陶瓷墙地砖干法造粒过程坯料粉体成形与造粒室转速的影响

为分析陶瓷墙地砖干法造粒过程坯料粉体成形与造粒室转速的关系.基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型模拟陶瓷干法造粒混料过程数理模型,同时对坯料粉体粗糙度、粉体级配及粉体流动性指数进行实验分析,验证数值模拟的正确性.当造粒室转速分别为120 RPM、140 RPM、160 RPM时,坯料粉体体积分布大小基本保持不变,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒室转速分别为180 RPM、200 RPM时,坯料粉体体积分布大小仍基本保持不变,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.实验结果表明:当造粒室转速分别为120 RPM、140 RPM、160 RPM、180 RPM、200 RPM时,坯料粉体粗糙度系数平均值依次为1.79、1.77、1.68、1.74、1.78;粉体级配百分比依次为73％、77％、89％、80％、72％;流动性指数依次为63.54、66.95、69.75、68.32、67.21.综合分析说明:造粒室转速为160 RPM时,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性良好,且无明显团聚现象,此时坯料粉体粗糙度系数平均值最小、粉体级配百分比最高、流动性指数最大,即造粒效果最好.     

尿素设备腐蚀的影响因素分析及防腐措施

针对尿素生产的特点,分析了对尿素设备腐蚀的影响因素:介质温度、氨碳摩尔比、水碳摩尔比、氨基甲酸铵溶液浓度、氧含量、硫含量、氯离子含量和介质流速等。提出了正常生产和停车封塔2种情况下的防腐措施。正常生产期间要严格控制如下指标:操作温度、系统的加氧量、硫含量、氯离子含量、氨碳比和水碳比;停车期间要严格控制系统的氨碳比和水碳比,同时根据不同状况来确定停车封塔时间。     

煤矸石主要污染组分静态溶出规律研究

为研究煤矸石主要污染组分在不同淋溶条件下溶出规律,本研究以辽宁某煤矿煤矸石为实验材料,通过静态淋溶实验,结合XRD、SEM检测技术,综合分析煤矸石中Cl-、总硬度、Cu、Zn等主要污染组分溶出量在不同固液比、pH值、粒径、是否搅动条件下随时间变化的规律.实验结果表明:污染组分溶出量受淋溶条件变化的影响较明显,且在固液比为1:5、pH值为5.3、粒径小于5 mm、间歇性搅动条件下,Cl-和总硬度的溶出量变化较明显;淋溶初期,由于煤矸石表面风化,污染组分溶出速率较大;淋溶过程中,污染组分赋存状态的不同使其溶出效果不同,且由于二次相的形成,胶体和煤矸石中粘土的吸附作用,污染组分溶出量存在一定程度的波动.     

Service of refractories in a blast furnace shaft

Conclusions The destruction of the refractory structure of a blast furnace depends on the properties of the refractory, the system of cooling the lining, the furnace operating cycle, the action of alkalis, primary slags, zincite, and sooty carbon, the running of the furnace, the thermal stresses in the structure, abrasion of the batch, and other factors.To increase the life of the shaft lining in a blast furnace it is necessary to use dense, high-fired brick for the structure, prepared on the basis of high-grade kaolin raw materials with the minimum content of fluxing oxides; to use the best system of cooling the shaft; and to stabilize the blast furnace working cycle, especially during the first period of operation after the blow right up to complete drying-out of the refractory structure.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 28–37, July, 1968.     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

锅炉化学清洗过程监督的意义与要点

从锅炉设备结构特点、清洗结果评定方法、技术人员专业水平、清洗工作的市场因素等方面,分析了加强锅炉化学清洗的过程监督的意义;用全过程技术监督的思想,分析了资质与能力、技术方案、临时系统、药品控制、清洗过程监控、清洗结果评估、总结报告各环节技术监督的要点。     

