羊拉铜矿综合回收工艺研究

采用湿法冶金同浮选工艺联合,酸浸—萃取—电积—渣浮选联合工艺综合回收氧化铜矿中的有价元素:酸浸浸出矿物中的氧化铜,通过萃取、电积工艺生产电积铜,浸出渣浮选,回收渣中的残余铜矿物及有价金属金、银,提高氧化矿综合利用价值。     

转化法由低品铜矿制备活性氯化亚铜

研究了由低品位铜矿 (或含铜矿渣 )经转化法制取铜氨络合物 ,经蒸氨即制得纯净的氧化铜 ,再经过酸、溶、氯化还原等过程而制得氯化亚铜的工艺过程 .本方法具有铜转化利用率高 ,“三废”排放少 ,产品氯化亚铜质量好等特点     

氧化铜的浮选

本文分析了氧化铜矿的特点及可浮性，介绍了氧化铜矿的各种选别方法．述及氧化铜矿浮选的一些重要理论研究，并探讨了氧化铜矿浮选的研究方向．     

湿法炼锌净化钴渣新处理工艺

提出了氨－硫酸铵体系处理湿法炼锌净化钴渣的新工艺。该工艺首先用铵－氨水溶液浸出烘烤后的钴渣，再用锌粉对浸出液净化除杂并进行锌与镉、钴、铜及铜与钴的分离，在最佳技术条件下，金属浸出率（质量分数）分别为：Zn91.18%，Cu96.98%，Cd99.385,Co89.35%；净化所得的富钴渣含Co3.79%，富集比达8.4，从这种钴渣中可直接提取钴或钴盐；而净化液可直接制取活性锌粉，氨－硫酸铵法具有原料适应性强，设备防腐要求低，能常温操作，能耗低，除杂容易等优点，是处理湿法炼锌废渣、综合利用有价元素的较好方法。     

氧化铜矿浮选基础理论研究新进展

氧化铜矿作为铜冶炼的重要原料,其高效选别一直受到业内学者的关注.随着硫化铜矿资源逐渐枯竭,氧化铜矿的开发利用则变得尤为重要.常用的氧化铜矿物回收方法有直接浮选法、硫化浮选法、选冶联合等方法,然而,采用这些方法回收不同类型氧化铜矿物暴露出的捕收剂捕收能力不强、硫化效率不高、硫化机理不统一等问题,在一定程度上限制了氧化铜矿浮选的发展.近年来,随着新药剂研发、表面测试技术以及量子化学计算等的快速发展,在现有理论基础上创新了多种有效的氧化铜矿浮选新方法及新理论,如孔雀石的层间硫化理论打破了硫化反应的传统认知,将硫化过程由界面拓展至矿物内部,认为S^2-可深入到孔雀石体相形成Cu—S—Cu的吸附构型,使孔雀石结构更加稳定;硅孔雀石共轭活化理论通过溶液中添加的磷酸铵和硫化钠发生水解反应,构建的多组共轭酸碱对起到的缓冲作用为硅孔雀石表面硫化铜晶体的生长创造了良好的环境,从而促进了硅孔雀石的浮选回收.新方法及新理论的出现对完善现有氧化铜矿浮选理论体系具有重要意义,也为生产实践提供了新思路.通过对近些年氧化铜矿浮选相关研究成果的梳理,着重论述了氧化铜矿基础理论研究的新进展.     

玻利维亚某铜矿石工艺矿物学研究

玻利维亚某铜矿石铜品位较高,经济价值大,为了能够更好地开发利用该资源,对有代表性矿石进行了工艺矿物学研究。结果表明：(1)矿石的构造主要有稀疏浸染状构造和块状层理构造;矿石的结构主要有砾质不等粒砂结构、它形粒状结构、填隙结构、交代残余结构等;(2)矿石含铜4.98%,氧化铜占总铜的94.61%,主要赋存在赤铜矿、孔雀石、硅孔雀石、铁铜矿及自然铜等矿物中;(3)矿石中的铜采用强化硫化浮选和湿法冶金两种方法均可回收,需综合分析选冶试验结果及生产成本进行判断和决策。     

解决氨浸提铜工艺中氧化铜结疤新途径

一、前言东川汤丹铜矿床,由于矿石中铜的氧化率高,结合性氧化铜所占比例较大,而且铜矿物的结构为紧密共生、嵌布极细。因此,用一般浮游选矿方法处理,回收率较低。采用加压氨浸湿法处理,虽能获得较好的铜回收率,但蒸氨工序由于溶液中铜氨络合物分解,析出氧化铜在蒸馏釜的釜壁、降液管内壁结疤严重(厚度达9厘米,造成蒸馏釜的操作周期短,给全氨浸提铜工艺带来不少困难。     

