低纬电离层闪烁对强磁暴的响应

利用武汉电离层闪烁和TEC的观测数据,分析了发生在2004年7月下旬和11月上旬的两次超强磁暴期间,GPS信号振幅闪烁和TEC起伏的响应特征,并对磁暴影响低纬电离层电波闪烁的机制进行了讨论。结果表明:强磁暴主相期间,L-波段振幅闪烁强度及闪烁出现率都显著增强,这种增强可归因为强磁暴引起的效应;闪烁活动的磁暴控制效应存在地方时依赖;暴时近赤道区电离层电场的极性和强度是磁暴主相期间闪烁活动及其强度增高的重要控制因素。     

FY-2气象卫星信号的开发利用

详细介绍了基于风云二号静止气象卫星信号实现电离层闪烁监测、云图接收、太空环境参数接收的设备设计、构成。该设备主要用于实时监测分析风云二号卫星信号因电离层变化而造成的幅度闪烁和相位闪烁。由于静止卫星不存在运动所附带的变化,利用其稳定的L波段遥测信号来监测电离层闪烁,优越性显著。风云卫星展宽云图接收设备目前已遍布全国,该设备在其跟踪遥测及云图接收的基础上进行开发,易于组网监测。电离层闪烁监测的结果,将对空间的探测和通讯技术的发展具有重大的意义。     

Frequency-selective scintillation effects and decision feedback equalization in high data-rate satellite links

Ionospheric irregularities produce signal amplitude and phase scintillations in transionospheric satellite channels. When the electron-density fluctuation is large, the channel coherence bandwidth is small, causing the scintillations to decorrelate at different frequencies within the bandwidth of a wide-band signal. Frequency-selective scintillation introduces delay spread and intersymbol interference, which can severely limit the usable capacity of the channel. This paper, largely tutorial in nature, relates adaptive equalization techniques, which have been developed previously for other dispersive channels, to the problem of wide-band satellite links operating through a highly disturbed transionospheric channel. Pertinent features of the ionospheric channel and characteristics of signal scintillations are summarized. Effects of frequency-selective scintillation on high data-rate wide-bandwidth digital communication links are described in some detail. Intersymbol interference caused by the loss of channel coherence over the signal bandwidth is shown, via simulations, to severely degrade the performance of a conventional coherent binary PSK receiver. An adaptive decision feedback equalization technique is then shown to be a powerful method of mitigating frequency-selective disturbances in high data-rate satellite links.     

A low elevation angle propagation measurement of 1.5-GHz satellite signals in the Gulf of Mexico

The current maritime L-band (1.5-GHz) mobile satellite communications service (MARISAT) is not available for communications paths below10degelevation angles because fading and scintillation at low elevation angles introduce signal degradations. These are attributable to scattering, diffraction, and multipath effects arising from ionospheric, tropospheric, and/or sea surface irregularities. To obtain a better understanding of the above-mentioned signal degradations, propagation measurements were made in the Gulf of Mexico with a MARISAT terminal on board the SS Mobil Aero for elevation angles from ship to satellite in the15degto0degrange. Results indicated that mean signal strength was severely attenuated with remarkably increased fluctuations at elevation angles below5deg. Characterizations of signal strength and peak-to-peak fluctuations of the L-band signal as a function of elevation angles are presented.     

赤道地区L-波段电离层闪烁的形态特性

利用空间中心海南台站GPS电离层闪烁监测仪2003年7月到2005年6月两年间的观测资料,对太阳活动下降期间海南地区L-波段电离层闪烁特性进行了分析,主要分析结果表明:闪烁主要发生在日落后到午夜附近,其在春秋分附近出现的时间最早,集中出现于22LT左右,在冬季出现一定的时间延迟,在夏季出现的时间最晚,主要出现在午夜附近;闪烁的频率和强度春秋季明显增大,在冬季和夏季明显减小;闪烁主要发生于磁静日期间,这种情形主要集中于春秋分附近;电离层闪烁也可能发生于磁扰/暴期间,这种情形多发生于夏季和冬季期间.相对于地磁活动,太阳活动对闪烁活动的影响相对不明显.     