Experimental technology for manufacturing ceramic articles

The production of ceramic articles includes five principal operations, namely, preparation of the powder, pressing of the preform, its treatment, sintering, and grinding. If it is necessary to increase the adaptability to manufacture and improve the physicomechanical properties of the sintered material, the operations of hydrostatic treatment of the powder, preliminary sintering of the preforms, repeated mechanical treatment, etc. can be added. The technology is used for manufacturing the working part of cutting tools, dies, tools for shaping alloys of nonferrous metals, bearings, hinges, valves, ball locks, nozzles of hydromonitors, parts of pressing molds, lining parts, milling bodies, etc.Translated from Ogneupory i Tekhnicheskaya Keramika, No. 6, pp. 25 – 27, June, 1996.     

高浓度二氧化碳入侵对土壤理化性质的影响

在地质储存CO_2(GCS)泄漏对生态环境的影响中,土壤作为生态系统中物质与能量交换的主要介质,其理化性质的变化研究尤为重要。采用人工模拟CO_2泄漏地表的方式,并分析土壤pH值、总有机碳、氮、磷、钾、水溶性盐浓度的变化及地表植物响应。结果表明:CO_2入侵使土壤总有机碳相比于对照增加了1.56%~43.75%,总氮下降了0.88%~13.25%,氨氮与硝氮也同比下降,磷、钾、水溶性盐总体也是减少的,但土壤pH值有所上升,且各植物长势均较好,尤其是豌豆与萝卜的生长较好。结论:高浓度CO_2入侵会对土壤理化性质产生一定影响,而且对植物的生长有促进作用。     

Nanotechnology and nanotoxicology in retinopathy

Nanoparticles are nanometer-scaled particles, and can be utilized in the form of nanocapsules, nanoconjugates, or nanoparticles themselves for the treatment of retinopathy, including angiogensis-related blindness, retinal degeneration, and uveitis. They are thought to improve the bioavailability in the retina and the permeability of therapeutic molecules across the barriers of the eye, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, and especially, blood-retinal barriers (BRBs). However, consisting of multiple neuronal cells, the retina can be the target of neuronal toxicity of nanoparticles, in common with the central and peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, the ability of nanoparticles to pass through the BRBs might increase the possibility of toxicity, simultaneously promoting distribution in the retinal layers. In this regard, we discussed nanotechnology and nanotoxicology in the treatment of retinopathy.     

2010～2011年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2010年7月～2011年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2010～2011年世界塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、ABS树脂),工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚),特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮),通用热固性树脂(酚醛、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、聚氨酯)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Oxydation electrochimique de l'ethylene en solution aqueuse a des electrodes d'or

A systematic study has been made of the influence on the nature and quantity of products formed by electro-oxidation with gold electrodes of aqueous solutions of ethylene, the pH, the potential applied to the electrode, the temperature and the rate of electrolysis.Details have been given, whatever the experimental conditions, of the formation of dosable quantities of acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glycolaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetic acid, oxalic acid and carbonic acid gas.Beginning with the distribution of these various products in correlation with the various parameters, a possible mechanism has been suggested for the electro-oxidation of ethylene with gold electrodes, with the formation on the electrode of a species of activated or protonized acetaldehyde.     

