杜邦两磺酰脲除草剂先后获批用才控制黑草

杜邦苗前除草剂Lexus（flupyrsulfuron氟啶嘧磺隆）及苗后除草剂Atlantis（mesosulfuron甲磺胺磺隆＋碘甲磺隆iodosulfuron）先后被英国化学物评审理事会CRD（Chemicals Regulation Directorate）批准，允许在下一种植季节二者结合使用以防控黑草。     

3种磺酰脲除草剂对水华鱼腥藻的生长效应

采用分光光度法比较研究了甲磺隆、氯磺隆和苄嘧磺隆3种磺酰脲除草剂对水华鱼腥藻的生长效应。发现3种药剂都对一定初始浓度的水华鱼腥藻有抑制生长的作用,并得到了抑制作用规律。     

单嘧磺隆对3种鱼腥藻的毒性

通过不同除草剂质量浓度下鱼腥藻的生长状况比较及EC50的比较研究了新磺酰脲类除草剂单嘧磺隆对3种鱼腥藻的毒性作用,发现低剂量的单嘧磺隆（0．01～0．001mg／L）对藻类的生长无显著影响,而较高剂量（10-100mg／L）则会抑制藻类生长,3种鱼腥藻对单嘧磺隆的敏感性依次为：满江红鱼腥藻〉同氮鱼腥藻〉水华鱼腥藻。     

甲磺隆对水华鱼腥藻作用机理初探

以水华鱼腥藻的乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）比活力作为研究对象,通过在离体和活体条件下比较其对甲磺隆的敏感性,探讨了甲磺隆对水华鱼腥藻的作用机理.结果表明：离体条件下,甲磺隆对水华鱼腥藻ALS抑制强烈,且浓度越高抑制作用越强,其IC50=0.026mg/L;活体条件下,当甲磺隆的浓度为0.001mg/L时,甲磺隆对水华鱼腥藻ALS几乎没有抑制作用,这可能是甲磺隆在水华鱼腥藻体内被降解失活的缘故.当甲磺隆的浓度为0.01～10mg/L时,甲磺隆对水华鱼腥藻ALS抑制与离体条件下的抑制作用基本一样,其IC50=0.714mg/L.     

磺酰脲除草剂及其安全剂研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂是目前世界上使用最大的一类除草剂，它是由美国杜邦公司于20世纪70年代研究成功，80年代开发出来的高效、广谱、低毒、高选择性除草剂，其问世标志着除草剂进入超高效时代。此类除草剂对许多一年生多年生杂草有特效，广泛应用于防除稻田、大豆田、玉米田、麦类作物用、油菜田、草坪和其他非耕地杂草。至今已有几十个品种被商品化。我国目前广泛应用的磺酰脲类除草剂品种主要有：苄嘧磺隆、胺苯磺隆、氯磺隆、吡嘧碘隆、甲磺隆、苯磺隆、醚磺隆、氯嘧磺隆等，能防除大多数阔叶杂草，对禾本科杂草也有一定的抑制效果。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告第671号（停止批准新增含甲磺隆等除草剂产品的登记）

为进一步解决甲磺隆等磺酰脲类长残效除草剂对后茬作物产生药害事故的问题，保障农业生产安全，保护广大农民利益，根据《农药管理条例》的有关规定，结合我国实际，我部决定对含甲磺隆、氯磺隆和胺苯磺隆等除草剂产品实行以下管理措施。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告第494号对含甲磺隆、氯磺隆和胺苯磺隆等除草剂产品实行管理

为从源头上解决甲磺隆等磺酰脲类长残效除草剂对后茬作物产生药害事故的问题，保障农业生产安全，保护广大农民利益，根据《农药管理条例》的有关规定，结合我国实际情况，经全国农药登记评审委员会审议，我部决定对含甲磺隆、氯磺隆和胺苯磺隆等除草剂产品实行以下管理措施。     

谨防除草剂对水稻产生药害

正稻田推广化学除草既减轻了农民劳动强度,又能取得较大的经济效益和社会效益。但是,由于一些地方对除草剂的药性及使用技术掌握不够,常常会在使用后出现不同类型的药害症状。除草剂对水稻的药害因品种、施药量、使用期等不同而出现不同的症状,现根据各地多年使用的情况及观察试验数据,将常见的一些药害介绍如下:甲磺隆、氯磺隆、胺苯磺隆等磺酰脲类除草剂,     

磺酰脲类除草剂成开发热点

磺酰脲类除草剂由美国杜邦公司于20世纪80年代开发,目前在全球广泛应用。磺酰脲类在除草剂市场仅次于氨基酸类(草甘膦、草胺膦等)位列第2。2009年销售额上亿的品种有苯磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆、甲磺隆、碘甲磺隆、     

阿斯特拉捷利康公司把目标对准墨西哥和中国

2004年9月，冬小麦秋种期间，拜耳将谷物除草剂Olympus(丙苯磺隆70％)引入美国。丙苯磺隆已于6月30日获得EPA批准，这是继年初甲磺胺磺隆获得批准后，拜耳2004年在美国登记的第二个谷物除草剂。     