基于多手段观测的海口站电离层闪烁对地磁暴响应研究

联合利用CHAMP卫星等离子体密度就位观测数据和海口站GPS电离层闪烁监测仪数据，分析了2004年1月、2月和11月三次地磁暴期间海口站的电离层闪烁特征.我们发现海口站电离层对3次磁暴事件的响应特征明显不同.就磁暴期间B_z分量和Dst指数的观测值来说，2004年11月的磁暴事件最强，其次是1月的，2月的最弱.而地基闪烁监测仪的观测结果表明:1月磁暴事件期间，L波段电离层闪烁最强，闪烁指数S₄最大值接近于1.0，闪烁出现率的最大值超过80%；2月磁暴事件期间，电离层闪烁持续时间最长，S₄最大值接近于1.0，闪烁出现率的最大值接近63%；11月磁暴主相和恢复相期间，无电离层闪烁现象出现.CHAMP卫星和地面闪烁监测仪观测到的结果一致，表明多重尺度的电离层不均匀体通常同时存在，但是小尺度的电离层不规则体通常会先消失.对比上述三次实验的观测结果，我们推断造成电离层响应特征差异的原因与环电流的影响有关，Aarons准则可较好地解释电离层对3次磁暴事件的响应.同时跨赤道风场可能也有贡献，它通过增加沿场向积分的Pedersen电导率，降低了R-T不稳定性，从而抑制了电离层闪烁的发生.     

电离层闪烁对GNSS信号影响的相位屏仿真方法

建立了利用相位屏模型实现的全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)闪烁仿真方法.仿真包括随机相位屏的产生和抛物波方程求解.相位屏产生中,通过将零均值的Gauss白噪声通过特定滤波器(根据闪烁功率谱密度函数设计)的方法产生二维随机相位分布;抛物波方程求解中,通过分步法求解抛物波方程获得接收机处的卫星信号复振幅.上述过程考虑了信号倾斜传播路径、不均匀体特征参量等因素, 这些因素可由实测数据估计获得.利用中国低纬地区典型闪烁事件期间的GNSS观测数据提取闪烁相关参量, 并用于闪烁仿真.从信号强度时间序列、幅度相位统计特性、谱特征等多个方面, 对仿真和实测结果进行比较.结果表明, 建立的GNSS信号闪烁仿真方法可以有效复现电离层闪烁影响下的GNSS信号, 仿真信号符合理论变化规律, 且与实测数据结果具有一致性.由此表明了建立的GNSS信号闪烁仿真方法的有效性.     

Measurements of radio star and satellite scintillations at a subauroral latitude

Observations of two radio stars, Cygnus A and Cassiopeia A, and of two satellites, Cosmos I and Transit 4A, have yielded data on lower and upper atmospheric irregularities. The frequencies studied have included 20 Mc, 40 Mc and 54 Mc for satellite transmissions, and 30 Mc to 3000 Mc for radio star signals. The antennas used have ranged from a dipole to a 150-foot parabola. The irregularities in refractive index in the lower atmosphere produce amplitude fluctuations up to several times average with a fading rate of 3 to 0.5 per minute while ionospheric amplitude fluctuations can increase several decibels, with rates from 1 to 60 per minute. Lower atmosphere scintillation rates increase as the elevation angle increases and generally disappear above5degof elevation. During intense magnetic storms, the ionospheric scintillation rate is a function of wavelength in the UHF range. Ionospheric scintillations are functions of both magnetic conditions and of the subionospheric latitudes of the irregularities; they are observed at zenith at the geomagnetic latitude of the Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory (54deg). Using spaced receivers, heights of single irregularities have ranged from about 100 to 600 km and representative sizes from about 0.1 to 4 km. Irregularities constitute the prime factor affecting the level, phase and angle of arrival of signals propagated through the auroral regions.     

基于相位屏模型研究电离层等效厚度

相位屏理论已广泛用于星际、行星际和电离层闪烁.考虑背景电离层电子密度沿信号传输路径的不均匀性,根据国际参考电离层提供的背景电离层电子密度高度廓线及其电子总含量,应用多重相位屏模型,设立各层独立参量,数值模拟了全球定位系统信号穿过电离层的闪烁特性.通过与薄相位屏模型数值结果进行对比,寻求适用于薄相屏模型的电离层等效厚度.     

Radio wave scintillations in the ionosphere

The phenomenon of scintillation of radio waves propagating through the ionosphere is reviewed in this paper. The emphasis is on propagational aspects, including both theoretical and experimental results. The review opens with a discussion of the motivation for stochastic formulation of the problem. Based on measurements from in-situ, radar, and propagation experiments, ionospheric irregularities ate found to be characterized, in general, by a power-law spectrum. While earlier measurements indicated a spectral index of about 4, there is recent evidence showing that the index may vary with the strength of the irregularity and possibly a two-component spectrum may exist with different spectral indices for large and small structures. Several scintillation theories including the Phase Screen, Rytov, and Parabolic Equation Method (PEM) are discussed next. Statistical parameters of the signal such as the average signal, scintillation index, rms phase fluctuations, correlation functions, power spectra, distributions, etc., are investigated. Effects of multiple scattering are discussed. Experimental results concerning irregularity structures and signal statics are presented. These results are compared with theoretical predictions. The agreements are shown to be satisfactory in a large measure. Next, the temporal behavior of a transionospheric radio signal is studied in terms of a two-frequency mutual coherence function and the temporal moments. Results including numerical simulations are discussed. Finally, some future efforts in ionospheric scintillation studies in the areas of transionospheric communication and space- and geophysics are recommended.     

