An OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC Protocol with QoS Constraints for Broadband Wireless LANs

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an important technique to support high speed transmission of broadband traffic in wireless networks, especially broadband wireless local area networks (LANs). Based on OFDM, a new multiple access scheme, called OFDM-TDMA with subcarrier allocation (OFDM-TDMA/SA), is proposed in this paper. It provides more flexibility in resource allocation than other multiple access schemes such as OFDM-TDMA, OFDM-frequency division multiple access (OFDM-FDMA), and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). With OFDM-TDMA/SA, a medium access control (MAC) is designed for broadband wireless LANs. It optimizes bit allocation in subcarriers so that maximum bits are transmitted in each OFDM symbol under a frequency selective fading environment. The OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC protocol also supports three classes of traffic such as guaranteed, controlled-load, and best effort services. Based on the optimum subcarrier bit-allocation algorithm and considering heterogeneous QoS constraints of multimedia traffic, a hierarchical scheduling scheme is proposed to determine the subcarriers and time slots in which a mobile terminal can transmit packets. In such a way, the OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC protocol significantly increases system throughput in a frequency selective fading environment and guarantees QoS of multimedia traffic. Computer simulation is carried out to evaluate the performance of the OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC protocol. Results show that the new MAC protocol outperforms other MAC protocols for OFDM-based wireless LANs. This work was supported by the State of Georgia Yamacraw Project (E21-105).     

宽带无线TDMA系统的自适应调制技术

无线多媒体业务的快速增长促进了宽带无线ＴＤＭＡ通信系统的研究和开发,宽带无线ＴＤＭＡ通信系统方面出现了一些新的技术和系统设计概念。讨论宽带无线ＴＤＭＡ系统中采用的自适应调制技术。     

Radio Network Aggregation for 5G Mobile Terminals in Heterogeneous Wireless and Mobile Networks

This paper provides a novel design concept for advanced mobile multi interface terminals with radio network aggregation capability and enhanced quality of service (QoS) provisioning for multimedia services (voice, video and data) in heterogeneous wireless and mobile networks. A new module is established which provides the best QoS and lowest cost for any given multimedia service by using simultaneously all available wireless and mobile access networks for a given traffic flow. This novel adaptive QoS module with adaptive QoS routing algorithm is called advanced QoS routing algorithm (AQoSRA), which is defined independently from any existing and future radio access technology. The performance of our proposal is evaluated using simulations and analysis with multi-interface mobile stations with AQoSRA within, carrying multimedia traffic in heterogeneous mobile and wireless environment with coexistence of multiple Radio Access Technologies, such as 3G, 4G as well as future 5G radio access networks. The analysis of the proposed framework for radio networks aggregation in advanced mobile terminals has shown overall better performances regarding the achievable throughput and multimedia access probability in heterogeneous wireless and mobile environment.     

On the performance of a higher order alphabet size in CDMA

Due to the desire for the next generation of wireless communications systems to be able to support higher data rate, multimedia, traffic, it is of interest to determine if the use of a higher order alphabet size, in conjunction with code division multiple access (CDMA) signaling, will allow enhanced performance. We compare the performance of an asynchronous CDMA system when a 16-QAM alphabet is used with that of a CDMA system employing QPSK as the modulation format     

Impart of access scheme selectability on traffic performance inwireless multimedia communications system

This article proposes a flexible wireless multimedia communications system where time-division multiple-access (TDMA) and direct sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) schemes are flexibly selectable according to user's quality of services (QoSs) and channel conditions. We evaluate the traffic performance of the proposed system and discuss the impact of the access scheme selectability on the traffic performance. The key element of the proposed system is how to determine an appropriate access scheme for a user. Therefore, we theoretically derive a simple selection algorithm to maximize the system capacity. Our computer simulation results show that the proposed system with the derived access scheme selection algorithm can significantly improve the traffic performance as compared with conventional TDMA and CDMA systems     

