CO2气井气液化方案分析

随着胜利油田对低渗油藏的大力开采,对液态二氧化碳的需求将不断增长,寻求二氧化碳气源并加以提纯液化势在必行。本文对二氧化碳气井开采气体的液化方案进行了分析和计算,从能耗最小化角度考虑,提出了二氧化碳气井气宜采用低温液化方案,同时确定了液化装置合理的控制参数。     

吉林石化液体二氧化碳装置运行稳定

吉林石化北方公司建成的年产20万t工业级液体二氧化碳装置投入运行以来,各项指标均达到设计要求。该项目以30万t合成氨装置副产气体为原料,变废为宝,实现了节能减排,每年还可增加效益2949万元。     

增建300t／d液化装置降低氧气放散率

为了降低氧气放散率，宝钢新建了一套生产能力为300t／d的氧氮双产品液化装置，可同时生产液氧和液氮产品，本套装置主要设备由美国APCI公司供货，配套的2000m^3低压液氧储罐由四川空分设备(集团)有限责任公司供货。本文将对该装置的工艺流程、液化装置特点、仪控系统进行论述分析。     

自主液化天然气冷能空分技术获国家专利

福建智舟科技有限公司研发、国内首创的“回收液化天然气冷能的空气分离装置”和“回收液化天然气冷能的空气分离系统”工艺技术项目，日前相继获得国家发明专，利。2008年6月3日，该公司为中国石油规范总院编制完成了“综合利用LNG冷能的300t／d（含可延伸480t／d）气氮方案”的技术报告，标志着该技术应用取得了重大进展。     

舰船真空海水淡化装置热力分析

针对目前舰船上广泛使用的真空式海水淡化装置进行热力分析，建立起海水淡化装置的数学模型，以50t／d真空式海水淡化装置为例，通过对不同蒸发温度和不同工作蒸汽压力进行模拟计算，得到海水淡化装置的产水量、工作蒸汽耗量及冷却水流量随蒸发温度和工作蒸汽压力的变化规律，所得结论与装置的实验及实际运行情况有很好的一致性，证明所建立的数学模型是合适的，所得结论可以指导装置的使用管理及海水淡化装置的设计。     

煤制油发展须规避风险

据预测，到2020年我国油品短缺约2亿t，除1．2亿t需要进口外，煤制油技术可解决6000万-8000万t以上，投资额在5000亿元左右，年产值3000亿～4000亿元。其中间接液化合成油可生产2000万t以上，投资1600亿元，年产值1000亿元左右。建设规模50万t／a的煤制油生产企业，若原油价不低于25美元，内部收益率可达8％-12％，柴油产品价格可控制在2000元／t以内。我国煤炭产量占世界总量的12．6％，踞第三位；国家将煤炭进口关税由3％-5％降低到1％，煤炭进口成本降低，鼓励进口，煤制油项目没有资源短缺之忧。     

煤液化项目中的工业气体应用

现代煤液化项目为达到规模化经济性,其建设规模非常庞大,工业气体的使用量也十分惊人。300万t／a煤制油级别的煤直接液化技术,采用煤制氢路线时氧气消耗量达到20万m^3／11,氮气用量最高时达到16万m^3／h。180万t／a甲醇烯烃转化级别的煤间接液化项目氧气消耗量达到24万1310／h,氮气用量最高时达17万m^3／h。     

高纯二氧化碳的制取工艺

采用液化分离的方法，从富含二氧化碳的混合气中提取高纯二氧化碳。讨论了分离的流程配置，分析了原料气组成、冷凝温度及冷凝压力等条件的影响。     

首套膜法分离二氧化碳装置成功运行

据2006年11月24日《中国化工报》报道，目前国内唯一1套膜法分离二氧化碳装置——处理量为1360万m^3／a低品位天然气中二氧化碳膜法分离装置，近日在海南省成功应用。由中国科学院大连化物所曹义鸣主持研制开发的这套膜法分离二氧化碳装置，是目前世界上同类装置中处理二氧化碳含量最高的装置。这项技术的应用成功，标志着我国在此领域步入世界先进行列。     

甲醇项目——空分设备的潜在大用户

在拟建和新建的化工项目中，投资甲醇项目赫然在目，位居前列。早从20世纪70、80年代起，我国四川维尼纶厂从英国ICI引进了以乙炔尾气为原料的低压甲醇合成工艺，年产10万t甲醇装置，配套引进了法液空16250m^3／h空分设备；齐鲁石化公司第二化肥厂引进了以渣油为原料的德国Lurgi低压甲醇合成工艺，也是年产10万t甲醇装置，配套了日本HITACH公司的14000m^3／h空分设备；紧接着上海焦化厂三联供年产20万t甲醇装置相继投产（配套杭氧3套11000m^3／h、法液空1套17000m^3／h空分设备）。     