Arrow of Time,Entropy, and Protein Folding: Holistic View on Biochirality

Chirality is a universal phenomenon, embracing the space–time domains of non-organic and organic nature. The biological time arrow, evident in the aging of proteins and organisms, should be linked to the prevalent biomolecular chirality. This hypothesis drives our exploration of protein aging, in relation to the biological aging of an organism. Recent advances in the chirality discrimination methods and theoretical considerations of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics clarify the fundamental issues, concerning the biphasic, alternative, and stepwise changes in the conformational entropy associated with protein folding. Living cells represent open, non-equilibrium, self-organizing, and dissipative systems. The non-equilibrium thermodynamics of cell biology are determined by utilizing the energy stored, transferred, and released, via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). At the protein level, the synthesis of a homochiral polypeptide chain of L-amino acids (L-AAs) represents the first state in the evolution of the dynamic non-equilibrium state of the system. At the next step the non-equilibrium state of a protein-centric system is supported and amended by a broad set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The enzymatic phosphorylation, being the most abundant and ATP-driven form of PTMs, illustrates the principal significance of the energy-coupling, in maintaining and reshaping the system. However, the physiological functions of phosphorylation are under the permanent risk of being compromised by spontaneous racemization. Therefore, the major distinct steps in protein-centric aging include the biosynthesis of a polypeptide chain, protein folding assisted by the system of PTMs, and age-dependent spontaneous protein racemization and degradation. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to pay attention to the biphasic, alternative, and stepwise changes in the conformational entropy of protein folding. The broader view on protein folding, including the impact of spontaneous racemization, will help in the goal-oriented experimental design in the field of chiral proteomics.     

聚氯化铁盐基度测试方法的探究

在研究、生产高浓度聚氯化铁的过程中,影响产品性能的关键指标是产品的盐基度,因此需解决聚氯化铁盐基度的测定问题。目前,关于聚氯化铁盐基度测试未见报道。笔者采用氧化法制备了聚氯化铁,重点研究了聚氯化铁盐基度的测试影响因素,并考察了稳定剂(磷酸)对盐基度的影响。试验表明,盐基度测试的准确性与测试过程中的取样量、盐酸浓度、解聚温度、氢氧化钠的浓度、掩蔽剂的选择等因素有关。通过氧化法制备理论盐基度为19.49的聚氯化铁试样,采用2.5 mol/L的盐酸在热水下解聚、以氟化钠为掩蔽剂、用0.1 mol/L的氢氧化钠回滴,实测值为20.14,与理论值相接近;通过加标回收试验,该方法的回收率达到97%以上。     

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage in the case of fully adiabatic electron transition

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage and on the width at half maximum of the current-overvoltage curve is studied. A number of the approximate expressions for the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are obtained in the fully adiabatic limit for different particular cases. It is shown that at small values of the coupling of the electronic levels of the electrodes with the valence orbital of the redox molecule and the small values of the bias voltage two regions of the reorganization Gibbs energy exist with different dependence of the width on the reorganization Gibbs energy. The results of calculations of the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are presented and used for the interpretation of the experimental data [N.G. Tao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 4066, I. Visoly-Fisher, K. Daie, Y. Terazono, C. Herrero, F. Fungo, L. Otero, E. Durantini, J.J. Silber, L. Sereno, D. Gust, T.A. Moore, A.L. Moore, S.M. Lindsay, PNAS 103 (2006) 8686].     

古瓷的兔纹饰及其文化内涵

纹形装饰是古瓷装饰艺术的一朵奇葩，是古瓷社会、文化与艺术价值的体现。兔形纹饰以兔为对象撷取其蹲、跳、闪、奔、躲、仰、顾等生动形象，表现其机灵、敏捷、勤奋、睿智、温和、仁善和勇敢的优良品性，汇集其神话传说、民间故事等优秀题材，深刻体现兔纹饰的丰富文化内涵。经历数千年的淘炼与承袭，兔纹饰形成了各具特色的艺术风格和简、繁、符、形、神、文融为一体的完备体系。观、赏、玩、研，俱让人体味一种特殊的美感。     

热泵干燥过程中低温热泵补热的应用分析

针对木材干燥中的不利工况,提高干燥系统的可靠性,根据两级压缩制冷循环原理,提出了低温热泵和干燥热泵的耦合应用方案。使用能量的（火用）损失模型,分别对干燥系统进行热量、干燥介质的质扩散和除湿过程的（火用）损失进行分析。在低温热泵20、22、24、26、28、30℃以及关闭低温热泵的供热情况下分别测试计算了干燥热泵压缩机的排气温度与能耗、热泵性能系数（COP）以及热力完善度,同时测得木材含水率下降1%,系统的干燥用时和能耗。结果表明：相比于关闭低温热泵,开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的排气温度最多减少了16℃,COP皆有所提高。由于主机室温度升高后,系统循环的不可逆程度增加,热力完善度随着供热温度增加逐渐降低。开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的供热量和用时比关闭低温热泵最大分别增加44%,减少46%。     

陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱与颗粒均匀度的影响

针对陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响.基于不同的造粒立柱几何参数,采用干法制粉制备颗粒,分析造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响;同时基于CFD方法构建陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉混料过程欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,数值模拟验证实验的正确性.实验检测表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm、9 mm、10 mm时,对应制备颗粒最大均匀度为4.81、4.97、5.23、5.17、4.99,颗粒平均均匀度为4.71、4.85、4.98、4.87、4.83.数值模拟表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒立柱几何参数依次为9 mm、10 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.综合分析说明:造粒立柱几何参数为8 mm时,颗粒均匀度最大,粉体分散性最好,团聚现象不明显,且实验检测与数值模拟基本相吻合.     

Changes in the structure of flax cellulose induced by solutions of lithium,sodium, and potassium hydroxides

In the reaction of cellulose-containing flax material with aqueous solutions of LiOH, NaOH, and KOH, the degree of swelling, sorption of water and alkali, parameters of the crystal lattice formed by alkali cellulose, degree of removal of lignin, and change in the degree of polymerization are a function of the type of cation. For the sorption characteristics and crystal lattice parameters of alkali cellulose, this dependence is determined by the change in the structure of the first and second hydrate shells of the cations. Despite the important differences in the degree of swelling, crystal lattice parameters of alkali cellulose, and degree of removal of lignin, the changes in the crystal structure of the cellulose related to the transition from crystalline modification I to modification II under the effect of the three different bases are similar and take place in approximately the same concentration region.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 15–19, November–December, 2004.     

干湿循环作用下混凝土力学性能及微观结构研究

为揭示混凝土在干湿循环作用下的劣化机理,本文对不同强度等级的混凝土进行干湿循环试验,并在试验过程中测定混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、超声波速、孔隙率等物理量,探究了干湿循环作用对混凝土物理力学性能的影响,并从微观尺度上分析了混凝土强度与孔结构的关系。结果表明:混凝土的强度随干湿循环次数的增加先升高后降低,干湿循环40次后,C20、C30、C40、C50混凝土的相对抗压强度分别下降了13.33%、12.47%、8.45%、6.58%,相对劈裂抗拉强度分别下降了25.93%、23.06%、20.59%、19.03%,相对劈裂抗拉强度较抗压强度衰减更为显著;超声波速和超声波幅表现出不同的变化规律,随着干湿循环次数的增加,超声波速先略有增加而后减小,超声波幅则不断增大;在干湿交替的环境中,混凝土试样的孔隙率、孔隙总体积、平均孔径、中值孔径、最可几孔径随着干湿循环次数的增多,先减小后增大,最终表现出孔径粗化特征,这也是混凝土强度后期损失的内在原因。     

Radiation line spectra and orbit radii of the hydrogen atom

The orbit radii of the hydrogen atom were calculated using the values of the van der Waals and two covalent radii and the well-known quadratic dependence of the orbit radii on a series of whole numbers (Bohr equation). Using the equation for the orbital velocity of the dynamics of orbital motion, the orbital velocities and emission frequencies for 19 hydrogen atom orbits were determined with the calculated values of the radii. It was shown that for orbits characterized by whole numbers n, equal to 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19, the calculated frequencies coincide with the experimental (handbook) values of the Layman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund, and Humphrey series frequencies. A graph displaying the frequencies of all series, including x-ray, was plotted with the calculated values of the radii and the experimental frequency values. An equation for calculating the radiation frequencies as a function of the orbit radius of the hydrogen atom was proposed and substantiated. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 50-53, January-February, 2009.