Intergranular fracture in high chromium heat-resistant steel

The grain boundary segregation of impurities, especially phosphorus, and the fracture behavior of 12Cr heatresistant steel have been investigated. Temper embrittlement caused by phosphorus at grain boundaries was observed at a temperature below 750°C. Phosphorus at the grain boundaries increased as tempering temperature decreased, which changed the fractrure mode from trans- to intergranular. The segregation free energy of phosphorus was evaluated asδG _segrδH_segr- TδS_segr=- 24,900-48.2T (Jmol^-1). The enhanced concentration of phosphorus at the grain boundaries is due to the decrease in carbon activity by the chromium addition rather than the synergistic cosegregation of chromium and phosphorus.     

Development of Stretch Flangeable Grade Steels by Inclusion Engineering Approach

The demand for good stretch flangeability in high-strength automotive steels has necessitated due attention on steel cleanliness and processes. The presence of elongated MnS stringers and centerline segregation of nonmetallic inclusions adversely affects the transverse mechanical property. In the present investigation, stretch flangeability of industrially produced steel, with and without Ca treatment, has been compared with Ti-added steel, produced at 40 kg scale without Ca treatment. The study brings out the influence of centerline segregation and modification of nonmetallic inclusions on HER performance. The microstructural analysis of industrial steel revealed that the method of hole formation (punching/drilling) determines crack initiation mechanism. The inclusions, along with the second phase present in the centerline, drive the crack propagation. An addition of Ti in liquid steel promotes formation of Al-Ti-O-based oxide, prior to MnS precipitation, during solidification and acts as nucleation site for MnS inclusion. This obviates the elongated stringer-type MnS inclusions. The centerline segregation-free Ti-modified steel, prepared at the laboratory scale, showed consistent HER property compared with industrial steel. It is also concluded that calcium treatment can be circumvented by modifying the sulfide stringer with the addition of Ti in the steel for further improvement in HER property.     

烟气轮机动叶片断裂原因分析

本文分析了某烟气轮机动叶片失效原因。通过使用金相、扫描电镜等手段,对叶片进行裂纹、断口、组织及成分分析。结果表明,该烟气轮机动叶片的断裂性质为疲劳断裂,断裂叶片榫头第三齿（即断口部位）处的接触不均匀造成的严重磨损、接触应力明显增大以及榫齿接触表面存在一定程度的腐蚀损伤是造成叶片榫头发生疲劳开裂的主要原因;断口表面腐蚀产物包含烟气中特有的杂质元素,如Al、Si、Ca、K、S、O、Na等元素。研究发现,晶界碳化物呈现链状分布,已经发生了晶界弱化现象。叶片裂纹源表面的亚表面处存在的夹杂物和合金的晶界弱化也促进了叶片的开裂。研究结果对于叶片的故障分析及预防具有重要的意义。     

ON THE FRACTURE DELAMINATION OF HOT-ROLLED PLATES OR COILS

本文研究了热轧板(卷)断口分层形成的冶金因素。钢中存在与轧面平行的脆弱显微平面(延伸的夹杂物和树枝状偏析等)是产生分层的内在因素,当它们在断裂面下严重偏聚时,在断裂过程中厚向应力的作用下引起厚向分离,形成断口分层。沿晶脆化带的形成是由于卷曲后缓慢冷却过程中,磷等杂质元素从晶内向晶界扩散产生的回火脆性。低温轧制(低于A_(r3))产生平行板面的(100)织构时,分层裂纹以解理方式扩展。 形成分层的必要条件是金属基体具有足够高的韧性,使试样在断裂过程中发生塑性变形。控制能量冲击试验结果和分层壁上脆性平面存在波纹状滑移线,说明分层裂缝产生于主断口断裂之前。     

Grain Boundary Segregation Behavior in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel During Reversible Temper Embrittlement

Low alloy steels serving for a long time at high temperature, e.g., around 500 °C, are very sensitive to temper embrittlement due to segregation of various trace elements at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces. This type of segregation in combination with various environmental effects can adversely affect the fracture resistance and fatigue crack propagation rate with subsequent change in fracture morphology of low alloy steels. This article describes the segregation behavior of various elements in 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel investigated by AES, FEG-STEM, SEM, and EDS analyses. As confirmed by AES and FEG-STEM, phosphorus is found to be the main embrittling element for isothermal embrittlement. Sulfur and Mo segregation is only evident after longer embrittlement times. In the step-cooling embrittlement, phosphorus is still found to be the main embrittling element, but heavy segregation of sulfur in some isolated intergranular facets was also observed. For P segregation, a Mo-C-P interaction is observed, while sulfur segregation is attributed to site competition between sulfur and carbon atoms.     

