加筋土坡动态稳定性拟静力分析

 加筋土工结构被广泛采用的原因不仅是其具有良好的静力性能,且也在于出色的动力稳定性能,现有研究较少考虑竖向地震效应对加筋土坡动态稳定性的影响。基于塑性极限分析上限理论,假定不同的破坏面,同时考虑水平和竖向地震影响并结合不同加筋模式,采用拟静力分析方法推导一定加筋强度条件下的边坡临界高度和一定边坡高度条件下的临界加筋强度计算公式,并对所导公式采用序列二次规划法进行了优化计算,数值计算与分析表明：简单静态和动态条件下,该结果与现有研究成果有较好的一致性,可以证明该方法的正确性;水平和竖向地震、岩土材料强度特性、边坡倾斜度均对加筋土坡的动态稳定性有重要影响,特别当边坡较陡,岩土填筑材料质量较差和地震影响强度较大时,忽视竖向地震影响将会导致设计偏于不安全;最后针对工程实际,提出相应的工程建议。     

Evaluation of oblique pullout resistance of reinforcements in soil wall subjected to seismic loads

Pullout resistance is one of the most important factors governing seismic stability of reinforced soil walls. The previous studies on the seismic stability of reinforced soil walls have focused on the axial resistance of the reinforcement against the pullout. However, the kinematics of failure causes the reinforcement to be subjected to the oblique pullout force and bending deformation. Considering the kinematics of failure and bending deformation of the reinforcement, this paper presents a pseudo-static seismic analysis for evaluating the pullout resistance of reinforcements in soil wall subjected to oblique pullout forces. A modified horizontal slice method (HSM) and Pasternak model are used to calculate the required force to maintain the stability of the reinforced soil wall and shear resistance mobilized in the reinforcements, respectively. In addition, this paper studies the effect of various parameters on the pullout resistance of the reinforcements in soil wall subjected to seismic loads. Results of this study are compared with the published data and their differences are analyzed in detail.     

Effect of the vertical earthquake component on permanent seismic displacement of soil slopes based on the nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion

In the present study, a model is developed to calculate the upper bound of the seismic displacement of a slope based on the sliding rigid block model. In this model, it is assumed that the geotechnical materials satisfy the nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb (M–C) failure criterion, and the instantaneous shear strength parameters are introduced by the “external tangent method”. A sequential quadratic program, based on the nonlinear iteration procedure, is also employed to obtain the optimal solution for the objective function. Using the upper bound method and the Newmark sliding rigid block model, the effect of the vertical earthquake component on the permanent displacement of slopes is studied under the following two conditions: (1) It is assumed that the vertical acceleration is in phase with the horizontal acceleration; (2) Actual vertical ground motion records are used (i.e., the vertical and horizontal accelerations are mutually independent). The results show that the nonlinear parameter m significantly affects the permanent displacement of slopes, and that the effect of the vertical earthquake component on permanent displacement cannot be ignored. The impact of the vertical earthquake component on slope stability will be overestimated if the vertical acceleration is in phase with the horizontal acceleration.     

Upper bound seismic limit analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced unsaturated soil walls

The assessment of the internal stability of geosynthetic-reinforced earth retaining walls has historically been investigated in previous studies assuming dry backfills. However, the majority of the failures of these structures are caused by the water presence. The studies including the water presence in the backfill are scarce and often consider saturated backfills. In reality, most soils are unsaturated in nature and the matric suction plays an important role in the wall's stability. This paper investigates the internal seismic stability of geosynthetic-reinforced unsaturated earth retaining walls. The groundwater level can be located at any reinforced backfill depth. Several nonlinear equations relating the unsaturated soil shear strength to the matric suction and different backfill type of soils are considered in this study. The log-spiral failure mechanism generated by the point-to-point method is considered. The upper-bound theorem of the limit analysis is used to evaluate the strength required to maintain the reinforced soil walls stability and the seismic loading are represented by the pseudo-dynamic approach. A parametric study showed that the required reinforcement strength is influenced by several parameters such as the soil friction angle, the horizontal seismic coefficient, the water table level, the matric suction distribution as well as the soil types and the unsaturated soils shear strength.     