CDMA/TDD system for wireless multimedia services with trafficunbalance between uplink and downlink

This paper proposes a code division multiple access (CDMA) time division duplex (TDD) system for wireless multimedia services with traffic unbalance between uplink and downlink. In the proposed system, the number of uplink time slots in a TDD frame differs from that of downlink. Moreover, the difference can be reset by the network operator according to the traffic pattern. We evaluate the performance of the proposed system under multimedia environment using Markov analysis and computer simulation. The results show that the frequency utilization is maximized even when the uplink and downlink traffic volumes are unbalanced. This, in turn, reduces drastically the blocking rate of multimedia calls (connections) in the proposed system compared with that in the traditional CDMA systems where the uplink and downlink use equal bandwidth     

A portable multimedia terminal

A personal communications system (PCS) that centers on integration of services to provide access to data and communications using a specialized, wireless multimedia terminal is described. The possible applications and support systems for such a terminal are outlined. Several of the major design issues behind portable multimedia terminals, including spectrally efficient picocellular networking, low-power digital design, video data compression, and integrated wireless RF transceivers, are discussed. It is argued that optimizing performance in each of these areas is crucial in meeting the performance requirements of the overall system and providing a small, lightweight terminal for personal communications     

Green Resource Allocation for Multiple OFDMA Based Networks: A Survey

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a popular and widely accepted multiple access technique to provide high data rate services in a mobile environment in the area of wireless communications. OFDMA can provide better flexibility in allocating the radio spectra by utilizing subcarrier allocations, scheduling, and energy control to obtain multi-dimension diversity gains. Due to its resource allocation flexibility, OFDMA has been widely used as a green air interface technology for the emerging broadband wireless access networks. This paper extensively addresses the integration of green OFDMA to the future air interface technologies, for instance:two-tier cellular, multi radio access technologies (RATs), FemtoCell, and relay networks. The main focus of the paper is to review and analyze the current OFDMA techniques to address the green resource allocation in multiuser diversity, where the critical constraints are the computational complexity, energy efficiency, and the sub-channel assignment. The future trend of OFDMA based networks will aim to maximize the energy efficiency of the exclusive channel assignment through a joint sub-channel and power allocation to accommodate high data traffic networks specially the relay based 5G cellular networks.     

基于TDD-CDMA的集成可变速率多媒体业务传输的MAC协议

文章给出了一种应用于移动多媒体通信的无线媒体接入控制(MAC)协议.该MAC协议采用混合TDMA/CDMA结构,以提高资源利用率;采用多码并行传榆提供可变速率,以支持集成多媒体业务.系统仿真表明,该协议具有较高的码利用率和良好的灵活性,适用于可变速率多媒体业务集成传输.     

Practical multiple‐antenna solutions for enhancing adaptive OFDM performance in mm‐wave WPANs

The design of short‐range high‐speed wireless networks for the 60 GHz band requires consideration of factors from a wide range of disciplines. Key system choices that make significant differences to the final cost and performance include the type of antennas, multiple access strategy and channel coding. In this paper we assume a coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system providing high‐speed communications between low‐cost terminals over indoor 60 GHz channels that are frequently non‐line‐of‐sight. Under constraints of low transmit power and high path attenuation, we consider two practical options for using multiple low‐cost ‘bond‐wire’ antennas, compared with ideal monopole antennas at each terminal. For specified multiple access and channel coding schemes, we show that a sectorized strategy based on simple 2 element phased arrays can provide substantial benefits in system performance and flexibility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新兴的宽带无线接入方式——LMDS

随着电信产业的发展，高速数据通信、VOD等宽带多媒体通信的业务增长很快，所有这些需要一个高质量的用户接入网。文章介绍了一种新兴的无线接入方式LMDS，分析了其系统结构和优点，对它在通信中的应用进行了展望，并且与其它接入方式进行了比较。     

