THE MERGING OF TWO UNEQUAL AXISYMMETRIC PARALLEL TURBULENT JETS

Results of an experimental study of the merging of unequal parallel round turbulent jets are presented.Experiments were conducted for a jet axial separation to nozzle diameter ratio of 3.0 and the Reynolds numbers ranging from 8 000 to 15 000.The distance to the point where the jets are merged was measured for a range of jet source momentum flux ratios.Three different merger criteria were used based on the mean velocity profile,mean passive tracer concentration profile,and Reynolds stress profile.The results show that the concentration profile merges closest to the jet sources followed by the velocity profile with the Reynolds stress profile merging furthest from the nozzles.For all three profiles the merge distance is relatively insensitive to the momentum flux ratio,consistent with previous findings for slot jets and buoyant round jets.The measured merge distances are consistent with previously published results for equal round jets,though the poor spatial resolution of data in the literature means that limited comparison is possible.There are no studies of unequal jet merger currently in the literature that could be used for comparison.     

不同动力环境下孔间距对双孔射流特性的影响

为研究孔间距对双孔射流运动和稀释特性的影响,采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)和激光诱导荧光技术(PLIF)分别对静水、横流和波浪环境下双孔射流的速度场和浓度场进行测量,对比分析了孔间距为5倍、10倍和15倍射流孔直径时双孔射流的轴向速度、横断面垂向速度、轨迹线及浓度场分布情况。结果表明:在静水环境下,孔间距较小时双孔射流的轴向速度衰减较单孔射流慢,随着孔间距的增大双孔射流轴向速度衰减的程度逐渐趋近于单孔射流。在横流环境下,随着孔间距的增大,前方射流对后方射流的遮掩作用不断减小,而后方对前方射流的卷吸作用也有所减弱,导致前方射流弯曲程度的增大和后方射流上升高度的降低。在波浪环境下,孔间距较小时,两孔中间存在一个独立的高浓度区;孔间距增大后,浓度等值线逐渐呈"凸"形分布。为降低双孔射流相互作用对射流初始稀释的影响,建议在波浪和横流环境下双孔射流的孔间距不宜小于射流孔直径的10倍。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE DRAG REDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVELING WAVY WALL AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER IN WIND TUNNEL

Drag reduction experiments of the traveling wavy wall at high Reynolds number, ranging from 1.46×10⁶ to 5.83×10⁶ based on the free-stream velocity and the model length, were conducted. A suit of traveling wavy wall device was developed and its characteristics of drag reduction at high Reynolds number were investigated. The drag forces of the traveling wavy wall with various wave speeds (c) were measured at different wind speeds (U) in the FL-8 low-speed wind tunnel and compared with the drag force of the flat plate. The results show that the mean drag force of the traveling wavy wall decreases as the value of c/U increases, at different wind velocities, the values of c/U corresponding to minimal drag force of the traveling wavy wall are different, when the values of c/U are larger than 0.6, the mean drag forces of the traveling wavy wall are smaller than those of the flat plate, and the drag reduction can be up to 60%. The drag reduction effectiveness of traveling wavy wall is thus achieved. Furthermore, as the value of c/U increases, the traveling wavy wall can restrain the separation and improve the quality of flow field.     

摇臂式喷头喷嘴结构改进及水力性能试验研究

为了降低摇臂式喷头在工程应用中的运行成本、提高喷灌质量,本文针对8034D摇臂式喷头主、副喷嘴结构进行了优化改进,并研究了喷嘴结构改进后对喷头流量、径向水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度的影响。结果表明,主喷嘴内腔锥度角对喷头流量的影响呈显著水平,内腔锥度角越大,喷头流量越小;当工作压力相同时,改进副喷嘴结构对喷头流量的影响不大。随着测点与喷头水平距离的逐渐增加,不同内腔锥度角和圆柱段长度下的径向喷灌强度均呈递减趋势。组合2(1 mm#54°主喷嘴与改进后副喷嘴组合)在4种组合方式中的喷灌均匀性较好,其在喷头正方形布置下7种组合间距(12 m×12 m～18 m×18 m)时的平均喷灌均匀系数为87.8%,其中17 m×17 m时的喷灌均匀系数峰值达到89.3%。综合考虑喷灌质量和经济性两方面,在实际工程设计时,建议8034D摇臂式喷头主、副喷嘴的组合方式优先选用组合2,喷头工作压力设置为250 kPa,且组合间距以17 m×17 m为宜。     