Effects of seismic amplification on the stability design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

Many researches of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under earthquakes demonstrate seismic acceleration amplification along the wall height. Current design methods of GRS walls often neglect the amplification effect on seismic stability and could yield an unconservative result. A pseudo-static method based on limit equilibrium (LE) analyses is carried out to calculate the distribution of required tension of seismic GRS walls following a top-down procedure. The connection load between the reinforcement and facing is correspondingly determined by the front-end pullout capacity. The approach assumes that the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient varies linearly from the bottom to the top of GRS walls. The obtained results of the required tension involving the seismic amplification are in good agreement with other LE results in previous studies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effects of horizontal seismic coefficient, primary and secondary reinforcement lengths and wall batter on the seismic stability of GRS walls. The seismic amplification yields more required reinforcement tension, significantly for the lower layers of the GRS wall subjected to strong earthquakes. In this situation, lengthening the bottom 1/2 of reinforcement layers could reduce the required tension to avoid tensile breakage of the reinforcements.     

水平与竖向加速度-时程曲线叠加效应下边坡永久位移计算的极限上限分析

实际边坡动力稳定性受地震竖向与水平方向效应共同作用,传统边坡地震永久位移计算方法较少考虑竖向地震波影响,采用实际地震的竖向与水平方向加速度时程曲线共同效应更符合工程实际。基于极限分析上限法和Newmark刚塑性滑块模型,提出一种基于实际水平向与竖向地震加速度时程曲线的边坡永久位移计算改进方法,以3个工程边坡为例,探讨了两组具有代表性实测典型水平和竖向地震地面运动记录对边坡地震永久位移计算的影响。研究结果表明:不考虑竖向地震加速度时程曲线时,本文方法可蜕化为与前人方法兼容;不同地震波的竖向与水平地震动时程曲线的叠加效应不同,竖向地震对边坡永久位移的影响不可忽略。     

水平地震作用下加筋格宾挡土墙动力特性试验研究

通过大型的模型试验,研究了以红砂岩为填料在水平地震作用下加筋格宾挡土墙的动力特性。双绞合六边形金属格宾网由PVC包裹,并镀锌防腐,网面单元尺寸为80 mm×100 mm。输入地震波采用ELCE_NS地震波和HACHI_EW地震波,峰值分别为0.342g和0.183g。试验得出了加筋格宾挡墙在不同峰值的水平地震激励下的第一层、第三层、第五层墙顶面处的水平加速度、竖向加速度、水平动位移、竖向动位移峰值响应和沿墙高方向动应力峰值响应。通过对加筋格宾挡土墙的结构分析和抗震试验,可以得出加筋格宾挡土墙为优良的抗震结构,这为加筋格宾挡土墙的抗震设计提供依据。     

格宾加筋土挡墙抗震性能及数值分析

基于有限差分程序FLAC3D动力分析模块,建立水平地震作用下格宾加筋土挡墙足尺数值模型,通过抗震模型试验结果验证数值模型的可靠性,分析不同强度地震波作用、不同竖向加筋间距时,格宾加筋土挡墙的水平位移响应、震陷、加速度响应及破坏模式,在此基础上,提出格宾加筋土挡墙抗震设计相关措施与建议。结果表明:在不同峰值加速度作用下,格宾加筋土挡墙没有出现倒塌破坏,在较大的水平位移及沉降发生后仍能继续承载,表现出良好的抗震性能;在地震波频率特性基本不变的情况下增长加速度峰值,墙面加速度放大系数有减小的趋势;格宾加筋土挡墙建造于7度及以下、8度、9度及以上抗震设防区时,格宾网竖向间距分别不宜大于1.0m、0.75m、0.5m;水平地震作用下挡墙潜在破裂面为双线段组合形式;提出格宾加筋土挡墙抗震设计位移控制标准。     

斜坡加速度动力响应特性的大型振动台试验研究

以"5·12"汶川地震灾区典型斜坡为原型,采用水平层状上硬下软和上软下硬2种岩性组合概念模型,设计并完成比例1:100的大型振动台试验。在满足相似律的条件下,通过输入不同地震波类型、频率、激振方向和振幅,系统地研究模型斜坡的地震动力响应特性。以输入加速度峰值0.3g为例,分析不同岩性组合模型斜坡在单向天然地震波作用下的同向加速度动力响应规律,研究结果表明,加速度沿竖直和水平方向的响应都呈现明显的非线性特征;总体上,高程对地震波具有明显的放大效应。在水平向地震波作用下,斜坡的动力响应主要出现在斜坡的中上段,而在同等强度的激振力作用下,竖直向加速度最大放大倍数仅相当于水平向加速度最大放大倍数的1/2左右,且动力响应较强部位主要出现在斜坡的中下段。不同岩性组合结构对加速度响应规律的影响也因激振方向不同而异,在水平向地震波作用下,上硬下软组合斜坡总体上要比上软下硬组合斜坡对加速度的放大程度大,在竖直向地震波作用下则相反。通过对比坡面不同高程处的加速度傅里叶谱表明,在地震波从下往上传播过程中,上硬下软斜坡对起放大作用的频段具有明显的选择性,竖直向激振条件下对2种岩性组合斜坡加速度起放大作用的卓越频率比水平向激振条件下的卓越频率大得多。     