Frequency selective propagation effects on spread-spectrum receiver tracking

This paper presents results of investigations of frequency selective scintillation effects, due to transionosphetic propagation, on the performance of spread-spectrum receivers. Emphasis is placed on pseudonoise (PN) direct sequence systems. Pertinent features of the disturbed ionospheric propagation channel are described together with the characteristics of resulting satellite signal scintillations. Effects of frequency selective scintillations on PN spread-spectrum code correlation and tracking are illustrated in some detail. The design of the receiver PN code tracking loop is an important factor in determining the significance of these effects. Of the designs that have been investigated, a dedicated (non-time-shared) noncoherent code tracking loop appears to be least susceptible to losing code lock in the presence of frequency selective scintillation. Possible design modifications to further enhance the robustness of PN code tracking are discussed.     

电离层闪烁对星载P波段SAR的影响分析

电离层闪烁会破坏星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)回波信号之间的相关性,使其成像性能下降。已有的工作都是假设已知电离层电子密度的扰动开展的,但是目前的测量手段无法直接获取该参量。该文利用海口观测站超高频(UHF)频段太阳活动高年和中等年份的实测数据,分析电离层闪烁的变化特征,并基于相位屏理论,给出一种利用闪烁指数评估电离层闪烁对星载P波段SAR系统影响效应的方法。结果表明：电离层闪烁在低纬地区主要发生在夜间,且在两分季高发;太阳活动高年,全年约有3.8%的时间会发生电离层闪烁现象;对于P波段SAR系统来说,弱闪烁使得方位向冲激响应函数(IRF)的主瓣宽度和副瓣增益增大,分辨率下降;中等强度闪烁使得方位向冲激响应函数发生严重的扰动,副瓣增益增大到主瓣的水平,主瓣中心也发生平移,可能使得系统无法直接成像。     

双模电离层闪烁监测系统设计与实现

伴随着北斗卫星导航系统的发展成熟,采用多个卫星导航系统可以获得更多的观测卫星进行电离层闪烁监测,极大提高监测的性能,因此利用GPS系统与北斗系统结合进行电离层闪烁监测成为趋势。文中介绍了所研制的GPS/BD双模电离层闪烁监测系统,它可以实时地监测分析GPS卫星L1/L2频点与北斗卫星B1/B2频点信号的电离层幅度闪烁指数和电离层相位闪烁指数,并可显示和存储各项观测数据。文中对电离层闪烁监测系统的硬件、系统嵌入式软件和电离层闪烁监测上位机软件的设计进行了介绍,对消趋势滤波器的设计和闪烁指数的计算进行了详细的讨论,并在最后给出了系统运行测试结果。     

电离层不均匀性对GPS系统的误差影响分析

在ＧＰＳ定位误差分析中，对电离层误差大多只考虑了折射效应，采用双频技术即可消除折射一阶项的影响，更进一步的误差分析通常是考虑电离层折射的高阶项（主要是二阶项）。但均未考虑电离层不均匀性对ＧＰＳ系统误差的影响。本文根据波在电离层随机介质脉冲平均到达时间的理论结果，对ＧＰＳ信号穿越电离层的情况进行了模拟计算，在得出了典型背景电离层参数条件下折射一阶项、二阶项引起的ＧＰＳ信号延迟误差的基础上，重点讨论了     

GPS电离层闪烁实时监测系统的设计与实现

给出了一种用于电离层闪烁测量和显示的GPS电离层闪烁实时监测系统,它既能实时监测分析GPS信号的幅度闪烁和相位闪烁指数,也能自动存储闪烁发生时间段内的原始幅度和相位数据,用于对闪烁事件的详细分析.此外,对电离层闪烁的测量原理和闪烁指数的计算也作了详细讨论,这对利用我国北斗卫星信号测量电离层闪烁也具有指导意义.     