A MULTI-SCALE APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PROPER SAMPLED DATA SCALE IN HOT-WIRE EXPERIMENT OF SQUARE DUCT FLOW

Without rational criteria to determine the Proper Sampled Data Scale(PSDS),it would result in the expense of the too much unnecessary processing time and storage space in turbulent experiments.A novel approach for PSDS was established herein on the basis of turbulence theory and statistics.The specific procedure was given by using wavelet tools.A case study to prove the reliability and rationality of this approach was reported,where the sampled hot-wire data were from the experiment of square duct flow and turbulence kinetic energy was selected as the concerned turbulence parameter.It is shown that 220 quantities of the sampled data are enough to analyze turbulence kinetic energy in the present experiment.The PSDSs of three turbulence parameters at different Reynolds numbers(Re =4.60×104,7.68×104 and 1.23×105)were studied.The results illustrate that the PSDSs increase with the increment of the Reynolds number and the order of concerned turbulence parameter.     

Bulk drag of a regular array of emergent blade-type vegetation stems under gradually varied flow

The drag induced by flow through vegetation is affected by the velocity, shape of vegetation stems and wake interference among stems. To account for the interference effects, previous works generally related the bulk drag coefficient of vegetation to the solid volume fraction ϕ of the vegetated zone, and the trends of the results were found to be inconsistent. In this work, a systematic laboratory study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the distribution pattern of vegetation stems on the hydrodynamics of gradually varied flow through emergent blade-type vegetation. The finite artificial vegetation patches of solid volume fractions ranging from 0.005 to 0.121 have been used and the stem Reynolds number ranges from 500–2600. The longitudinal water surface profiles have been measured, and the effect of increasing roughness density with respect to varying longitudinal and lateral spacing under the flow conditions is examined. The momentum equation that relates the vegetation resistant force and water surface profile has been used to obtain the mean bulk drag coefficient C_d of the canopy. The results show that C_d decreases with increasing stem Reynolds number, decreases with increasing ϕ at fixed lateral spacing due to sheltering effect, and increases with ϕ at fixed longitudinal spacing due to channeling effect. An empirical equation has been obtained relating C_d to the lateral and longitudinal spacing instead of ϕ.     

Flow characteristics of the two tandem wavy cylinders and drag reduction phenomenon

This paper presents an extensive numerical study of 3-D laminar flow around two wavy cylinders in the tandem arrangement for spacing ratios (L/Dm ) ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 at a low Reynolds number of 1...     

Analysis of shear rate effects on drag reduction in turbulent channel flow with superhydrophobic wall

We examined the shear rate effect on drag reduction of superhydrophobic surfaces with different slip lengths. For this purpose, turbulent channel flow was considered at the friction Reynolds numbers of Reτ = 180, 395, 500. By using Navier＇s slip condition it is shown that increasing shear rate leads to the greater reduction in drag force and also more reduction occurs in larger slip length. Based on the results, more than 25% drag reduction happens at a friction Reynolds number of Reτ= 500 for slip length of 1 ×10 5 m. The simulation results suggest that reduction in drag force occurs because slip condition reduces the Reynolds stresses, also weakens vorticity filed and the near-wall coherent structures, and therefore turbulence production is decreased.     