Sliding stability and lateral displacement analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls

Field observations have demonstrated that reinforced soil retaining walls generally have superior seismic performance when compared to traditional gravity retaining walls. However, current design guidelines for reinforced soil retaining walls are typically based on pseudo-static methods of analysis, which involve simplifying assumptions. For instance, the reinforced zone is usually assumed as a rigid body in external stability calculations. As a result, the influences of reinforcement arrangement and properties on the sliding stability and displacement of the wall cannot be accounted for in their design. Additionally, the soil shear strength is assumed to be constant in conventional displacement calculations using the Newmark sliding block method. In this paper, an analysis method is proposed to determine the yield acceleration and lateral displacement of reinforced soil walls that includes soil shear strength mobilization and a two-part wedge planar failure mechanism. The proposed method is validated against the results of laboratory model tests, and influences of factors such as ground acceleration coefficients, and reinforcement and backfill properties on the stability of the wall are examined.     

3D effects of turning corner on stability of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures

Current design procedures of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Structures (GRSS's) are for walls/slopes with long straight alignments. When two GRSS segments intersect, an abrupt change in the alignment forms a turning corner. Experience indicate potential instability problems occurring at corners. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of turning corner on the stability of reinforced slopes. Three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis, based on limit equilibrium, resulted in the maximum tensile force of reinforcement. Parametric studies required numerous computations considering various geometrical parameters and material properties. The computed results produced efficient practical format of stability charts. For long-term stability of reinforced slopes with turning corner, the influences of pore water pressure and seismic loading are also considered. Turning corner can improve the stability of reinforced slopes by virtue of inclusion of end effects. However, localized increase of pore water pressure or directional seismic amplification may decrease locally thus stability requiring strength of reinforcement larger than in two-dimensional (2D) plane-strain. While using 2D analysis for non-localized conditions may require stronger reinforcement, it also requires shorter reinforcement than in 3D analysis; i.e., 2D analysis may be unconservative in terms of reinforcement length.     

地震波频率对岩质斜坡加速度动力响应规律的影响

 斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应是地震波各频率组分与斜坡体共同作用的结果,不同的地震波频率将产生不同的斜坡响应。依托于振动台模型试验,针对均质和层状结构模型斜坡,首先分析试验不同阶段白噪声激振下的动力特性,得出两模型斜坡的共振频率呈现降低趋势,模型内部结构趋于松散,且水平向加速度的第1阶共振频率要低于竖直向加速度的第1阶共振频率。着重分析斜坡加速度动力响应规律及其与地震波频率变化的相关性,结果表明：(1) 两模型的水平向加速度响应在相对坡底高程(h/H＞1/2)时具有明显的高程放大效应,竖直向加速度响应的高程放大效应出现在h/H＜3/4的部位,且这一特征与激振频率的大小无关;(2) 在同等激振强度下,随着激振频率增大,越靠近模型斜坡的共振频率,两模型斜坡水平向加速度的响应程度也越高,而竖直向加速度响应强度与激振频率的相关性因模型斜坡结构不同而异;(3) 激振强度增加时伴随的模型结构恶化(即共振频率降低)并不一定导致加速度响应强度的减弱,相反,高频激振波由于更加接近模型的共振频率,使得响应减弱的可能性变小;(4) 层状结构模型斜坡的加速度响应强度大于均质结构模型斜坡,当激振强度较大时,这种层状结构效应与激振频率的相关性增强,表现为随着激振频率增大,该效应对水平向加速度而言逐渐明显,对竖直向加速度而言则相对减弱。     

Seismic stability of earth slopes with tension crack

Cracks at the crest of slopes frequently occur during earthquakes. Such cracks result from limited tension strength of the soil. A tension cut-off in Mohr-Coulomb shear strength can represent this limited strength. Presented is an extension of variational analysis of slope stability with a tension crack considering seismicity. Both translational and rotational failure mechanisms are included in a pseudo-static analysis of slope stability. Developed is a closed-form to assess the seismic stability of slopes with zero tensile strength. The results indicate that the presence of the tension crack has significant effects on the seismic stability of slopes, i.e., leading to small value of the yield acceleration. Considering soil tension strength in seismic slope analysis may lead to overestimation on the stability, as much as 50% for vertical slopes. Imposing tension crack results in transit of the critical failure mode to a straight line from a log-spiral, except for flat slopes with small soil cohesion. Under seismic conditions, large cohesion may increase the depth of crack, moving it closer to the slope.     