露天煤矿高温火区干冰降温试验研究

通过分析干冰(固态二氧化碳)性质,制定现场试验方案,采用干冰在露天煤矿高温火区内进行了炮孔局部降温试验。试验结果表明,干冰降温效果与孔深、孔温、干冰形状、与水的配合比例及注水顺序有关。高温炮孔注水后再注入干冰进行局部降温,当孔深小于8m时,孔底会形成1m左右的冻结段,能起到有效降温及维持低温效果的作用;当孔深超过8m时,孔底部温度降低,孔中部温度回弹速率较快,降温效果不佳。试验结论对进一步研究干冰降温方案有指导意义。     

东营市某工厂光伏建筑一体化设计与经济性分析

介绍了东营市某新能源集团太阳能光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）车间的设计情况,并对此设计进行经济技术分析。分析结果表明,与传统设备相比,光伏系统的增量成本为0.42万元/m2或30.1元/Wp。但在其寿命周期内,可节约标准煤2.35万t,减排二氧化碳6157t、二氧化硫19.975t、氮氧化物17.39t。可为解决我国能源和环境问题做出一份贡献。     

二氧化碳跨临界循环最优压力关联式误差分析

理论分析并模拟验证了二氧化碳跨临界循环存在最优压力这一结论。通过循环模拟,得到选定工况下对应不同蒸发温度和气冷器出口温度的最优压力值,将其模拟值与现有关联式计算所得最优压力值进行对比,并对其所得误差进行分析,旨在找到准确度较高的最优压力关联式,从而为二氧化碳跨临界循环最优压力控制优化提供参考。     

Zum Einfluss von in Flüssigkeiten unter Druck gelösten Gasen auf Grenzflächenspannungen und Benetzungseigenschaften

Measurements of interfacial tensions of water and ethanol in dense carbon dioxide up to 10 MPa and 373 K were performed. Also, in order to predict the wettability of these liquids on teflon and glass surfaces in the presence of carbon dioxide, contact angles between these liquids and both surfaces were determined under the same conditions of pressure and temperature. The interfacial tension were measured according to the pendant drop method. A mathematical derivation for the evaluation of the interfacial tension according to the geometry of the pendant drop and the difference of the density between the phases is presented. The contact angle determinations were performed using both the static and the dynamic method. The results show that because of the solubility of carbon dioxide in the liquids, the measured interfacial tensions are much lower than the interfacial tension of the pure substances. The interfacial tension appears as a function of only the density of CO₂ above its critical temperature [1]. Even though the solubility of carbon dioxide in the liquid phase affects the interfacial tension, such a clear relation between these variables, like the one between the interfacial tension and the density of carbon dioxide, cannot be observed. The excess concentration on the interphase, as a measurement of adsorption according to Gibbs, was calculated for both systems. The contact angle of water on teflon surface increases with pressure until total non wetting is reached. On the other hand, the contact angle of ethanol decreases with the increasing pressure until spreading occurs. The same phenomena was noted for the wetting characteristic of water on glass surface. The contact angle of water increases as pressure increases. Ethanol spreads totally on the surface of glass at all evaluated pressures. With the dynamic method, contact anglesgreater than the ones obtained with the static method were measured.     

Sorption and diffusion of compressed carbon dioxide in polycaprolactone for the development of porous scaffolds

In this work different phenomena related to sorption of carbon dioxide in polycaprolactone (PCL) have been investigated systematically. The use of compressed carbon dioxide is discussed for obtaining porous scaffolds from this biocompatible polymer. In order to determine the plasticization effect of carbon dioxide on the degree of foaming it is necessary to discuss sorption data with respect to morphological features of the polymer at conditions nearby the melting point. The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved and the kinetics of the sorption process are found to depend strongly on temperature and pressure. The solubility takes values of up to 25 wt.% being favoured by a melting and glass transition temperature depression which can be observed along with an enhanced mass transfer rate. In general, CO₂ sorption in PCL increases linearly with pressure. When decompressing, microfoaming occurs which enhances the rate of gas release. Changes in morphology and crystallinity occur as a consequence of the pressure treatment. Compared to the melting temperature at atmospheric pressure there is a dramatic reduction observed under pressure where melting occurs already at a temperature below 40 °C. Even after pressure-treatment, there is a remaining change in melting temperature and crystallinity observed. Optimum conditions for obtaining adequate porous scaffolds of PCL are a relatively slow decompression after treatment at 17 MPa and 35 °C.     

In-tube cooling heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide. Part 2. Comparison of numerical calculation with different turbulence models

Heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide cooled in circular tubes was investigated experimentally. The effect of mass flux, pressure, and heat flux on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop was measured for four horizontal cooling tubes with different inner diameters ranging from 1 to 6 mm. The radial distribution of the thermophysical properties (i.e. specific heat, density, thermal conductivity and viscosity) in the tube cross-section was critical for interpreting the experimental results. A modified Gnielinski equation by selecting the reference temperature properly was then developed to predict the heat transfer coefficient of supercritical carbon dioxide under cooling conditions. This proposed correlation was accurate to within 20% of the experimental data.     