PIV MEASUREMENTS OF THE NEAR-WAKE FLOW OF AN AIRFOIL ABOVE A FREE SURFACE

The near-wake flow of a NACA0012 airfoils mounted above a water surface were experimentally studied in a wind/wave tunnel. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the free surface on the structure of the airfoil trailing wake. The flow structure was measured with different ride heights between the airfoil and free surface using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The Reynolds number based on the chord length of the airfoil was about 3.5×103. For each experimental condition, large amount of instantaneous velocity fields were captured and ensemble-averaged to get the spatial distributions of mean velocity and mean vorticity, as well as turbulence statistics. The results show that the flow structures of the airfoil wake varies remarkably with the change in the ride height.     

河道生态基流保障引起的农业损失量计算

为了科学协调水资源短缺地区农业用水与生态基流的矛盾问题,推动生态基流保障工作开展,从优先保障生态基流后农业受到影响的角度出发,确定了不同保障水平下的农业损失量。以渭河干流宝鸡段为例,定量计算了生态基流调控值在5～10 m~3/s之间时宝鸡峡灌区的农业产值损失与产量损失,并分析了生态基流保障前后保障率变化情况。结果表明:生态基流调控值在5～10 m~3/s之间时,平水年农业产值损失在1. 04×10~8～2. 54×10~8元之间,枯水年农业产值损失在2. 99×10~8～4. 06×10~8元之间,特枯年农业产值损失在4. 78×10~8～6. 61×10~8元之间。减少农业灌溉引水后,河道生态基流保障率明显提高。     

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A STRAIGHT SQUARE DUCT AT REYNOLDS NUMBER 600

This article presents the direct numerical simulation results of the turbulent flow in a straight square duct at a Reynolds number of 600, based on the duct width and the mean wall-shear velocity. The turbulence statistics along the wall bisector is examined with the turbulent flow field properties given by streamwise velocity and vorticity fields in the duct cross section. It was found that the solutions of the turbulent duct flow obtained in a spatial resolution with 1.2×10⁶ grid points are satisfactory as compared to the existing numerical and experimental results. The results indicate that it is reasonable to neglect the sub-grid scale models in this spatial resolution level for the duct flow at the particular friction Reynolds number.     

PARAMETRIC STUDY ON THE THRUST OF BUBBLY WATER RAMJET WITH A CONVERGING-DIVERGING NOZZLE

To predict the thrust of bubbly water ramjet with a converging-diverging nozzle, the physical processes occurring in the diffuser, mixing chamber and nozzle were analyzed. The mathematical models were constructed separately under the restrictions of certain assumptions. The bubbly nozzle flow was examined using a two-fluid model and accomplished by specifying the water velocity distribution in the nozzle. The numerical analysis of flow field in the nozzle shows that the Mach number at the throat is 1.009, near unity, and supersonic bubble flow appears behind the throat. There is greater thrust produced by bubbly water ramjet, compared with single-phase air ramjets. Subsequently, the influences of vessel velocity, air mass flow rate, inlet area A_m, area ratio (i.e., mixing chamber to inlet area A_m/A_i), and initial bubble radius on the thrust were emphatically investigated. Results indicate that the thrust increases with the increase of air mass flow rate, inlet area and the area ratio, and the decrease of initial bubble radius. However, the thrust weakly depends on the vessel velocity. These analytical and numerical results are useful for further investigation of bubbly water ramjet engine.     

LES NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CAVITATION BUBBLE SHEDDING ON ALE 25 AND ALE 15 HYDROFOILS

A cavitation calculation scheme is developed and applied to ALE 15 and ALE 25 hydrofoils, based on the Bubble Two-phase Flow (BTF) cavity model with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology. The Navier-Stokes equations including cavitation bubble clusters are solved through the finite-volume approach with a time-marching scheme. Simulations are carried out in a 3-D field with a hydrofoil ALE 15 or ALE 25 at an angle of attack of 8° and cavitation number σ = 2.3 with a 2 × 10⁶, meshing system. With the time-marching, the cavitation bubble gradually grows to a steady lump shape and then produces an irregular small bubble behind the main cavitation bubble, finally shedding from the leading edge of the cloud cavitation structure. The calculated results including velocity field and pressure field are consistent with experiment data at the same Reynolds number and cavitation number. The vortex and reverse flow are observed on the hydrofoil surface.     