Remedial treatment of soil structures using geosynthetic-reinforcing technology

The advantages of geosynthetic-reinforcing technology to construct new soil structures including; (a) a relatively short construction period; (b) small construction machines necessary; and (c) a higher stability of completed structures, all contributing to a higher cost-effectiveness, are addressed. A number of case successful histories of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls have been reported in the literature (e.g., [Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J., Tateyama, M., 1997a. Performance of Earth Reinforcement Structures during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Special Lecture. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Earth Reinforcement, IS Kyushu ‘96, Balkema, vol. 2, pp. 973–1008; Tatsuoka, F., Tateyama, M, Uchimura, T., Koseki, J., 1997b. Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls as important permanent structures, 1996–1997 Mercer Lecture. Geosynthetics International 4(2), 81–136; Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J., Tateyama, M., Munaf, Y., Horii, N., 1998. Seismic stability against high seismic loads of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining structures, Keynote Lecture. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, vol. 1, pp.103–142; Helwany, S.M.B., Wu, J.T.H., Froessl, B., 2003. GRS bridge abutments—an effective means to alleviate bridge approach settlement. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 21(3), 177–196; Lee, K.Z.Z., Wu, J.T.H., 2004. A synthesis of case histories on GRS bridge-supporting structures with flexible facing. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 22(4), 181–204; Yoo, C., Jung, H.-S., 2004. Measured behavior of a geosynthetic-reinforced segmental retaining wall in a tiered configuration. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 22(5), 359–376; Kazimierowicz-Frankowska, K., 2005. A case study of a geosynthetic reinforced wall with wrap-around facing. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23(1), 107–115; Skinner, G.D., Rowe, R.K., 2005. Design and behaviour of a geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall and bridge abutment on a yielding foundation. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23(3), 234–260]). Techniques for analyzing the seismic response of reinforced walls and slopes have also been developed (e.g. Nouri, H. Fakher, A., Jones, C.J.F.P., 2006. Development of horizontal slice method for seismic stability analysis of reinforced slopes and walls. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24(2),175–187). Several typical cases in which embankments having a gentle slope and conventional-type soil retaining walls that were seriously damaged or failed were reconstructed to geosynthetic-reinforced steepened slopes or geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls are also reported in this paper. It has been reported that the reconstruction of damaged or failed conventional soil structures to geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures was highly cost-effective in these cases. Rehabilitation of an old earth-fill dam in Tokyo to increase its seismic stability by constructing a counter-balance fill reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement is described. Finally, a new technology proposed to stabilize the downstream slope of earth-fill dams against overflowing flood water while ensuring a high seismic stability by protecting the slope with soil bags anchored with geosynthetic reinforcement layers arranged in the slope is described.     

框架预应力锚杆加固多级高边坡地震响应数值分析

依托实际工程,基于Geostudio岩土分析软件,建立了框架预应力锚杆加固多级高边坡的动力分析模型。通过设置边界条件,输入水平地震作用,分析了边坡在地震作用下的位移响应、速度响应、加速度响应和锚杆轴力响应。结果表明:水平地震作用下,边坡内的位移、速度、加速度和锚杆的轴力等均随地震持时呈波动性变化。水平位移随时间变化显著且具有累积效应,边坡水平位移远大于竖直位移。坡体临空面水平加速度幅值明显增大,临空面对地震加速度具有放大效应。边坡总应力从坡底沿坡高递减,在坡底总应力最大。预应力锚杆的自由段与锚固段轴力均随地震持时波动性变化,自由段轴力较大,锚固段轴力沿远离自由段方向递减。分析结果可为框架预应力锚杆加固多级高边坡的地震响应提供一定的依据。     

加筋土挡墙的抗震性能研究现状

首先,简述了加筋土挡墙比天然地基及普通挡土墙具有更好的抗震性能,对加筋土挡墙抗震性能的主要影响因素进行了综述,包括:筋材长度和筋材层间距、回填土性质、地震系数等。同时也指出,加筋土挡墙在地震烈度较大时也会发生破坏。最后,根据对加筋土挡墙抗震性能研究的结果指出,可以通过进一步的研究来定量评价加筋土挡墙的抗震能力,同时了解地震过程中的筋土耦合问题,综合考虑水平地震加速度(ah)和竖向地震加速度(av)对加筋土抗震性能的影响。     