Software-defined-radio-assisted adaptive broadband frequencyhopping multicarrier DS-CDMA

Against the backdrop of the explosive expansion of the Internet and the continued dramatic increase in demand for high-speed multimedia wireless services, there is an urgent demand for flexible, bandwidth-efficient transceivers. Multistandard operation is also an important requirement for the future generations of wireless systems. This article presents a versatile broadband multiple access scheme, combining frequency hopping with multicarrier DS-CDMA (FH/MC DS-CDMA). In the short term, the proposed FH/MC DS-CDMA scheme could be employed in the existing second- and third-generation CDMA system bands. Hence, it has the potential of supporting compatibility with these existing systems. This article also shows that FH/MC DS-CDMA exhibits a high grade of flexibility in the context of system design and parameter reconfiguration. Therefore, in the long term, the proposed FH/MC DS-CDMA scheme is capable of meeting the requirements of future broadband mobile wireless systems, with the aid of introducing more advanced techniques facilitated by the employment of software-defined radios (SDR) and with the advent of efficient adaptive baseband algorithms     

Adaptive multi-standard circuits and systems for wireless communications

Telecom trends such as smooth migration towards higher data rates and higher capacities for multimedia applications, and provision of various services (text, audio, video) from different standards with the same wireless device require integrated designs that work across multiple standards, can easily be reused and achieve maximum hardware share at minimum power consumption. This can be achieved by using adaptive circuits that are able to trade off power consumption for performance on the fly. Realization of the adaptivity function requires scaling of parameters such as current consumption to the demands of the signal-processing task. This paper describes adaptivity design concepts and application of design for adaptivity to multi-standard circuits and systems for wireless communications. An exploratory multi-standard RF front-end is discussed with phase-noise tuning, noise-figure tuning, and input-intercept point tuning requirements of 21 dB, 12 dB, and 7 dB, respectively.     

Emerging wireless broadband networks

The rapid evolution of mobile wireless access networks toward multimedia support with QoS provision forces the development of advanced wireless broadband systems with high reliability and high data rate. To achieve this goal, new system design concepts with increased system capacity will be required. In that context, ATM is becoming a major infrastructure, receiving a lot of attention for telecommunication systems since ATM networks can most effectively support wireless access systems. Wireless ATM systems have low transmission cost, flexible functionality, mobile ATM protocol, and radio access layer protocols. This article overviews the various wireless broadband systems studied at 5, 19.37, 40, and 60 GHz by European Union funded projects within the ACTS program. Moreover, related standardization activities and network evolution are also addressed     

Next-generation wireless communications concepts and technologies

Next-generation wireless (NextG) involves the concept that the next generation of wireless communications will be a major move toward ubiquitous wireless communications systems and seamless high-quality wireless services. This article presents the concepts and technologies involved, including possible innovations in architectures, spectrum allocation, and utilization, in radio communications, networks, and services and applications. These include dynamic and adaptive systems and technologies that provide a new paradigm for spectrum assignment and management, smart resource management, dynamic and fast adaptive multilayer approaches, smart radio, and adaptive networking. Technologies involving adaptive and highly efficient modulation, coding, multiple access, media access, network organization, and networking that can provide ultraconnectivity at high data rates with effective QoS for Next Gare are also described     

A low-complexity beamforming-based scheduling to downlink OFDMA/SDMA systems with multimedia traffic

In this paper, we propose a low-complexity beamforming-based scheduling scheme utilizing a semi-orthogonal user selection (SUS) algorithm in downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)/space division multiple access (SDMA) systems to support multimedia traffic. One of the challenges in the multi-dimensional (space, time, and frequency) radio resource allocation problem for OFDMA/SDMA systems is its high complexity, especially to simultaneously satisfy the quality of services (QoS) requirements for various traffic classes. In the literature, the SUS algorithm is usually applied to the single-class traffic environment, but extending the SUS algorithm to the multimedia environment is not straightforward because of the need to prioritize the real-time (RT) users and the non-real-time (NRT) users. To solve this problem, we propose the concept of urgency value to guarantee the fairness of the NRT as well as the best effort (BE) users while satisfying the delay requirement for the RT users. Simulation results show that, when traffic load is greater than 0.5, the proposed scheduling algorithm can improve the fairness performance by more than 100% over the most recently proposed algorithms.     

