The EDU—AVT—6 Plant at Angarsk Refinery. Experience in Revamping

In 1999, Angarsk Petrochemical Company issued a bid for revamping the EDU—AVT—6 Plant for the purpose of simultaneously producing four oil cuts in the vacuum unit — transformer oil base (viscosity of 7—9 mm²/sec at 50°C), low—viscosity, medium—viscosity, and viscous cuts (4.7—5.5, 6.5—7, and 8.5—9.5 mm²/sec, respectively, at 100°C), as well as vacuum gasoil.     

Crude oil from the Chirag field

The crude oil from a promising new offshore field in Azerbaidzhan — Chirag — is light, low-sulfur, low-resin, and waxy. Its naphtha cuts are characterized by low octane numbers. They can be used as components of automotive gasolines. Brand KO-20 lamp kerosene can be obtained from light kerosene cuts. Catalytic dewaxing must be conducted on the 150–280°C cut to manufacture jet fuel. The diesel cuts are favorable feedstock for manufacturing summer diesel fuel. The potential content of base oils with a viscosity index of 75–89 is 24.64 wt. % in crude oil.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 35–38, November–December, 2004.     

Exhaustive Processing of Low-viscosity Raffinate

In exhaustive dewaxing of raffinate from the 300 – 400°C cut, the yield of MS–8 lube stock with a solid point of –55°C does not exceed 40%. The slack wax obtained contains 30 – 40% oils. As a result of deoiling the slack wax at a temperature of –24°C, soft wax with a melting point of +43°C and dewaxed oil with a solid point of –2°C were obtained. The first product is used as a component of the feedstock for production of synthetic fatty acids and the second is used for production of cooling fluids. The scheme for exhaustive refining of raffinate and the material balance of the process are reported.     

Dry Heat—Resistant Mixes for Lining Tube Furnaces

Industrial heat—shield designs made of light heat—resistant concrete are most effective as lining in furnaces for the petroleum refining and petrochemical industry that operate at temperatures up to 1000°C. Such linings allow reducing the size and weight of the furnaces, reducing their external surface temperature to the standard temperature, and automating assembly and repairs.     

Instrument Transformers for Distributed Control

Distributed control systems (DCS ) containing transformers of different physical quantities — temperature, pressure, etc. — are a constituent part of oil refinery automation systems. Production of such transformers is being developed and organized at Kedr—89 Co.     

Efficiency of Dewaxing Lube Oil Raffinate in Different Types of Crystallizers

A pulsed—mixing industrial crystallizer has been part of the dewaxing system (section S—400) in production of lube oils and waxes in the KM—2 complex at Slavneft'—Yaroslavnefteorgsintez OJSC since November 1999. During a pilot run, the crystallizer was tested in processing residual raffinate and raffinate of the 420—490°C cut of mixed West Siberian crude oils. The pulsed crystallizer has been operating constantly in this section in processing distillate raffinate since March 2000.     

Hydrotreatment of Mercaptane—Containing Gas Condensate Feedstock

The effect of different schemes for loading the catalyst into the reactor for hydrotreating of the mercaptan—containing IBP—350°C cut of Astrakhan' gas condensate on the degree of the increase in the pressure differential in the reactor is investigated. The basic causes of crust formation on the porcelain beads and upper layers of catalyst are revealed. Loading of the catalyst by layers using a low—activity hydrotreating catalyst with a high free bed volume instead of porcelain beads is proposed. The new scheme for layered loading of the catalysts allows increasing the reactor run between repairs to 1.1—1.2 years.     

Preparation of turbine oil 22 from the Sangachal Sea petroleum deposit

Conclusions Beginning from the distillate of Sangachal Sea petroleum, with a viscosity of 5.1 cS at 100°C (boiling range 407–474°C) any of the methods used by the authors will give turbine oil 22 which meets the requirements of GOST 32–53; addition of 0.1% of ionol gives turbine oil 22 meeting the requirements of MRTU 12N18-63 and MRTU 12N128-64.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 16–18, April, 1971.     

Extraction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with a Mixed Solvent. Phase Equilibria and a Mathematical Description of the Process

Liquid—liquid phase equilibria in the four—component system morpholine—monoethanolamine (MEA)—benzene—n–hexane at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and MEA content in morpholine of 50—100 wt. % are described by a full third—degree polynomial. These equations are used for modeling extraction (multistage countercurrent according to a scheme with recycling) of aromatic hydrocarbons mixed with nonaromatic hydrocarbons. Equations are obtained that correlate the degree of extraction and purity of the extract with the fundamental factors of the process. The process is optimized. The results showed the superiority of the extraction properties of the binary extracting agents investigated over glycols. The use of these extracting agents in production of aromatic hydrocarbons reduces operating expenses.     

Negative Viscosity Anomaly of Liquid Petroleum Products after Heat Treatment

Heat treatment is a common method of improving the properties of heavy crude oils and petroleum products. Measurements showed for the first time that after heat treatment at 28—40°C, the rheological parameters of petroleum systems become much worse. The results obtained are important for improving shipping and storage technologies in conditions of periodic temperature drops. A theoretical explanation of these effects is given with consideration of the phase diagrams of petroleum systems and thermally induced changes in their colloidal structure.     