Development and integration of new processes consuming carbon dioxide in multi-plant chemical production complexes

Fourteen new energy-efficient and environmentally acceptable catalytic processes have been identified that can use excess high-purity carbon dioxide as a raw material available in a chemical production complex. The complex in the lower Mississippi River Corridor was used to show how these new plants could be integrated into this existing infrastructure using the chemical complex analysis system. Eighty-six published articles of laboratory and pilot plant experiments were reviewed that describe new methods and catalysts to use carbon dioxide for producing commercially important products. A methodology for selecting the new energy-efficient processes was developed based on process operating conditions, energy requirements, catalysts, product demand and revenue, market penetration and economic, environmental and sustainable costs. Based on the methodology for selecting new processes, 20 were identified as candidates for new energy efficient and environmentally acceptable plants. These processes were simulated using HYSYS, and a value-added economic analysis was evaluated for each process. From these, 14 of the most promising were integrated in a superstructure that included plants in the existing chemical production complex in the lower Mississippi River corridor (base case). The optimum configuration of plants was determined based on the triple bottom line that includes sales, economic, environmental and sustainable costs using the chemical complex analysis system. From 18 new processes in the superstructure, the optimum structure had seven new processes including acetic acid, graphite, formic acid, methylamines, propylene and synthesis gas production. With the additional plants in the optimal structure the triple bottom line increased from $343 million per year to $506 million per year and energy use increased from 2,150 TJ/year to 5,791 TJ/year. Multicriteria optimization has been used with Monte Carlo simulation to determine the sensitivity of prices, costs, and sustainability credits/cost to the optimal structure of a chemical production complex. In essence, for each Pareto optimal solution, there is a cumulative probability distribution function that is the probability as a function of the triple bottom line. This information provides a quantitative assessment of the optimum profit versus sustainable credits/cost, and the risk (probability) that the triple bottom line will meet expectations. The capabilities of the chemical complex analysis system have been demonstrated, and this methodology could be applied to other chemical complexes in the world for reduced emissions and energy savings. The system was developed by industry–university collaboration, and the program with users manual and tutorial can be downloaded at no cost from the LSU Mineral Processing Research Institutes website .     

超临界二氧化碳发泡制备可控形貌的聚乳酸微孔材料

应用超临界CO2制备微孔聚乳酸,研究发泡条件和结晶度对微孔形貌的影响。结果表明,固定饱和压力与降压速率,升高温度有利于泡孔的生成;超过聚乳酸(PLA)完全熔融温度,无法生成泡孔;固定发泡温度与降压速率,提高压力有与温度类似的作用;由于PLA较低的熔体强度,降压速率的提高增大了生成泡孔之间的竞争,可形成孔道连通的微孔形貌;而PLA本身的结晶度很大程度上影响了PLA可发泡的区间,结晶不利于发泡。     

Optimization of cryogenic carbon dioxide capture from natural gas

Cryogenic carbon dioxide removal from natural gas requires accurate thermodynamic phase study of the natural gas mixture and individual components. Thermodynamic data generation of carbon dioxide‐methane mixture having 90 % carbon dioxide for cryogenic carbon dioxide capture from natural gas using Peng Robinson equation of state is discussed in this research work. Golden section search technique along with Eureqa optimizing tool is then used to optimize the pressure‐temperature conditions for the cryogenic carbon dioxide capture in the solid‐vapour two‐phase region. Cost optimization is done for the carbon dioxide capture system at atmospheric pressure and 20 bar. Temperature ranges for optimization were obtained from the predicted thermodynamic data for the mixture. The optimum temperatures obtained in this research work for the cryogenic carbon dioxide capture at atmospheric pressure and the 20 bar are ?103.8 °C and ?60.90 °C respectively. For atmospheric pressure at ?103.8 °C the worth of methane, carbon dioxide, and energy is 114 $/h, 9 $/h, and 53 $/h respectively, while at 20 bar and ?60.9 °C the worth of carbon dioxide, methane, and the energy are found to be 129 $/h, 46 $/h, 52 $/h, respectively.     

实验室标准传声器静压和温度修正系数的测量

为测量实验室标准传声器的静压和温度修正系数,在耦合腔互易法声压基准的基础上建立了静压调节系统和温度控制装置。对不同静压和温度条件下利用耦合腔互易法获得的传声器声压灵敏度进行线性拟合,得到不同频率条件下的静压修正系数和温度修正系数。实验结果表明低频段静压修正系数和温度修正系数基本保持不变,频率值在传声器膜片谐振频率值的1/2处,静压修正系数和温度修正系数分别存在最大值和最小值。