3-D NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF FLOW LOSS IN HELICAL CHANNEL

The flow loss of a helical channel Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) thruster without MHD effect was numerically studied with 3-D simulations,and a flow loss coefficient was defined to quantify the flow loss and its influencing factors were studied.The results show that decreases in a first-order exponential manner with the pitch of a helical wall and the Reynolds number,and it declines slowly when and,a flow guide makes the flow more smooth and uniform,especially in the flow guide and helical wall sub-regions and thus reduces the flow loss greatly,by about 30% with the averaged value of from 0.0385 to 0.027,a rectifier weakens the helical flow and strengthens the axial one in the rectifier and outlet sub-regions,thus reduces the rotational kinetic pressure with the averaged value of declining about 4% from 0.0385 to 0.037,and decreases with a rectifier’s axial length when.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE FORMATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN AN IMPINGING TWIN-JET

The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method has been used to solve the fluid momentum equations coupled with a convection-diffusion equation to study the formation of pollutant nanoparticles in a vehicular exhaust with impinging twin-jet. The functions of the space (S) between the two jets and the distance (H) from the exit of nozzle to the impingement plane are evaluated according to the distributions of pollutant nanoparticles. The results show that the nucleation produces a large number of nanoparticles, and gas-to-nanoparticle conversion mostly takes place in the interface region of the two jets, the circumambience of the jets, and region near the plane. The maximal particle size and maximal number concentration produced by both nucleation and coagulation appear around the region of free jet and the region near the plane, respectively. The significant differences for various spaces between the two jets are the number concentration and size distributions in the interface region of the two jets. For the case with larger space, more nanoparticles are produced by nucleation and coagulation. The more the distance from the exit of nozzle to the impingement plane, the lower is the number concentration and the fewer the particles distribute near the plane. Increasing the distance from nozzle to plane is beneficial to the reduction of nanoparticle formation.     

CONTROLS ON THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHANNEL‐SPANNING LOGJAMS IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE,USA

Channel‐spanning logjams completely span the active channel and create longitudinal discontinuities of the water surface and stream bed across at least two‐thirds of the channel width. These jams disproportionately affect channel process and form relative to smaller jams that do not span the entire channel width. We analyze a spatially extensive dataset of 859 channel‐spanning jams distributed along 124 km of 16 distinct rivers on the eastern side of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, with drainage areas spanning 2.6 to 258 km² and diverse valley geometry and forest stand age. We categorized valley geometry in terms of lateral confinement (confined, partly confined, or unconfined), which correlates with gradient. Jams exhibit substantial downstream variability in spacing at channel lengths of 10²–10³ m. The number of jams within a reach is explained by a statistical model that includes drainage area, valley type (lateral confinement), and channel width. Longitudinal spacing of jams drops substantially at drainage areas greater than ~20 km², although jam spacing exhibits tremendous variability at smaller drainage areas. We interpret the lack of jams at larger drainage areas to reflect increasing transport capacity for instream wood. We interpret the variability in jam spacing at small drainage areas to reflect local controls of valley geometry and associated wood recruitment and fluvial transport capacity. Our results suggest that management of instream wood designed to facilitate the formation of channel‐spanning jams can be most effectively focused on smaller drainage areas where these jams are most abundant in the absence of management that alters instream wood recruitment or retention. Unmanaged streams in the study region with drainage area <60 km² have ~1.1 channel‐spanning jams per 100 m length of stream. The cumulative effects of these jams on instream storage of sediment and organic matter, hyporheic exchange, instream habitat, stream metabolism, and channel–floodplain connectivity are likely to be enormous. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel pre-dilution,swirling jet diffuser to enhance effluent mixing: Hydrodynamics and dilution performance