Long-term residual value of North Carolina and Queensland rock phosphates compared with triple superphosphate

The effectiveness of large single applications of North Carolina reactive rock phosphate, Queensland non-reactive rock phosphate, and Calciphos, were compared to the effectiveness of superphosphate in field experiments in south-western Australia for up to 11 years after application. As measured using plant yield, superphosphate was the most effective fertilizer in the year of application, and relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of the superphosphate residues declined to be about 15 to 65% as effective in the year after application, and 5 to 20% as effective 9 to 10 years after application. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, all the rock phosphates were 10 to 30% as effective in the year of application, and the residues remained 2 to 20% as effective in the 10 years after application. The bicarbonate soil test reagent predicted a more gradual decrease in effectiveness of superphosphate of up to 70% 10 years after application. For rock phosphate, the reagent predicted effectiveness to be always lower than for superphosphate, being initially 2 to 11% as effective in the year after application, and from 10% to equally as effective 10 years later. Therefore rock phosphates are unlikely to be economic alternatives to superphosphate in the short or long term on most lateritic soils in south-western Australia.     

The annual cycle of Flehmen in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

Flehmen is a stereotyped response of ungulates and other mammals to urine. In black-tailed deer, Flehmen occurs typically in males (rarely in females), and its frequency shows an annual cycle. Flehmen in response to female urine was most frequent in November, and to male urine in January. The response minimum to both types of urine occurred in May. Fifty-five to 100% of initial responses to female urine resulted in Flehmen. The deer responded more often to female urine, and the difference between the responses to female and male urine increased from May to November. A male's own urine released Flehmen more often than did urine of other males. The response intensity varied with the spatial orientation of the male to the urinating female, and responses were usually limited to distances of 15 m or less.     

绿色环保意识的趋向

随着消费者环保意识的提高,人们除了认清绿色环保能对社会和全世界起到巨大的促进作用,还认为绿色环保能够直接、积极地反映其社会地位,在某种程度上反映出消费者自己的绿色环保意识。介绍了消费者对"绿色化"的认识,对"绿色产品"的期望以及生产厂家对"绿色原料"的认证和对"可持续发展"所做的贡献。     

Optimal biocompatible solvent design for a two-stage extractive fermentation process with cell recycling

In this study, crisp and fuzzy multiple-goal optimization approaches are respectively introduced to design an optimal biocompatible solvent to a two-stage extractive fermentation with cell recycling for ethanol production. When designing a biocompatible solvent for the extractive fermentation process, many issues, such as extractive efficiency, conversion, amount of solvent utilized and so on, have to be considered. An interactive multiple-goal design procedure is introduced to determine a trade-off result in order to satisfy such contradicted goals. Both approaches could be iterated to solve the interactive multiple-goal design problem in order to yield a trade-off result. However, the crisp optimization design is a tedious task that requires the designer to provide various pairs of the upper bounds for the design problem to obtain the corresponding solution. The fuzzy optimization approach is able to be trade-off several goals simultaneously and to yield the overall satisfactory grade for the product/process design problem.     

煤或天然气经甲醇制低碳烯烃工艺研究新进展

由煤或天然气经甲醇制低碳烯烃工艺是解决石油资源紧张、低碳烯烃需求量越来越大等问题的有效路线。介绍了几种有代表性的经甲醇制低碳烯烃工艺,包括美国UOP/Hydro甲醇制烯烃工艺,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所的合成气经由二甲醚制低碳烯烃(SDTO)工艺,德国Lurgi公司的甲醇制丙烯工艺,以及甲醇制烯烃与AtoFina/UOP烯烃裂解的集成工艺;分析了各工艺目前达到的技术指标及最近的技术改进,关注了各工艺近几年的工业化进程。除了SDTO工艺外,其他几种工艺有望在未来几年内实现工业化。国内甲醇制低碳烯烃工艺的开发应借助于流化催化裂化成熟的工程设计经验,同时加大甲醇制烯烃工艺流化床催化剂的开发力度。     

Adhesives in construction: A contractor's viewpoint

The development of epoxy- and polyester-based adhesives has dramatically widened the scope of adhesive bonding in the civil engineering industry but the technology of the adhesives used has often been more appropriate to the workshop than to the construction site. There is a need for the suppliers of structural adhesives to recognize this and to develop compositions and application techniques more amenable to site use. It is equally necessary for the construction industry to make more effort to understand these materials, to take advantage of their outstanding properties, and hence to use them successfully for the construction and repair of concrete structures.     

