the categorical factor. An experimental plan of a four-factor??s (three numerical plus one categorical) D-optimal design based on the response surface methodology was employed to carry out the experimental study. A micro-cutting test is conducted to visualize the effect of vibration of tool-tip on the performance of surface roughness. With the experimental values up to a 95% confidence interval, it is fairly well for the experimental results to present the mathematical models of the vibration and surface roughness. Results show that the spindle speed and the feed rate have the greatest influence on the longitudinal vibration amplitude, and the feed rate and the cutting depth play major roles for the transverse vibration amplitude. As the spindle speed increases, the overall vibration of tool-tip tends to more stable condition which leads to the results of the best machined surface. The effects of the feed rate and cutting depth provide the reinforcement on the overall vibration to cause the unstability of cutting process and exhibit the result of the worst machined surface.     

Experimental study on fabrication and evaluation of a micro-scale shaft grinding tool

This paper presents a micro-grinding experiment on AISI 1020 steel and Ti-6Al-4V to study micro-grinding principle and the change rule of the force and surface with different grinding parameters. A novel micro shaft grinding tool is fabricated by cold sprayed with CBN grains, the manufacturing is carried out on a desktop micro machine developed by NEU. Influences caused by particle size on surface quality has been discussed, it has been tested that low surface roughness could be achieved on 3000 particle size of micro shaft grinding tool, the roughness of AISI 1020 steel accomplished in the experiment is about 0.086 μm. Measured micro-grinding force of Ti-6Al-4V decreases with the increasing spindle speed and the decreasing cutting depth. The surface roughness decreases with the increasing spindle speed and the decreasing feed rate. The minimum surface roughness is 325 nm with the spindle speed of 48000 r/min and the feed rate of 20 μm/s.     

影响单点金刚石切削表面质量的因素

单点金刚石切削(single point diamond turning,简称SPDT)是一种使用纳米金刚石刀具进行加工的生产过程。而纳米单晶金刚石刀具具有刃口锋利、可反复成形和耐磨性高等特点。该方法能够使微米至亚微米级制造组件的形状精度和表面粗糙度控制在纳米级的范围内。单点金刚石切削优异的表面成形质量和面形精度,使该技术被广泛地应用于制造各种精密机械和光学部件,如注射成型塑料镜头和扫描反射镜。虽然单点金刚石切削满足了很多高精密零件的制造需求,但目前所了解的影响因素和表面生成的机制仍不完善,在生产中有很多因素会影响到单点金刚石的表面质量和面形精度,如主轴转速、进给速度和切削深度等,本文对此进行了分析。     

固化紫外光胶粘剂切削性能研究

采用紫外光胶粘剂在芯轴表面固化后的精密切削技术,制备惯性约束聚变（ICF）研究中有机材料薄壁衬环。研究了紫外光粘接剂固化后不同剪切强度对加工衬环最小壁厚的影响规律,研究了主要切削参数对衬环最小壁厚和衬环外表面粗糙度的影响规律。研究结果表明,在3～10MPa的剪切强度范围内衬环最小壁厚能达到4～6μm。在主要切削参数中,进给量和背吃刀量对加工最小壁厚有较大影响。进给量对衬环表面粗糙度有一定的影响,而背吃刀量和主轴转速对衬环表面粗糙度的影响较小,固化紫外光粘接剂切削后的表面粗糙度接近Ra0．1μm。衬环内表面粗糙度取决于芯轴表面粗糙度,基本上是芯轴表面的复印。     

Determination of optimum parameters for multi-performance characteristics in turning by using grey relational analysis

Optimization of multi-criteria problems is a great need of producers to produce precision parts with low costs. Optimization of multi-performance characteristics is more complex compared to optimization of single-performance characteristics. The theory of grey system is a new technique for performing prediction, relational analysis, and decision making in many areas. In this paper, the use of grey relational analysis for optimizing the turning process parameters for the workpiece surface roughness and the chip thickness is introduced. Various turning parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, tool nose radius, and concentration of solid–liquid lubricants (minimum-quantity lubricant) were considered. A factorial design with eight added center points was used for the experimental design. Optimal machining parameters were determined by the grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis for multi-performance characteristics (the surface roughness and the chip thickness). The results of confirmation experiments reveal that grey relational analysis coupled with factorial design can effectively be used to obtain the optimal combination of turning parameters. Experimental results have shown that the surface roughness and the chip thickness in the turning process can be improved effectively through the new approach. The minimum surface roughness and smallest chip thickness are 9.83 and 0.32?mm, respectively, obtained at optimal conditions of cutting speed, 1,200?rpm; feed rate, 0.06?mm/rev; nose radius, 0.8?mm; and concentration of solid–liquid lubricant (10% boric acid + SAE-40 base oil).     

微细加工中的微型铣床、微刀具磨损及切削力的实验研究

由于微机电系统(Micro Electro Mechanical System,MEMS)在微小零件加工中存在不足,微细铣削加工作为一项补充技术正在日益受到人们的重视。介绍了研制的微型精密三轴联动立式铣床(300 mm×300 mm×290 mm)的系统构成,开发了中文控制软件并集成了视频采集系统,此设备在薄膜型工件(膜厚65 μm)的微槽加工中取得了满意的效果(膜厚方向上材料去除率90.7%,成品率大于80%)。对微径端铣刀进行了力学特性分析,并通过刀具磨损试验分析了微径硬质合金TiA1N涂层及非涂层铣刀的磨损机理。最后通过槽铣硬铝2A12的试验研究了切削用量(主轴转速、背吃刀量和每齿进给量)对微细铣削力的影响,为微细铣削切削机理的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Machining of austenitic stainless steels using CVD multi-layer coated cemented carbide tools

This paper presents the results of experimental work in dry turning of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 and AISI 316) using CVD multi-layer coated cemented carbide tools. The turning tests were conducted at four different cutting speeds (120, 150, 180 and 210 m/min) while feed rate and depth of cut were kept constant at 0.16 mm/rev and 1 mm, respectively. The cutting tools used were TiC/TiCN/TiN and TiCN/TiC/Al₂O₃ coated cementide carbides. The influences of cutting speed, cutting tool coating top layer and workpiece material were investigated on the machined surface roughness and the cutting forces. The worn parts of the cutting tools were also examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that cutting speed significantly affected the machined surface roughness values. With increasing cutting speed, the surface roughness values decreased until a minimum value is reached beyond which they increased.     

Investigating the Machinability of Al–Si–Cu cast alloy containing bismuth and antimony using coated carbide insert

Surface roughness and cutting force are two key measures that describe machined surface integrity and power requirement evaluation, respectively. This investigation presents the effect of melt treatment with addition of bismuth and antimony on machinability when turning Al–11%Si–2%Cu alloy. The experiments are carried out under oblique dry cutting conditions using a PVD TIN-coated insert at three cutting speeds of 70, 130 and 250 m/min, feed rates of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mm/rev, and 0.05 mm constant depth of cut. It was found that the Bi-containing workpiece possess the best surface roughness value and lowest cutting force due to formation of pure Bi which plays an important role as a lubricant in turning process, while Sb-containing workpiece produced the highest cutting force and highest surface roughness value. Additionally, change of silicon morphology from flake-like to lamellar structure changed value of cutting force and surface roughness during turning.