Characterization and analysis about the heterogeneity of inclusions in a 500kg steel ball

The distribution and transfer mechanism of MnS inclusions are distinguished from the solute segregation in a 500 kg steel ball. The increase of MnS inclusions is obvious from the surface to the center of the steel ball, while the increase of solute content is slight. The massive MnS inclusions converge in the channel zone and in heterogeneous zones. During solidification, the interface tension drives MnS inclusions to the frontier of the dendritic zone. Some inclusions trapped may float to induce the channel zone. Solidification contraction tears such channel zone to attract more melt enriched with inclusions. Some inclusions converge in the extra-dendritic melt. At later solidification stage, solidification contraction dominates the macro-distribution of extra-dendritic melt to produce the heterogeneous zones.     

Investigation of non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation on CGHAZ in reactor pressure vessel steel

Abstract

In order to explore the reasons for coarse grained embrittlement, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) with different times was conducted on the coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of A533B steel. The results reveal that the impact toughness of the CGHAZ at room temperature decreases with the prolongation of PWHT time from 0.5?to 4?h. As the PWHT time increases to 4?h, the fracture feature of the CGHAZ presents intergranular cleavage ruptures, and the impact toughness exhibits the minimum value. After PWHT for 4?h, the area of the intergranular cleavage fractures decreases, and the impact toughness gradually increases. Further research reveals that there is phosphorus grain boundary segregation in the CGHAZ. The theory of non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation (NGS) is proposed to explain the phenomenon. It is found that the PWHT time with minimum impact toughness is consistent with critical time of phosphorus NGS.     

厚规格调质高强度船板心部冲击不合格原因分析

为找出厚规格调质高强度船板心部冲击不合格的原因,通过光谱仪、显微镜、SEM-EDS能谱仪等仪器,对心部试样的成分、组织进行分析,结果表明:心部冲击不合格的原因是中心偏析带上存在大尺寸MnS夹杂与Nb、Ti的夹杂物,以及较多Al2O3夹杂和Mg、Ca等外来夹杂物.分析认为,通过提高钢水洁净度,避免钢水二次氧化污染,控制钢...     

Atomic-scale APFIM and TEM investigation of grain boundary microchemistry in Astroloy nickel base superalloys

Electron microscopy and atom-probes techniques, including 3D (three-dimensional) atom-probe, were applied to the investigation of grain-boundary (GB) microchemistry and interfacial segregation phenomena in nickel base superalloys, Astroloy. Diffraction patterns and EDX microanalyses exhibit the presence of intergranular M₂₃C₆ chromium enriched carbides as well as intragranular TiC precipitates. Complex phases containing Zr, C and S were also observed. Three-dimensional images as provided by the tomographic atom-probe revealed the presence of a strong segregation of both boron and molybdenum at grain boundaries. Considerable chromium enrichment at γ′-γ′ grain boundaries and slight carbon segregation to GBs, whatever their chemical nature, were also detected. All these segregants are distributed in a continuous manner along the boundary over a width close to 0.5 nm. Experiments show that segregation occurs during cooling and more probably between 1200 and 800°C. Boron, chromium and molybdenum GB enrichments are thought to be mainly controlled by an equilibrium segregation process. No segregation of zirconium was detected.     

Effect of phosphorus segregation on fracture properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel

Phosphorus is a very common trace element that can segregate at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces of low alloy steels at high temperature (e.g., order of 500 °C) and adversely affect the fracture properties. This paper investigates segregation of P during reversible temper embrittlement (96 h at 520 °C) of quenched and fully tempered 2.25Cr-1Mo steel by Auger electron spectroscopy and describes the segregation mechanism. This paper also describes the effect of P segregation on fracture resistance and fracture mode of unembrittled steels, respectively, by fracture toughness testing over a temperature range of −196 °C to 20 °C and fractography in scanning electron microscopes. During temper embrittlement phosphorus segregation has been attributed due to the mechanism of “carbide rejection”. This segregation caused a reduction in fracture toughness values of the quenched and tempered steels at all test temperatures and an increase in the transition temperature. Phosphorus segregation also changed the brittle fracture micromechanism of quenched and fully tempered samples from one of transgranular cleavage to a mixed mode of fracture (transgranular cleavage and intergranular decohesion). The micromechanism of fracture at temperatures from the upper shelf, however, remained almost unchanged.     