Applicability of tetramethylhexathioadamantane as lube oil additive

Summary Tetramethylhexathioadamantane has been synthesized and tested as an antiwear and antiseize additive in mineral and synthetic oil solutions at room temperature and at 150°C. The results of analysis of this compound and a characterization of its antiwear and antiseize properties have been presented.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 11, pp. 47–49, November, 1966.     

The effect of the temperature of formation of metallic cobalt on its reactivity during the process of carbonyl formation

Summary Increase in temperature of the thermal decomposition of carbonyls reduces the reactivity of the metallic cobalt so formed. Metallic cobalt formed at 280–320°C is converted into carbonyls approximately at one-seventh of the rate of that applicable to metallic cobalt formed at 170–180°C.Metallic cobalt obtained by reduction of carbonate at 400°C and slow cooling, is converted into carbonyls at approximately one-tenth of the rate applicable to metallic cobalt formed through thermal decomposition of carbonyls at 170–180°C.Increase in temperature during the thermal decobaltization of the oxo-product on a stationary carrier considerably increases the uniformity of the subsequent carbonyl formation process by reducing the rate of reaction in the initial period. The time necessary for the process is only slightly reduced in such a case. Under these conditions, raw material from the cobaltization stage may be directly transferred to the carbonylization, which greatly simplifies the oxo-synthesis process.     

Production of paraffin for the food industry from Ozeksuatskii petroleum

Summary This work has shown that it is possible to use a paraffin for the food industry based on grades A and D paraffin stocks obtained from Ozeksuatskii petroleum, provided they are further purified.The use of a highly purified paraffin, melting at 50.9°C and containing not more than 2% oil, for the preparation of wrappings for food products, may provide greater resilience in the paraffin film than the use of a high-boiling and highly purified paraffin melting at 56.5°C and containing 0.38% oil.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 8, pp. 30–31, August, 1966.     

Carbon Adsorbents from Cracking Tar and Petroleum Pitch

Crushed carbon adsorbents with elevated sorption and separating properties at temperatures of 28—160°C were fabricated from copolycondensates of petroleum pitch and cracking tar. They are better than KAD–iodide adsorbent and similar to SKT adsorbent with respect to the sorption capacity and selectivity in extraction of precious metals from multicomponent solutions.     

Evaluating the anticorrosion properties of motor oils containing additives

Conclusions A study has been made of the effects of oxidation period (from 10 to 50 h), temperature (from 140 to 180°C), and oxidation catalyst (copper naphthenate) on the anticorrosion properties of 10 additives of different types; it has been demonstrated that the potential corrosivity of DS-11 base oil is most effectively improved by the additives LZ-23k and DF-1.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 46–51, June, 1968.     

Additive for a Lubricant for Heavy—Duty Friction Units

An additive that improves the tribotechnical characteristics of TAp—15 base oil was developed for heavy—duty friction units. The additive contains 1.35—1.6 % finely disperse high—density polyethylene, 1.55—1.75% ethyl silicate 40, and 0.085—0.095 % chromium(III) acetylacetonate. A probable molecular mechanism that takes into account the synergism of the positive effect of the last two components is proposed.     

Condensed aromatic hydrocarbons of a kerosene-gasoline fraction

Summary Using the picrate method, it was established from the absorption spectra in the ultraviolet region that the condensed aromatic hydrocarbons in a kerosene-gasoline fraction (200–350°C) of Kachanov oil consist of naphthalene and its methyl-derivatives ranging from monoto tetramethylnaphthalenes.     

Increasing Raffinate Dewaxing Efficiency

The efficiency of dewaxing of wide and narrow distillation raffinates using different mixed solvents: acetone and methyl–tert–butyl ether (MTBE), acetone and toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and toluene, is compared. Decreasing the cutpoints from 100–140 to 50–70°C increases the filtration rate by 2 and more times and the yield of dewaxed lube oil by 2.5–5% as a function of the solvent used.     

Catalytic cracking of heavy crude on a zeolite catalyst

Conclusions The authors study catalytic cracking of the 280–460°C fraction of Upper Cretaceous Chechen-Ingush oil on CaHX zeolite without a binder. The zeolite was 6.6–7.5% more active and 8.4–9.4% more selective than a commercial aluminosilicate catalyst under moderate cracking conditions.The catalytic cracking gases obtained on a zeolite catalyst contain 1.72–3.35 wt. % propylene, 1.76–3.50 wt. % butylenes, and 3.51–5.82 wt. % isobutane (all these contents being percentages of the feedstock).The naphtha fractions contain 45 wt. % of isoparaffins and 26 wt. % of aromatic hydrocarbons.The wide-cut 200–360°C diesel fractions contain (on average) 46.5 wt, % of methanic, 12.5 wt. % of naphthenic, 34 wt. % of aromatic, and 7 wt. % of unsaturated hydrocarbons.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 7, pp. 9–11, July, 1969.     

New Products from Exhaustive Refining of Crude Oil

The degree of refining of crude oil can be increased both by increasing the proportion of secondary processes — thermal and catalytic cracking, hydrocracking coking — in the oil refinery circuit and by rational use (perhaps with additional refining) of gasoils of secondary origin and heavy resids [1].