Discriminative Response to Animal, But Not Plant, Chemicals by an Insectivorous, Actively Foraging Lizard, Scincella lateralis, and Differential Response to Surface and Internal Prey Cues

Responses by the insectivorous, actively foraging scincid lizard, Scincella lateralis, to chemical cues from a plant food favored by herbivorous lizards, its ability to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances, and its relative response to internal and surface prey chemicals were studied experimentally. We presented chemical cues to the lizards on cotton swabs and recorded their tongue-flicks and biting attacks on the swabs. The lizards exhibited significantly greater tongue-flick rates and biting frequencies to prey surface cues than to plant surface chemicals from romaine lettuce, diluted cologne (pungency control), and deionized water. Responses to the plant stimuli did not differ from those to the two control stimuli, in contrast with strong responses to the same plant cues by herbivores. This finding provides the first information suggesting that chemosensory response may be adapted to diet, with responsiveness to plant stimuli evolving de novo in herbivores. Biting and tongue-flicking responses were significantly greater to cricket chemicals than to all other stimuli, among which there were no differences. Thus, the lizards are capable of prey chemical discrimination, which may be ubiquitous among actively foraging lizards. The lizards exhibited more frequent biting and higher tongue-flick rates to internal than surface prey chemicals. Although different methods of stimulus preparation are appropriate for different purposes, we conclude that prey surface chemicals available to foraging lizards are most desirable for studies bearing on location and identification of prey.     

Ultrasonically initiated free radical‐catalyzed emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (i)

The emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by ultrasound has been studied at ambient temperature using sodium lauryl sulfate as the surfactant. The investigation includes the: (1) nature and source of the free radical for the initiation process; (2) effects of different types of cavitation; and (3) dependence of the polymerization rate, polymer particle number generated, and the polymer molecular weight on acoustic intensity, argon gas flow rate, surfactant concentration, and initial monomer concentration. It was found that the polymerization could be initiated by ultrasound in the emulsion systems containing methyl methacrylate, water, and sodium lauryl sulfate at ambient temperature in the absence of a conventional initiator. The source of the free radical for the initiation process was found to come from the degradation of the sodium lauryl sulfate, presumably in the aqueous phase. The weight average molecular weight of the poly(methyl methacrylate) obtained varied from 2,500,000 to 3,500,000 g mol⁻¹, and the conversion for polymerization was up to 70%. Deviations from the Smith–Ewart kinetics were observed. The polymerization rate was found to be proportional to the acoustic intensity to the 0.98 power; to the argon gas flow rate to the 0.086 power; to the surfactant concentration to the 0.08 power, with the 0.035M–0.139M surfactant concentration range; and to the surfactant concentration to the 0.58 power, with the 0.139M–0.243M surfactant concentration range. The polymerization rate was found to increase with increasing initial monomer concentration up to a point where it became independent of initial monomer concentration. The polymer particle number generated per milliliter of water was found to be proportional to the acoustic intensity to the 1.23 power; to the argon gas flow rate to the 0.16 power; to the surfactant concentration to the 0.3 power, with the 0.035M–0.139M surfactant concentration range; and to the surfactant concentration to the 1.87 power, with the 0.139M–0.243M surfactant concentration range. The polymer weight average molecular weight was found to be proportional to the acoustic intensity to the 0.21 power, and to the argon gas flow rate to the 0.02 power. It was found to be inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration to the 0.12 and 0.34 power, with the 0.035M–0.139M and the 0.139M–0.243M surfactant concentration ranges, respectively. The polymer yield and polymerization rate were found to be much larger than those obtained from an ultrasonically initiated bulk polymerization method. The polymerization rates obtained at ambient temperature were found to be similar to or higher than those obtained from the conventional higher temperature thermal emulsion polymerization method. This investigation demonstrated the capability of ultrasound to both initiate and accelerate polymerization in the emulsion system, and to do this at a lower temperature that could offer substantial energy savings. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 797–825, 1999     

Crack Stability and T-Curves Due to Macroscopic Residual Compressive Stress Profiles

Stabilization of the fracture process and resistance to strength degradation have been observed for materials with increasing T -curves. In this study, the possibility of using residual compressive stresses to induce crack stabilization is examined theoretically. Nonmonotonic forms for the residual compressive stress profiles are assumed. The stress intensity factors for linear through-the-thickness cracks subjected to these profiles are derived. The stress intensity factors are then used to construct the T -curves for the stress profiles considered. It is demonstrated that the presence of these T -curves leads to crack stability under the action of applied tensile stresses, and to strength insensitivity to the initial flaw size. The effects of additional localized stress fields (similar to those produced by indentation) on crack growth in these materials are also considered. In this case, the strength is found to be relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the localized loading. It is therefore concluded that residual stresses can be used to improve mechanical reliability in ways which are usually associated with microstructural toughening mechanisms.     

Role of Interfacial Debonding and Matrix Cracking in the Effective Thermal Diffusivity of Alumina-Fiber-Reinforced Chemical-Vapor-Infiltrated Silicon Carbide Matrix Composites

The thermal diffusivity of a biaxial weave alumina-fiberreinforced chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) SiC composite heated to 1500°C, which is above the manufacturing temperature, was found to exhibit an increase for heat flow parallel to the fiber plane, whereas a decrease was observed perpendicular to the fiber plane. The increase parallel to the fiber plane was thought to be due to the annealing of the fibers and matrix. The decrease perpendicular to the fiber plane was found to be the result of interfacial debonding and matrix cracking within the plane of the fibers.