硫酸高铁水溶液中复合磁黄铁矿氧化动力学的研究

在有价硫化矿物浸出时,硫酸与复合硫化铁矿物反应生成的高铁离子的应用,在湿法冶金过程中是重要的浸出技术。镍和钴的最重要矿物原料之一是含有磁黄铁矿矿物和镍黄铁矿矿物的复合硫化矿。黄铁矿矿物和黄铜矿矿物有时也出现在此种矿石中。像这样一种多组分矿的浸出动力学了解得还不是太清楚,这在湿法出冶金过程中是一困难的问题。存在于这类复合矿中所有金属(镍、钴和铜)的浸出速率在文献中还未见到过报导。     

低品位氧化锌矿的湿法冶金研究进展

低品位氧化锌矿的冶炼是近年的研究重点,其主要表现为提高低品位氧化锌矿的回收率和降低消耗。常采用酸浸和碱浸2种体系对低品位氧化锌矿进行湿法冶金处理。系统阐述了近几年酸浸和碱浸湿法冶金体系,并重点分析了较具优势的碱浸体系中的氨浸法冶金工艺。     

高铁锌矿的湿法处理

研究高铁锌矿的湿法处理工艺，提出了“硫化锌精矿、软锰矿同时浸出，氧化锌矿中和，锌、二氧化锰分步电解”的工艺制度。试验结果表明：高铁锌矿的全湿法处理在技术上是可行的。     

Resource assessment of copper deposits in China

Copper-bearing deposits of China are statistically analyzed in terms of ore grade, metal amount and ore tonnage. Each of grade and metal amount shows more or less a lognormal distribution. Analysis gives 10 copper metallogenic districts, each having specific densities of deposit numbers and copper reserves larger than 3. Based on the ratio of copper in ore value (Rcu), Chinese copper deposits are classified into two groups: mainly copper-producing deposits (MC: Rcu≥0.5) and accessorily copper-producing deposits (AC: Rcu＜0. 5). The grade-tonnage relation of MC deposits can be combined by two exponential functions approximating high grade (＞ 3.0 %) and low grade (＜2.0%) parts. The critical copper grade, which is obtained from the low grade part of the relation, is 0. 34 %. Chinese copper resources are concluded to become pessimistic, because some mines are working with grades close to this critical value. Taking account of the fact that many copper deposits are actually polymetallic, Cu-equivalent grades, which are converted from ratios of metal prices to the copper price, are also introduced. The critical Cu-equivalent grade of MC deposits (0. 43 % ) also suggests that Chinese copper resources are pessimistic.     

Resource assessment of copper deposits in China

Copper-bearing deposits of China are statistically analyzed in terms of ore grade, metal amount and ore tonnage. Each of grade and metal amount shows more or less a lognormal distribution. Analysis gives 10 copper metallogenic districts, each having specific densities of deposit numbers and copper reserves larger than 3. Based on the ratio of copper in ore value (R _Cu), Chinese copper deposits are classified into two groups: mainly copper-producing deposits (MC: R _Cu⩾0.5) and accessorily copper-producing deposits (AC: R _Cu<0.5). The grade-tonnage relation of MC deposits can be combined by two exponential functions approximating high grade (>3.0%) and low grade (<2.0%) parts. The critical copper grade, which is obtained from the low grade part of the relation, is 0.34%. Chinese copper resources are concluded to become pessimistic, because some mines are working with grades close to this critical value. Taking account of the fact that many copper deposits are actually polymetallic, Cu-equivalent grades, which are converted from ratios of metal prices to the copper price, are also introduced. The critical Cu-equivalent grade of MC deposits (0.43%) also suggests that Chinese copper resources are pessimistic.     

Technological conditions and kinetics of leaching copper from complex copper oxide ore

The kinetic behavior of leaching copper from low grade copper oxide ore was investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, H₂SO₄ concentration, particle size of crude ore and agitation rate on the leaching efficiency of copper were also evaluated. And the kinetic equations of the leaching process were obtained. The results show that the leaching process can be described with a reaction model of shrinking core. The reaction can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the dissolution of free copper oxide and copper oxide wrapped by hematite-limonite ore. At this stage, the leaching efficiency is very fast (leaching efficiency is larger than 60%). The second stage is the leaching of diffluent copper oxides, whose apparent activation energy is 43.26 kJ/mol. During this process, the chemical reaction is the control step, and the reaction order of H₂SO₄ is 0.433 84. The third stage is the leaching of copper oxide wrapped by hematite-limonite and silicate ore with apparent activation energy of 16.08 kJ/mol, which belongs to the mixed control.     