水平和竖向地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力可靠性分析

由于传统顺层岩质边坡地震可靠性分析往往是基于拟静力法,忽略了地震的动力特性,而基于数值模拟软件的地震时程分析法虽能考虑地震的动态性,却相对费时费力,该文同时考虑了地震的动力特性和强度参数随机性,提出顺层岩质边坡动力可靠性分析方法。运用Wilson-θ法和Matlab/Simulink工具建立了顺层岩质边坡地震响应简化计算方法。根据响应结果,运用Monte Carlo法计算了边坡的动力可靠度,并提出采用整体最小平均可靠度来评价边坡的地震整体可靠性。在此基础上,进一步分析了水平和竖向地震作用的叠加模式对顺层岩质边坡可靠性的影响。算例分析表明,提出的地震响应简化计算方法具有较高的计算精度和效率。该文可靠度分析方法低估了边坡的地震可靠性。与水平地震作用相比,竖向地震作用对顺层岩质边坡可靠性的影响也很明显。常用的水平和竖向地震作用的峰值叠加模式并不能充分地体现出双向地震的最大作用叠加效果,而采用双向地震的最大作用叠加模式更偏于工程安全。     

Earth pressure coefficients for design of geosynthetic reinforced soil structures

There are several methods proposed in the last two decades that can be used to design geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls and slopes. The majority of them are based on limit equilibrium considerations, assuming bi-linear or logarithmic spiral failure surfaces. Based on these failure mechanisms, design charts have been presented by several authors. However, the use of design charts is less and less frequent. The paper presents results from a computer program, based on limit equilibrium analyses, able to quantify earth pressure coefficients for the internal design of geosynthetic reinforced soil structures under static and seismic loading conditions. Failure mechanisms are briefly presented. Earth pressure coefficients calculated by the developed program are compared with values published in the bibliography. The effect of seismic loading on the reinforcement required force is also presented. To avoid the use of design charts and based on the obtained results, approximate equations for earth pressure coefficients estimation are proposed. The performed analyses show that the failure mechanism and the assumptions made have influence on the reinforcement required strength. The increase of reinforcement required strength induced by the seismic loading, when compared to the required strength in static conditions, grows with the backfill internal friction angle. The effects of the vertical component of seismic loading are not very significant.     

纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应离散元分析——以北川唐家山滑坡为例

 运用离散元数值模拟技术,对北川唐家山斜坡体在具地域性和空间非均质性的地震纵横波时差耦合作用(同时考虑水平和竖向地震力作用)下产生崩滑破坏的动力全过程进行研究,确定该斜坡体在强震动力作用下产生崩滑破坏的形成机制及主控因素。研究表明：(1) 该斜坡体的初期崩滑破坏是受到地震纵波产生的水平与竖向拉裂耦合作用所致,并以竖向拉裂作用占优,而后期的抛射及运动过程则是受到地震纵横波的耦合作用所致;(2) 地震纵波产生的水平与竖向拉裂耦合作用是触发斜坡体产生初期崩滑破坏的主控因素,而斜坡所处地形(如高程差、沟谷延伸方向)则是促使破坏后的斜坡体形成后续碰撞解体及碎屑流等运动过程的控制诱发因素;(3) 该斜坡体动力响应特征值的放大效应表明,其放大系数值从大到小依次是：竖向加速度＞水平加速度＞竖向速度＞水平速度,该结果与斜坡体发生先期崩滑破坏的形成机制及主控因素相符合,即地震纵波产生的竖向加速度起到了优势破坏作用。以上结论对研究动力耦合条件下的斜坡崩滑效应具有较高的理论和现实价值。     

风干堆积体边坡地震响应的动力离心模型试验

 堆积体边坡在我国西南地区广泛分布,为深入研究其地震响应规律,设计完成了1∶50比尺的概化边坡离心振动台模型试验,分析4级不同强度地震连续作用下,风干堆积体边坡的加速度响应、边坡变形及其失稳模式。试验结果表明,堆积体边坡水平向PGA放大系数表现出了典型的高程放大效应与趋表放大效应。沿堆积体边坡高程方向,输入地震波频谱特性发生了明显改变,各测点加速度傅里叶谱的卓越频率随PGA增大而降低。考虑竖直向加速度放大效应的影响后,发现合放大系数与水平向夹角随高程有减小的趋势,反映了坡面处发生的波场分裂与波型转换现象。随地震波幅值的增大,水平向与竖直向PGA放大系数均先减小后增大。试验过程中观察发现在地震波加速度峰值达到0.216 g时堆积体边坡开始失稳,坡顶沉降明显,失稳模式以浅层崩滑为主。