Compact multidimensional broadband wireless: the convergence of wireless mobile and access

Broadband wireless communications have gained increased interest during the last few years. This has been fuelled by a large demand on high-frequency utilization as well as a large number of users requiring simultaneous high-data-rate access for the applications of wireless mobile Internet and e-commerce. The convergence of wireless mobile and access will be the next storm in wireless communications, which will use a new network architecture to deliver broadband services in a more generic configuration to wireless customers, and support value-added services and emerging interactive multimedia communications. Large bandwidth, guaranteed quality of service, and ease of deployment coupled with the great advancements in semiconductor technologies make this converged wireless system a very attractive solution for broadband service delivery.     

Time division multiple access methods for wireless personalcommunications

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a classic approach to multiple access in digital cellular wireless communications systems. The authors summarize a number of frequency and time slot allocation techniques for enhancing the capacity and flexibility of TDMA-based systems. They also describe how the problems of fading, delay spread, time variability and interference affect TDMA systems, and how they may he countered and even exploited by appropriate techniques of detection, diversity, coding, adaptive equalization and slow frequency hopping (FH). It is worth emphasizing that the use of one of these techniques, slow random FH, results in a system that is in effect a hybrid of TDMA and code division multiple access (CDMA)     

Design of a Link Control Protocol for Multimedia Services in Wireless Local Communication

The convergence of wireless systems with multimedia services is the challengeof future generation wireless networks. The large variety of QoS requirementsof different media as well as the maintenance of synchronization of thedifferent streams to be presented at receiver, demand from the Data link layersome extra functionalities. In this paper, we present an enhanced approach forthe efficient management of multimedia applications in third-generationwireless networks. We advocate the use of multiple connections, one for eachtraffic component of the application, as the effective solution for thetransport of multimedia applications in future-generation wireless networks.The effectiveness of this scheme is guaranteed by providing a new link controltechnique that works on top of a PRMA-type access protocol which jointlymanages different streams of a multimedia application. For this purpose, wepropose a two-level priority mechanism (static and dynamic priorities)specified by higher protocol layers for link activation, channel access, andadmission control procedures specific to a multimedia application and foroptimizing the sharing of radio channel resources and management of thereservation queue at the base station. We expect this priority-based mechanismto perform well, especially during periods in which system traffic load ishigh, and to react well to the deterioration of multimedia service quality,in terms of both QoS parameters and the synchronization of its trafficcomponents.     

5G mobile terminals with advanced QoS-based user-centric aggregation (AQUA) for heterogeneous wireless and mobile networks

In this paper we present an advanced QoS provisioning module with vertical multi-homing framework for future fifth generation (5G) mobile terminals with radio network aggregation capability and traffic load sharing in heterogeneous mobile and wireless environments. The proposed 5G mobile terminal framework is leading to high performance utility networks with high QoS provisioning for any given multimedia service, higher bandwidth utilization and multi-RAT capabilities. It is using vertical multi-homing and virtual QoS routing algorithms within the mobile terminal, that is able to handle simultaneously multiple radio network connections via multiple wireless and mobile network interfaces. Our 5G proposal is user-centric, targeted to always-on connectivity, maximal network utilization, maximal throughput, seamless handovers and performances improvement by using vertical multi-homing, as well as session continuity. The performance of our proposed mobile terminal framework for 5G is evaluated using simulations and analysis with multimedia traffic in heterogeneous mobile and wireless scenarios with coexistence of multiple radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G as well as future 5G radio access networks.