Preparation and visible light photocatalytic activity of carbon quantum dots/TiO2 nanosheet composites

Carbon quantum dots (C QDs)/TiO₂ nanosheet (TNS) composites were prepared by a simple low temperature process in which TNS were dispersed in C QDs solution, and dried at 60 °C. The C QDs/TNS composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM. The results indicated that C QDs were well combined with TNS through surface carbon–oxygen groups. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of C QDs/TNS composites was significantly enhanced compared with that of C QDs/P25 composites and pure TNS, which indicated that the unique up-converted photoluminescence behavior of C QDs and highly reactive {0 0 1} facets of TNS both played important roles in the enhancement of photocatalytic activity of C QDs/TNS composites.     

Preparation of rare earth-doped ZnO hierarchical micro/nanospheres and their enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

Rare earth-doped ZnO hierarchical micro/nanospheres were prepared by a facile chemical precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the as-synthesized products were well-crystalline and accumulated by large amount of interleaving nanosheets. It was also observed that the rare earth doping increased the visible light absorption ability of the catalysts and red shift for rare earth-doped ZnO products appeared when compared to pure ZnO. The photocatalytic studies revealed that all the rare earth-doped ZnO products exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation of phenol compared with the pure ZnO and commercial TiO₂ under visible light irradiation. Nd-doped ZnO had the highest photocatalytic activity among all of the rare earth-doped ZnO products studied. The optimal Nd content was 2.0 at% under visible light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of rare earth-doped ZnO products can be attributed to the increase in the rate of separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and hydroxyl radicals generation ability as evidenced by photoluminescence spectra.     

Silica induced oxygen vacancies in supported mixed-phase TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of phenol under visible light irradiation

Phenol degradation with TiO₂ has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. However, its low efficiency under solar radiation and difficulty of recovery limit the potential use. Here we report a novel “silica support inducing oxygen vacancies” strategy to prepare visible-light-active TiO₂ with mixed-phase, which show excellent photocatalytic performance for phenol degradation under visible light. Hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were the main oxidative species responsible for the degradation of phenol. Our work demonstrates that coupling with oxygen vacancy creation and silica nanosheets (SNSs) immobilization for TiO₂ is a new approach to obtained efficient visible-light photocatalysts for practical application.     

硬脂酸修饰纳米氧化锌的制备及可见光光催化性能研究

以硫酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料,硬脂酸为修饰剂,采用一步沉淀法制备出硬脂酸修饰的纳米ZnO,并对可见光光催化性能进行了研究。借助XRD、TEM、FTIR、UV-vis等测试手段对硬脂酸修饰的纳米ZnO进行表征。结果表明,硬脂酸修饰的纳米ZnO分散比较均匀,硬脂酸与纳米氧化锌之间形成了化学键,而且硬脂酸修饰后,纳米ZnO更易被可见光激发,当甲基橙初始浓度为5 mg/L,硬脂酸修饰的纳米ZnO投加量为10 mg/L,光照时间70 min,硬脂酸修饰的纳米ZnO对甲基橙的降解率达到82.3%。     

Synthesis of titania/carbon nanotube heterojunction arrays for photoinactivation of E. coli in visible light irradiation

TiO₂/multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) heterojunction arrays were synthesized and immobilized on Si(0 0 1) substrate as photocatalysts for inactivation of Escherichia coli bacteria. The vertically aligned MWNT arrays were grown on ∼5 nm Ni thin film deposited on the Si by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 650 °C. Then, the MWNTs were coated by TiO₂ using dip-coating sol-gel method. Post annealing of the TiO₂/MWNTs at 400 °C resulted in crystallization of the TiO₂ coating and formation of Ti-C and Ti-O-C carbonaceous bonds at the heterojunction. The visible light-induced photoinactivation of the bacteria increased from MWNTs to TiO₂ to TiO₂/MWNTs, in which the bacteria could even slightly breed on the MWNTs. In addition, the TiO₂/MWNTs annealed at 400 °C showed a highly improved antibacterial activity than the TiO₂/MWNTs annealed at 100 °C. The excellent visible light-induced photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO₂/MWNTs/Si film annealed at 400 °C was attributed to formation of the carbonaceous bonds at the heterojunction, in contrast to the 100 °C annealed TiO₂/MWNTs/Si sample which had no such effective bonds.     

贝壳粉/BiOI复合光催化剂制备及性能研究

采用溶剂热法制备了不同质量百分比的贝壳粉/BiOI复合光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、紫外可见漫反射光谱对其进行了表征,与此同时对其在可见光条件下光催化性能进行了测试。结果表明,贝壳粉/BiOI复合催化剂的催化性能较BiOI的催化性能显著提高,且当贝壳粉的质量百分数为3%时,复合催化剂的催化活性最高。     

Preparation of hollow porous Cu2O microspheres and photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

Cu₂O p-type semiconductor hollow porous microspheres have been prepared by using a simple soft-template method at room temperature. The morphology of as-synthesized samples is hollow spherical structures with the diameter ranging from 200 to 500 nm, and the surfaces of the spheres are rough, porous and with lots of channels and folds. The photocatalytic activity of degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy. The results show that the hollow porous Cu₂O particles were uniform in diameters and have an excellent ability in visible light-induced degradation of MO. Meanwhile, the growth mechanism of the prepared Cu₂O was also analyzed. We find that sodium dodecyl sulfate acted the role of soft templates in the synthesis process. The hollow porous structure was not only sensitive to the soft template but also to the amount of reagents.     