Techniques of copper recovery from Mexican copper oxide ore

Mexican copper ore is a mixed ore containing mainly copper oxide and some copper sulfide that responds well to flotation. The joint techniques of flotation and leaching were studied. The results indicate that an ore containing 19.01% copper could be obtained at a recovery ratio of 35.02% by using sodium sulfide and butyl xanthate flotation. Over 83.33% of the copper oxide can be recovered from the tailings by leaching in suitable conditions, such as 1 h stirring at a temperature around 25 ℃ with a mixing speed of 500 r/min, an H2SO4 concentration of 1.0 mol/L and a mass ratio of the ore-slurry-liquid to solid (mL/mS) of 3. The overall yield of refined ore after flotation and leaching is over 89.18% of the copper, which is much better than sole flotation or leaching. A copper product containing more than 99.9% copper was obtained by using the process: flotation-agitation leaching-solvent extraction-electro-winning.     

Effect of pyrite content of feed and configuration of locked particles on rougher flotation of copper in low and high pyritic ore types

Misreported pyrite into copper concentrates dramatically declines copper grade and recovery. Copper flotation can be also more complicated if flotation feed comes from an elevated-pyritic copper ore. In this investigation, the effect of two different ore types(high pyritic and low pyritic feeds) was studied on rougher stage of industrial copper flotation circuit. Samples were taken from different streams and the structure of chalcopyrite within the pyrite and non-sulfide gangue minerals was examined in various size fractions for mentioned ore types. Results indicated that 72% and 56% of the total floated pyrite was transferred to concentrate in first four cells in the low and high pyritic feeds, respectively. Whereas, this proportion for floated SiO_2 in last ten cells was detected as 72% and 71%, respectively. A detailed interpretation of the effect of locked particles in different size fractions on rougher flotation cells is studied from industrial point of view.     

四川稻城红卓铜矿床控矿构造研究

四川红卓铜矿是一个新发现的矿点,研究程度比较低．通过野外地质工作及室内综合分析,重新划定了矿区地层顺序,认为矿区构造为脆韧性和脆性2个层次．脆韧性变形以顺层剪切为特征,构造序列可确定为脆韧性顺层剪切→褶皱、逆冲断层→断层正滑．红卓铜矿在成矿特点上受构造影响明显,断层将矿区分为南西、中央、北东3个带,以中央带岩浆成矿作用显示最强．     

Kinetics of chemical leaching of chalcopyrite from low grade copper ore: behavior of different size fractions

The kinetics of the chemical leaching of copper from low grade ore in ferric sulfate media was investigated using the constrained least square optimization technique.The experiments were carried out for different particle sizes in both the reactor and column at constant oxidation-reduction potential (Eh),pH values,and temperature.The main copper mineral was chalcopyrite.About 40％ of Cu recovery is obtained after 7 d of reactor leaching at 85℃ using -0.5 mm size fraction,while the same recovery is obtained at 75℃ after 24 d.Also,about 23％ of Cu recovery is obtained after 60 d of column leaching for +4-8 mm size fraction whereas the Cu recovery is as low as about 15％ for +8-12.7 and +12.7-25 mm size fractions.A 4-stage model for chalcopyrite dissolution was used to explain the observed dissolution behaviors.The results show that thick over-layers of sulphur components cause the parabolic behavior of chalcopyrite dissolution and the precipitation of Fe3+ plays the main role in chalcopyrite passivation.In the case of coarse particles,transformation from one stage to another takes a longer time,thus only two stages including the initial reaction on fresh surfaces and S0 deposition are observed.     

Leaching kinetics of low-grade copper ore with high-alkality gangues in ammonia-ammonium sulphate solution

The leaching kinetics of low-grade copper ore with high-alkality gangues was studied in ammonia-ammonium sulphate solution. The main parameters, such as ammonia and ammonium sulphate concentrations, particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio and reaction temperature, were chosen in the experiments. The results show that the increase of temperature, concentrations of ammonia and ammonium sulphate is propitious to the leaching rate of copper ore. The leaching rate increases with the decrease of particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio. The leaching rate is controlled by the diffusion through the ash layer and the activation energy is determined to be 25.54 kJ/mol. A semi-empirical equation was proposed to describe the leaching kinetics.     

Molybdenum removal from copper ore concentrate by sodium hypochlorite leaching

The removal of molybdenum from a copper ore concentrate by sodium hypochlorite leaching was investigated. The results show that leaching time, liquid to solid ratio, leaching ternperature, agitation speed, and sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide concentrations all have a significant effect on the removal of molybdenum. The optimum process operating parameters were found to be: time, 4 h: sodium hydroxide concentration, 10%; sodium hypochlorite concentration, 8%; liquid to solid ratio, 10:1; temperature, 50℃; and,agitation speed, 500 r/min. Under these conditions the extraction of molybdenum is greater than 99.9% and the extraction of copper is less than 0.01%. A shrinking particle model could be used to describe the leaching process. The apparent activation energy of the dissolution reaction was found to be approximately 8.8 kJ/mol.