The influence of applied stress rate on the stress corrosion cracking of 4340 and 3.5NiCrMoV steels in distilled water at 30 °C

Linearly Increasing Stress Tests conducted in 30 °C aerated distilled water using as-quenched 4340 and 3.5NiCrMoV turbine rotor steels indicated that stress corrosion cracking occurred at all applied stress rates for 4340 steel, whilst only at applied stress rates less than or equal to 0.002 MPa s⁻¹ for the turbine rotor steel. The crack velocity increased with increasing applied stress rate for both steels with the maximum crack velocity for 4340 steel corresponded to v_II in fracture mechanics tests in room temperature water. The fracture surface morphology was mixed mode consisting of intergranular and transgranular fracture regions.     

Effects of Modified Inclusions and Precipitates Alloyed by Rare Earth Element on Corrosion and Impact Properties in Low Alloy Steel

This study has focused on the morphology and distribution of inclusions and precipitates modified by rare earth (RE) elements, which has a decisive influence on microstructure, corrosion properties and impact behaviors in Q355 low alloy steel. Characterized by the method of electrolytic extraction and ASPEX-scanning electron microscopy (ASPEX-SEM), small-sized spherical RE inclusions have been modified to replace elongated MnS and large-sized Al₂O₃. Q355RE steel after RE alloying has lower corrosion rate and higher value of α/γ, due to the formation of stable and dense rust layers. Q355RE steel also exhibits better resistance to fracture at low temperature, owing to the presence of RE modification to inclusions and its effects on reducing crack initiation and propagation. Nano-scale RE precipitates containing sulfur and phosphorus is observed along grain boundaries by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The purification of grain boundaries by RE is beneficial to the improvement of corrosion and impact properties.     

Intergranular fracture on fatigue fracture surface of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel at room temperature in air

Low-alloy steels serving for a long time at high temperature (∼500 °C) are very sensitive to temper embrittlement due to segregation of various trace elements at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces. This type of segregation in combination with various environmental effects can adversely affect the fracture resistance and fatigue crack propagation rate with subsequent change in the fracture morphology of low-alloy steels. The present work describes the effects of heat treatments on impurity element segregation and its subsequent effects on fatigue fracture behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel under different environmental conditions and temperatures. It has been found that either prior impurity element segregation caused during the heat treatment or hydrogen-induced embrittlement due to the presence of water vapor in laboratory air alone cannot produce intergranular fracture on the fatigue surfaces of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel at room temperature in air. The occurrence of intergranular fracture on the fatigue surfaces results from the combined effect of impurity element segregation-induced grain boundary embrittlement and hydrogen-induced embrittlement, and that the proportion of intergranular fracture is a function of prior impurity element segregation provided that the grain boundary segregation level exceeds a certain critical value.     

LOCAL CHEMISTRY AND THE COHESIVE STRENGTH OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN Ni_3Al

ＬＯＣＡＬＣＨＥＭＩＳＴＲＹＡＮＤＴＨＥＣＯＨＥＳＩＶＥＳＴＲＥＮＧＴＨＯＦＧＲＡＩＮＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＩＥＳＩＮＮｉ_３ＡｌＳｈａｎｔｈｉＳｕｂｒａｍａｎｉａｎ；ＤａｖｉｄＭｕｌｌｅｒ；ＪｏｈｎＳｉｌｃｏｘａｎｄＳｔｅｐｈｅｎＬ．Ｓａｓｓ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ?..     

热轧钢板拉伸断口分层缺陷的检验和分析

厚度为20mm的Q235B热轧钢板,在拉伸试样上出现断口分层缺陷。通过化学成分、力学性能、低倍、金相、扫描电镜及能谱等检验手段,对断口分层缺陷进行了检验和分析。结果表明,钢板中心偏析、夹杂、带状组织是造成钢板拉伸试样断口分层缺陷的主要原因。     

稀土Ce含量对4Cr5MoSiV1钢中夹杂物的变质作用

为探究Ce元素对热作模具钢中夹杂物的影响及其作用机理,用场发射扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)和附带的夹杂物自动分析系统对不同Ce含量的4Cr5MoSiV1钢中夹杂物的类型、形貌、数量、尺寸及其分布进行观察和统计分析。结果表明,不含Ce的试样中夹杂物不仅数量多、平均尺寸较大且形状不规则,主要类型为Mg-Al-O类、MnS和Mg-Al-O外覆盖MnS的夹杂物;随Ce含量的增加,试样中的夹杂物有数量和平均尺寸减小、并变质为球形稀土硫氧化物的趋势。当钢中Ce含量为0.0070%时,夹杂物的数量最少,平均尺寸最小;继续增加稀土Ce含量到0.0120%时,会形成更多的硫氧化物夹杂,且夹杂物有数量增多、平均尺寸增大的趋势。随着凝固过程的进行,Ce主要以稀土硫氧化物形式存在试验钢中,60%以上的夹杂物会被凝固前沿推动,且最终留在晶界附近。     