铈掺杂纳米二氧化钛可见光光催化降解苯酚性能

采用Ce（NO3）3掺杂改性后的纳米TiO2粉末作为光催化剂（Ce-TiO2）,研究了Ce-TiO2在可见光条件下光催化降解苯酚的过程,考察了Ce掺杂量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、pH值以及催化剂用量等因素对苯酚溶液光催化降解过程的影响。结果表明：可见光照射下,当Ce掺杂量为1.00%、焙烧温度为700℃、焙烧时间为3 h、反应溶液pH值为5、催化剂投加量为1.0 g/L时,苯酚的去除率达到最佳,为35.8%。     

WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂的制备及可见光催化降解甲基橙

以Bi(NO_3)5·5H_2O、Na Br、H_2WO_4为原料,采用一步水热合成法合成不同n(W)∶n(Br)的WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂,并通过SEM和TEM对催化剂进行表征分析。以甲基橙为探针污染物,考察前驱液pH、水热温度、水热时间和n(W)∶n(Br)对WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,在pH为10.2、100℃水热时间6 h合成n(W)∶n(Br)为0.02的WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂活性最好,光照120 min后,对目标污染物的降解率达99.39%,较BiOBr催化剂(合成条件为原始pH值,100℃水热反应6 h)提高了30.85%。采用水热合成法制备的WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂具有良好的可见光活性。     

钒酸铋的制备及可见光降解罗丹明B的研究

以偏钒酸铵和碳酸铋为原料,用NaOH调节体系pH,水热法合成钒酸铋（BiVO₄）光催化剂。利用XRD和UV-Vis漫反射对样品的晶型结构和光吸收特性进行表征分析。以罗丹明B为目标降解物,卤素灯（λ＞400 nm）为光源,探讨水热温度、水热时间对合成BiVO₄催化剂的可见光催化活性影响。结果表明,在水热温度为200 ℃、水热时间为8 h的条件下合成的钒酸铋光解效率最高。实验还研究了罗丹明B水溶液pH、催化剂投加量对光催化罗丹明B降解率的影响。结果表明,在罗丹明B水溶液pH为3、初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、每60 mL溶液催化剂投加量为0.4 g时能达到较好的光催化效果,反应2 h后降解率可达97%。     

Ag@AgCl/Mg-Al-LDHs复合光催化剂的制备及可见光催化活性

采用过饱和沉淀法制备了镁铝层状双金属氢氧化物(Mg-Al-LDHs)载体,再以Ag NO3和HCl通过沉积-沉淀法制得Ag Cl/Mg-Al-LDHs,光还原后得到了可见光响应和高活性的Ag@Ag Cl/Mg-Al-LDHs等离子体共振光催化剂。采用XRD,SEM,TG-DTG,FT-IR和BET等技术对催化剂的相结构和微观形貌等进行了表征。结果表明:Mg-AlLDHs因其较大的负载表面使得负载的Ag@Ag Cl纳米粒子颗粒变小、分散程度增强,这不仅增加了复合材料的活性位点,而且提高了负载Ag@Ag Cl纳米颗粒的光生电子-空穴对的氧化-还原能力,从而使得复合材料具有比Ag@Ag Cl更高的反应活性。在可见光条件下(λ420 nm),Ag@Ag Cl/Mg-Al-LDHs复合材料光催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的活性明显高于纯Ag@Ag Cl,当Ag@Ag Cl的负载量(质量分数)为16%时表现出最好的光催化活性,可见光照射10 mg/L MB溶液180 min的光解率达96.04%。     

贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合材料的制备及其光催化性能的研究

采用水热法合成贝壳粉/SnS_2复合光催化材料,通过控制贝壳粉的含量制备了一系列不同质量比的贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合材料,探讨其光催化性能。采用XRD、DRS、IR以及SEM对制备的不同质量比的贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合材料进行了表征,通过在可见光下降解罗丹明B探讨了不同质量比的贝壳粉/SnS_2复合材料的光催化性能,并通过循环实验测试了样品的稳定性。结果表明,在150℃下水热反应24 h合成的质量百分比为10%的贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合光催化材料催化性能最好。     

Preparation of polyaniline-modified TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were modified by polyaniline (PANI) using ‘in situ’ chemical oxidative polymerization method in hydrochloric acid solutions. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum (XPS) and UV–vis spectra were carried out to characterize the composites with different PANI contents. The photocatalytic degradation of phenol was chosen as a model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the modified catalysts. Results show that TiO₂ nanoparticles are deposited by PANI to mitigate TiO₂ particles agglomeration. The modification does not alter the crystalline structure of the TiO₂ nanoparticles according to the X-ray diffraction patterns. UV–vis spectra reveal that PANI-modified TiO₂ composites show stronger absorption than neat TiO₂ under the whole range of visible light. The resulting PANI-modified TiO₂ composites exhibit significantly higher photocatalytic activity than that of neat TiO₂ on degradation of phenol aqueous solution under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 400 nm). An optimum of the synergetic effect is found for an initial molar ratio of aniline to TiO₂ equal to 1/100.     

贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合材料的制备及其光催化性能的研究

采用水热法合成贝壳粉/SnS_2复合光催化材料,通过控制贝壳粉的含量制备了一系列不同质量比的贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合材料,探讨其光催化性能。采用XRD、DRS、IR以及SEM对制备的不同质量比的贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合材料进行了表征,通过在可见光下降解罗丹明B探讨了不同质量比的贝壳粉/SnS_2复合材料的光催化性能,并通过循环实验测试了样品的稳定性。结果表明,在150℃下水热反应24 h合成的质量百分比为10%的贝壳粉/SnS_2纳米复合光催化材料催化性能最好。     

锰掺杂纳米二氧化钛的制备及其可见光催化性能

分别以MnSO4.H2O和MnC2O4.4H2O为锰源,采用水热法制备了锰掺杂的Mn-TiO2光催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱等技术对样品进行了表征。以罗丹明B的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了不同锰源、锰掺杂量对催化剂光催化性能的影响。结果表明,所有制备的Mn-TiO2均表现为锐钛矿相,Mn的掺杂抑制了TiO2晶粒生长,且以MnSO4.H2O为锰源制备的Mn-TiO2粒径略小于以MnC2O4.4H2O为锰源制备的样品,所有Mn-TiO2催化剂的光响应范围拓宽至可见光区域,对罗丹明B具有明显的可见光降解效果,并且以MnSO4.H2O为锰源的催化剂具有较高的光催化活性。     

ZnO/BiOCl复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能研究

为提高BiOCl在可见光下的光催化性能,通过水解法合成了一系列复合ZnO的BiOCl样品,采用X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电镜和紫外-可见分光光度仪对制得的催化剂的形貌、结构、物相组成以及光学性能进行了表征,通过降解罗丹明B对样品的光催化性能进行研究。结果表明,复合ZnO后可有效提高BiOCl的光催化活性,其中1Zn/20Bi的光催化活性最高,115 min内可见光降解罗丹明B的降解率达99%。通过研究机理发现,ZnO纳米异质结构不仅负责较高的可见光光催化活性,它在分离光产生的空穴和电子也起着至关重要的作用。     

ZnO/BiOCl复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能研究

为提高BiOCl在可见光下的光催化性能,通过水解法合成了一系列复合ZnO的BiOCl样品,采用X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电镜和紫外-可见分光光度仪对制得的催化剂的形貌、结构、物相组成以及光学性能进行了表征,通过降解罗丹明B对样品的光催化性能进行研究。结果表明,复合ZnO后可有效提高BiOCl的光催化活性,其中1Zn/20Bi的光催化活性最高,115 min内可见光降解罗丹明B的降解率达99%。通过研究机理发现,ZnO纳米异质结构不仅负责较高的可见光光催化活性,它在分离光产生的空穴和电子也起着至关重要的作用。     

Graphene oxide enhances the Fenton-like photocatalytic activity of nickel ferrite for degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation

Graphene oxide (GO) was added to nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) to yield GO-doped NiFe₂O₄ (GO–NiFe₂O₄). The as-prepared GO–NiFe₂O₄ samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry at room temperature. GO–NiFe₂O₄ was utilized as a photo-Fenton catalyst and found to be capable of catalyzing the degradation of organic dyes in the presence of oxalic acid under visible light irradiation. Further studies showed that GO–NiFe₂O₄ has a catalytic function in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Although the absorbance of the diffuse reflectance spectrum of NiFe₂O₄ extended to 788 nm, NiFe₂O₄ failed to degrade organic dyes in the presence of H₂O₂ despite white light irradiation containing ultraviolet light. The results of this study indicate that GO has a vital function in catalyzing the photo-Fenton process. The photo-catalytic reaction mechanism was investigated by analyzing the data obtained.     

Synthesis of LaCoO3 nanoparticles by microwave process and their photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

We have investigated the photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of methyl orange on the LaCoO₃ perovskite-type oxides prepared at different conditions using microwave process. In the case of LaCoO₃ catalysts calcined above 500 °C, the formation of the perovskite crystalline phase was confirmed. From the results of UV–Vis DRS, all the catalysts have the similar absorption spectrum up to visible region. The chemisorbed oxygen plays an important role on the photocatalytic decomposition of methyl orange and the higher the contents of chemisorbed oxygen, the better the performance of photocatalyst.