基于掩星观测的全球低纬地区电离层不均匀体形态分析

基于气象、电离层和气候星座观测系统（Constellation ObservingSystem for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate, COSMIC）掩星闪烁指数观测数据,将遮掩点的位置作为电离层不均匀体出现的位置,对比分析了电离层E区不均匀体和F区不均匀体随时间、空间、太阳活动和地磁活动的变化. 发现E区闪烁主要出现于夏季半球的中纬地区;而F区闪烁主要出现于春秋季的磁赤道和低纬地区,受到地磁场的强烈控制. 除季节因素外,太阳活动对E区闪烁的影响并不是基本的,而赤道异常和赤道附近的F区闪烁受到太阳活动的显著控制:相比太阳活动低年,高年的F区闪烁强度更大,且扩展至更高的纬度. 地磁扰动时,中低纬地区电离层E区闪烁的全球分布与地磁平静时相似,但是闪烁的强度总体上略有增加,尤其是凌晨时段（00:00—06:00LT）;中低纬地区电离层F区闪烁的全球分布也与地磁平静时相似,但是闪烁强度明显增加,且扩展至更高的纬度,尤其是00:00—06:00LT及18:00—24:00LT的太平洋扇区. 两者对比表明,电离层F区闪烁对地磁活动更为敏感. 将COSMIC掩星与天基原位观测的闪烁出现率结果进行对比,发现掩星手段不仅可以反映全球尺度的电离层不均匀体变化特征,包括它随季节/经度、地方时、太阳活动和地磁纬度的变化,而且可以反映电离层不均匀体随高度的变化,这是以往的观测手段难以拥有的.     

太阳活动对赤道电离层闪烁影响的初步研究

利用赤道地区瓦尼莫(Vanimo)站太阳活动高年到低年(2000-2009) L波段电离层闪烁数据,分析了闪烁随太阳活动从高年到低年的形态特征,统计研究了太阳黑子数与闪烁发生率相关性,并初步探讨了太阳活动影响闪烁的机制。统计研究结果表明:太阳活动中、高年期间,闪烁发生率有明显的季节、月、地方时变化规律;低年闪烁表现平静,以弱闪烁为主,且无明显规律;太阳黑子对闪烁发生率表现出一定调制作用,随着黑子数从高年到低年的减少,闪烁发生率呈下降趋势,中、强闪烁表现的更为突出。说明太阳活动对中、强闪烁的影响比弱闪烁更明显,但其影响机制仍须大量统计分析和理论研究的进一步揭示。     

背景电离层半球不对称特征研究

由于背景电离层关于磁赤道存在南北不对称,可能对赤道电离层中的等离子体不稳定性过程产生影响,背景电离层参数的变化可能作为不规则结构出现和闪烁发生的前兆.本文利用通量管积分方法,研究背景电离层电子密度和Pedersen电导率的半球不对称特征,发现积分电子密度N和积分Pedersen电导率〖AKΣ～9〗P以及F区积分电导率〖AKΣ～9〗FP与E区和F区积分电导率之和〖AKΣ～9〗E+FP的比值〖AKΣ～9〗FP/〖AKΣ～9〗E+FP的不对称强度随季节和太阳活动的变化规律与实验观测的不规则结构和闪烁活动的变化规律存在联系.这表明背景电离层电子密度和Pedersen电导率的分布对不规则结构和闪烁活动的出现有重要影响,表征积分电子密度和积分Pedersen电导率不对称强度的参数IN和IP可作为一种应用于电离层闪烁预报系统的预报指数.     

海南地区电离层等离子体泡的多仪器同时观测

根据海南电离层观测站测高仪、闪烁监测仪和中华一号卫星的观测数据,对2004年4月23日三种仪器同时观测到的电离层等离子体泡事件进行了分析.测高仪从14∶30 UT到17∶45 UT观测到了强区域型扩展F现象,闪烁监测仪观测到闪烁现象出现的时间范围略大于强区域型扩展F的时间范围.在16∶33—16∶34 UT期间卫星在海南上空观测到了两个等离子体泡现象.经分析认为,强区域扩展F和闪烁现象都是由卫星观测到的等离子体泡所引起的,从而给出了测高仪、闪烁监测仪和卫星同时观测到等离子体泡的重要观测证据.     

Equatorial scintillations: A review

With the advent of satellite communications systems at frequencies varying fromsim140MHz to 1600 MHz as well as navigation and ranging systems in the 1200-1600 MHz portions of the spectrum, the effect of equatorial irregularities on fading signals has become of importance. Recent observations of the signal statistics of scintillations at frequencies ranging from 136 MHz to 6 GHz reveals a power law fall off of irregularity sizes. Power spectra are now available for a variety of conditions and for frequencies from VHF to microwaves. During periods of intense equatorial activity, at frequencies to 360 MHz, Rayleigh scattering is frequently experienced. The latitudinal extent of the scintillation irregularity region has been established with a half occurrence width during years of moderate solar flux of plus and minus12deg. A correlation of in-situ measurements of irregularities from satellites had revealed the great variations in longitudinal patterns during any season. It has also allowed theDelta Nobtained from in-situ measurements to be utilized to predict scintillation excursions. New facets of scintillation activity in the equatorial region recently reported include weak daytime scintillation and the patchy nature of irregularities (small irregularities embedded in large structures) particularly noted during periods of low solar flux. Future studies will assist in the delineation of the extent of the equatorial region at frequencies from 1.5 to 6 GHz, and in the UHF range. From the viewpoint of the communicator the morphology of scintillations at microwaves has still not been reported from any long term program of measurements.