Cl-和H2PO4-对有序多孔羟基磷灰石组成和形貌的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法,制备了有序多孔羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite with highly ordered three-dimensional pores,HA-HODP)。在37℃,将HA-HODP在CaCl2和Ca(H2PO4)2溶液中浸泡几天,通过X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外光谱以及pH值等的测试手段分析、研究了Cl-和H2PO4-对HA-HODP组成和形貌的影响。结果显示:HA-HODP浸入到CaCl2溶液中,生成Ca5(PO4)3Cl和CaCO3相。Ca5(PO4)3Cl相的生成系Cl-取代了OH-;CaCO3相的生成系Ca2+在碱性环境下,与溶解在溶液中的CO2发生了反应。在Ca(H2PO4)2溶液中,由于存在过量H2PO4-,在HA-HODP的表面生成了Ca9HPO4(PO4)5OH相。     

羟基磷灰石空心纳米球的制备及表征

采用W\O\W复乳法制备羟基磷灰石,内水相为(NH4)2HPO4水溶液,中间油相为易挥发的环己烷,外水相为Ca(NO3)2.4H2O水溶液。分析了反应中传质机理为Ca2+扩散到内水相,在碱性下与内水相的HPO42-反应生成羟基磷灰石。通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM分析了产物的成分和形貌,证实产物为300nm左右的羟基磷灰石空心球。讨论了反应温度对纳米球形貌的影响,当温度为10℃时发生界面反应,得到空心的纳米球。     

沉淀法合成HA粉末过程中球磨处理的作用

采用Ca(OH)2/H3PO4体系的化学沉淀法合成羟基磷灰石粉末,并对反应产物进行球磨处理,以促进合成反应的进行。应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、粉末粒度分析等测试方法对HA的组成、晶化过程、颗粒形貌和粒度分布进行表征。研究结果表明,增加球磨处理后得到粉末的XRD图中β-TCP和CaO峰消失,煅烧过程中粉末更易发生晶化,粉末粒度分布变窄,集中在0.3μm～0.5μm。因此球磨处理促进Ca(OH)2/H3PO4体系液固反应进行的程度,提高了羟基磷灰石粉末的纯度,减小粉末粒度并缩小其粒度分布范围。     

氢氧化钙—磷酸钠体系沉淀法合成纳米羟基磷灰石

以固废磷化渣和NaOH为原料制得Na3PO4,再在超声波辅助下,采用化学沉淀法将Na3PO4溶液缓慢滴加到Ca(OH)2溶液中反应制备出纳米羟基磷灰石,并用FTIR、XRD和SEM等手段对羟基磷灰石进行表征分析。结果表明,在常温和超声波辅助条件下,Na3PO4溶液滴加速度为0.3 mL/min时,用无水乙醇洗涤沉淀物,可获得质量分数达99.5%、粒径为50 nm左右的高结晶度和高分散性纳米羟基磷灰石。     

羟基磷灰石的湿化学法合成

采用Ca(OH)2和H3PO4的中和反应制备羟基磷灰石。用DSC—G XRD等现代测试技术对合成的羟基磷灰石的特性进行了表征。结果表明：在pH值为7．5-11．2范围内合成的粉末较为纯净，但结晶度不高；反应温度升高有利于羟基磷灰石的合成，粉末在加热过程中由非晶逐步转变为结晶态。     

砷羟基磷灰石的水热合成与结构表征

以四水硝酸钙[Ca(NO3)2·4H2O]、磷酸氢二铵[(NH4)2HPO4]、十二水合砷酸钠[Na3AsO4·12H2O]为原料,在200℃下水热反应8h制得掺砷羟基磷灰石[Ca10(PO4)6-x(AsO4)x(OH)2].考察了反应液中不同砷含量对合成砷羟基磷灰石结构的影响.采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜结合电子能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、傅立叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)等测试手段对产物的晶相、化学组成和形貌进行分析.结果表明:As取代部分磷(P)进入羟基磷灰石的晶格中,没有改变其晶体结构,但羟基磷灰石的晶胞参数发生了变化,随着As含量的增加,砷羟基磷灰石的晶体尺寸呈增大的趋势,晶体形状为短棒状.     

纳米羟基磷灰石的合成工艺研究

羟基磷灰石是一种重要的骨引导生物材料。以四水硝酸钙和磷酸二氢铵为原料,在一定pH条件下,以三乙醇胺为分散剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石,并考察了反应温度、滴加速度、煅烧温度、正丁醇处理对羟基磷灰石的影响。通过FT-IR,XRD,SEM等手段,对粉体化学组成、晶相和形貌进行表征和分析。研究结果表明,在体系反应温度为70℃、磷酸二氢铵滴加速度为3.33 mL/min、煅烧温度为800℃时,得到粒径为8~15 nm的高纯度羟基磷灰石纳米材料;用正丁醇处理后,团聚现象得到明显改善。     

共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石

以硝酸钙、磷酸混合水溶液为前驱体,以氨水为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石。探讨了加料方式、加料速度、Ca-P溶液初始浓度、陈化温度、陈化时间以及反应pH值等工艺条件对纳米羟基磷灰石的结晶粒度与分散性的影响。结果表明,采用将氨水加入Ca-P溶液、快速加料的方式,在Ca2+浓度为1.0mol.L-1、陈化温度为60℃、陈化时间为12h、反应pH值为10的条件下可高效制备分散性较好的短棒状纳米羟基磷灰石粉体。     

微波辅助合成羟基磷灰石研究

羟基磷灰石由于具有良好的生物相容性和生物活性而应用广泛.本文分别以Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、(NH4)2 HPO4·3H2O为Ca源和P源,采用微波辅助加热的方式合成羟基磷灰石.使用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对获得的产物进行了表征.分别研究了微波反应时间、反应功率和原料Ca/P比对合成羟基磷灰石形貌和结晶度的影响.结果表明,不同条件下,产物的形貌与结晶度均有不同.当合成时间为5 min,微波功率为400W,Ca/P比为2.0时,产物为具有结晶良好的羟基磷灰石.     

熔盐法合成磷酸镧粉体及其形貌

以La(NO3)3b·6H2O和H3PO4为原料,以KNO3-NaNO3为助熔剂,由熔盐法分别经300,400,500,600,700℃和800℃煅烧制备了磷酸镧粉体.利用X射线衍射分析粉体的相结构,用扫描电镜观察其微观结构,研究了不同煅烧温度和熔盐含量对粉体相结构及形貌的影响.结果表明:磷酸镧粉体的形貌、相结构与煅烧温度和熔盐加入量有密切关系,400℃制备的磷酸镧颗粒为束状,500℃制备的为米粒状,600℃制备的的为均匀圆球状的纳米颗粒,700,800℃制备的为层片状的磷酸镧颗粒.300～600℃煅烧后可以得到单斜相的磷酸镧,700℃煅烧后的粉体既有单斜相又有六方相,800℃煅烧后的粉体全部为六方相,磷酸镧由单斜相向六方相转变的温度为735℃.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。