Localized corrosion behaviour of reinforcement steel in simulated concrete pore solution

The correlation of localized corrosion behavior and microstructure of reinforcement steel in simulated concrete pore solutions was investigated. The SEM/EDS analysis showed that most of ferrite, minor amount of pearlite and some MnS inclusions existed on the steel surface. The SKPFM results indicated a higher corrosion tendency at the ferrite grain boundaries, pearlite grains and MnS inclusions. The EIS and electrochemical polarization measurements demonstrated the influence of pH and chloride concentration on the corrosion behavior. In situ optical observations and AFM images revealed a detail of the localized corrosion behavior, which was in good agreement with the results from the other measurements.     

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高强度23MnNiMoCr54链环钢是煤矿设备主要部件,在进行生产测试过程中发生断裂。对该链条钢裂纹部位进行了金相检测、化学元素成分检测、扫描电镜和断口检验和俄歇电子能谱仪分析。结果表明,链条钢的化学元素组成、气体含量、低倍组织和夹杂物含量符合相关技术标准要求;其金相组织为回火屈氏体,实际晶粒度为4级,断口为典型的脆性断口,断裂方式为沿晶脆性断裂。由于链环在生产过程中热处理不当,淬火加热温度过高,产生过热组织,造成链环晶粒粗大,在随后的回火过程中由于加热温度或者加热时间不当,导致晶界处杂质元素偏析,从而形成回火脆性。在晶粒粗大的情况下同时出现回火脆性,导致了链环钢在试验检查时发生沿晶脆性断裂。     

Phosphor in Eisen und Stahl – Ein Überblick über grenzflächenanalytische Untersuchungen am Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung zum Segregationsverhalten des Phosphors an äußeren und inneren Grenzflächen von Eisen und Stahl

Phosphorus in iron and steel – An overview of surface analytical investigations of the segregation behaviour of phosphorus on internal and external iron and steel surfaces The surface segregation of phosphorus was studied on (100) oriented single crystals of the type Fe? P and Fe? Si-P. Phosphorus shows a strong tendency to enrich at surfaces. The interaction with lattice defects leads to an additional enrichment below the surface. A strong repulsive interaction of phosphorus with segregating silicon can lead to a complete displacement of silicon from the surface region. Equilibrium segregation experiments revealed a segregation enthalpy for phosphorus of ?180 kJ/mol for the ternary system Fe? Si? P, this is only slightly lower than the segregation enthalpy of the extremely surface active sulfur in iron anti steel. The strong tendency of phosphorus to enrich at interface in iron and steel is also observed for grain boundaries. The grain boundary segregation of phosphorus was studied for the systems Fe? P, FeC? P, Fe? M? P and Fe? M? C? P with M ? Cr, Mo, V, Ti, Nb. The segregation of carbon leads to the displacement of phosphorus. By the presence of carbide forming elements like chromium in the material this positive effect is reduced. Elements, that can tie up phosphorus, like titanium and intermetallic phases, that dissolve phosphorus, -an also reduce the segregation of phosphorus. addition ally a phosphorus segregation to the interface carbide/matrix was observed.     

Q460GJCZ35特厚板Z向性能不合原因分析及优化措施

针对60~80 mm厚Q460GJCZ35钢板控轧后Z向性能不合的问题,采用金相检验、扫描电镜等检测手段,对钢板的组织、厚拉断口的形貌、夹杂物进行了检测分析。结果表明:Q460GJCZ35特厚板Z向性能不合是由于钢板心部存在贝氏体带状组织,以及厚拉断口存在MnS夹杂、(Nb、Ti)C夹杂而导致。为此,对Q460GJCZ35特厚板化学成分进行了优化,采用了降低C、Mn含量来减轻偏析,提高V、Ti含量及添加Cr元素来保证钢板强度的成分设计;炼钢及连铸工艺通过提高钢水的洁净度、加入钙线、降低拉速、增大二冷水量等措施,减少了钢坯的心部偏析及夹杂物;钢坯加热采用“低温长时间保温”工艺,控轧控冷工艺通过增大粗轧道次压下量、采用差温轧制工艺,提高精轧累计压下率、提高精轧温度、提高开冷温度、增大冷速等措施,保证了钢板的强度及Z向性能。