Diffusers are widely-used to quickly dilute effluents in receiving water bodies. This study proposed a novel diffuser that pre-mixes effluent with ambient water before discharging and that uses the swirling jet to further enhance near-field dilution. The nozzle of the diffuser was examined in two ambient flow conditions: co-flow and counter-flow that are commonly-met in the environment such as oceans due to tidal effect. Physical experiments were first conducted in co-flow on its dilution performance and hydrodynamics, using heated water as the effluent. A 3-D CFD model was developed and calibrated the co-flow scenarios, and then used to investigate the diffuser in counter-flow. The results showed that the nozzle can effectively reduce the maximum temperature rise of the effluent by about 50 % before discharging. The swirling jet from the outlet has a larger shear area, half-width and entrainment rate, enabling the effluent to be rapidly diluted to a minimum of around 10 times at x/D = 6 in co-flow, whereas the dilution for conventional nozzles is about 1 because of the potential core. The flow amplification ratio (α) decreases gradually with increasing velocity ratio in co-flow but increases with increasing velocity ratio in counter-flow. The counter-flow reduces the water drawn into the device; however, the pre-dilution effect at the outlet remains stable. The near-field dilution in counter-flow was significantly enhanced than that in co-flow. Environmental regulations at outfalls and mixing zones can be more easily met using this novel diffuser.     

库区洲滩潜流带温度示踪流速计算方法

以澜沧江漫湾库区洲滩为研究对象,实时监测水库运行期间洲滩监测井水位和水温变化过程,依据水位和水温数据,分别用水动力学法和温度示踪法核算流速。结果表明:在计算库区水位波动引起的潜流交换上,Hatch相位法具有更高的准确性,监测时段内的潜流交换流速和交换量分别为-5.87×10~(-5)~12.92×10~(-5)m/s和2.66m~3。在计算库区与洲滩补给和排泄过程中的峰值流速时,Hatch相位法的计算结果均较水动力学法滞后。在空间上,洲滩深度越深,流速越小,不同深度流速曲线规律基本一致。     

Detached-eddy simulation of wing-tip vortex in the near field of NACA 0015 airfoil

In the present study, the formation of the wing-tip vortex from a rectangular NACA0015 wing with a square tip at the Reynolds number of 1.8×105 and the angles of attack(AOA) α= 8o and 10o were simulated with an incompressible detached eddy simulation(DES) method and the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with the SA model respectively. Numerical results were compared with experimental results to validate the capability of the employed methods in resolving tip vortex flows. The results show that DES model could capture the complicated three-dimensional structures in the vortex, and the streamwise vorticity and the cross-flow velocity agree with the experiment results quite well, but RANS-SA model with the same grid as that of DES failed to capture the correct structures and under-predicted the streamwise vorticity in the vortex by 40%. The present study suggests that under the same calculation cost, DES but not RANS-SA could be used to effectively predict the flow characteristics in tip vortex.     

喷头不同组合模式下水量分布和喷灌均匀度的田间试验及数值模拟

利用三次样条两次插值叠加法并结合单喷头水量分布可计算得到多喷头组合水量分布。为验证该方法的适用性及探究变间距条件下喷灌均匀度的变化情况,通过田间试验,得到ZY-2型单喷头水量分布及多喷头18 m×18 m组合形式下水量分布,计算了喷灌均匀度。利用MATLAB软件构建了喷头组合条件下水量分布的数值模拟模型,计算出不同组合模式下水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度。结果表明:模拟与实测喷灌水深的相对误差(RE)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为8.49%和3.17 mm,组合喷灌均匀度的相对误差为1.85%,表明构建的模型能较准确地模拟不同喷头组合条件下的水量分布和组合均匀度; ZY-2型喷头在正方形21 m×21 m布置形式下,喷灌均匀度达到最高(0.873);在变喷头间距和变支管间距两种矩形布置时,喷灌均匀度整体上随着支管间距的增加而逐渐降低,但喷头间距增加时喷灌均匀度降低的幅度更大。研究结果可为优化喷头布置形式提供技术支撑。