Genetic diversity of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Seoul

In total, 4,806 stool samples collected from 2003 to 2009 were tested for norovirus (NVs) RNA. A positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result was obtained from a total of 628 (13%) of the samples. Molecular analysis of strains from 64 outbreaks showed that there were up to 20 genotypes involved in the outbreaks. The dominant genotype throughout the study period was GII-4. In this study, NVs are an important cause of gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea. By this molecular investigation, genotypic distribution associated with NVs infections will be used for control and prevention of NVs related diseases.     

一起诺如病毒GⅡ.2感染引起学生食源性胃肠炎暴发调查

目的 调查2017年11月2日武汉市某小学食源性胃肠炎暴发疫情,明确致病菌和传播方式.方法 采用病例对照研究等方法,研究本次事件病因,分析可疑食物.结果 调查159例病例,均为学生,罹患率为11.5％(159/1 378).临床症状主要包括呕吐(95.0％,151/159)、恶心(84.3％,134/159)和腹痛(8...     

一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒分离株的特征分析

目的 分析2017年广州市一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒分离株的特征.方法 采用血清型鉴定,药敏实验,毒力基因(tdh、trh、tlh)、toxRS/new基因、orf8基因的聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)和多位点序列分型(MLST)进行分析.结果 14株副溶血性弧菌血清型鉴定为O8∶K21,药敏试...     

武汉市某高校诺如病毒引起的食源性胃肠炎暴发

目的 分析2021年12月武汉某高校一起由诺如病毒引起的食源性胃肠炎暴发的流行病学因素,为制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法 开展现场流行病学调查,采用描述性流行病学方法、病例对照研究方法对导致事件发生的危险因素进行分析,并采集病例直肠拭子及环境样本进行病原学检测。结果 病例共139例,患病率为0.43%,临床症状主要为恶心、呕吐、腹泻。食用H街卤菜是危险暴露因素[比值比(OR)=15.96,95%置信区间(95%CI):2.32～383.95]。29名病例及5名从业人员检出诺如病毒GⅡ型。结论 此次事件为一起由诺如病毒GⅡ型引起的食源性胃肠炎暴发。在诺如病毒感染高发季节,应继续加强对学校及食品从业人员的诺如病毒感染监测,积极开展食品卫生方面的健康教育,预防肠道病原体感染暴发发生。     

北京一起副溶血性弧菌和非O1/O139霍乱弧菌共感染导致急性胃肠炎暴发事件病原检测分析

目的 对一起副溶血性弧菌和非O1/O139霍乱弧菌共感染导致急性胃肠炎暴发事件进行实验室病原学分析。方法 采用实时荧光PCR方法对4个病例肛拭子、12件可疑污染食品和8件环境涂抹的增菌液进行多种腹泻病原检测,将副溶血性弧菌和霍乱弧菌分离培养,并对分离株进行全基因组测序,获取菌株毒力基因和耐药基因,基于核心基因组单核苷酸多态性构建聚类树。结果 4件病例肛拭子增菌液荧光PCR检测副溶血性弧菌结果均为toxRVP+/tdh+/trh-,其中2件肛拭子荧光PCR检测霍乱弧菌结果为阳性。病例肛拭子副溶血性弧菌培养法检出率为100%(4/4),分离株均为toxRVP+/tdh+/trh-,血清型均为O4:KUT;病例肛拭子霍乱弧菌培养法检出率为50%(2/4),均为非O1/O139血清型,其中1分离株为toxR_VC+/ctx-/t3ss+。可疑污染食品副溶血性弧菌培养法检出率为66.67%(8/12),环境涂抹副溶血性弧菌检出率为12.50%(1/8),可疑污染食品和环境副溶血性弧菌分离株均为toxRVP+/tdh-/trh-;可疑污染食品霍乱弧菌检出率为25.00%(3/1...     

Lessons from an outbreak of listeriosis related to vacuum-packed gravad and cold-smoked fish

The first lesson learned from this outbreak was that vacuum-packed rainbow trout is not only an excellent medium for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, but may also cause human listeriosis. Another lesson is that one single fish processing plant may spread multiple clonal types of L. monocytogenes by selling contaminated products to consumers. Thus, when investigating fish-borne outbreaks of listeriosis one should identify and type several isolates of L. monocytogenes from each food and environmental sample, since multiple clonal types might be present. The outbreak described in this paper involved at least eight human cases, three clonal types of L. monocytogenes, and lasted for 11 months. During the outbreak investigation, L. monocytogenes was also isolated from another brand of rainbow trout found in the refrigerator of one of the patients. These latter isolates belonged to a clonal type not associated with the outbreak. However, this clonal type is of considerable interest since it has been associated with foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis in several countries, and is also the second most common clonal type among human clinical isolates of L. monocytogenes in Sweden. Besides the described outbreak, it is likely that vacuum-packed, cold-smoked and gravad rainbow trout have been involved in additional cases of foodborne listeriosis in Sweden.     

从生食鱼肉中提取GII型诺如病毒的不同方法的比较

目的本研究比较了多种可能适用于生食水产鱼肉中诺如病毒(No V)的提取方法。方法人工污染GII型No V三文鱼肉样品,通过病毒洗脱、浓缩、核酸提取,以及实时荧光定量反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-q PCR)检测等步骤的比较和优化,提高样品中No V的检测成功率和回收率。结果采用Tri/Glycine/Beef extract缓冲溶液洗脱、PEG/Na Cl溶液沉降、增加氯仿-正丁醇(1∶1,V/V)溶液萃取等步骤,可以有效富集样品中的No V,并有效去除样品中的PCR抑制成分。优化后的检测方案可以将人工污染GII型No V的鱼肉样品的回收率由不足3%提高至15.15%,检测灵敏度可以达到17.3 RT-PCRU/25 g。结论优化后的病毒提取方法具有良好的耐用性和重现性,适合于生食水产鱼肉中No V的快速检测。     

Analysis of an outbreak of Streptococcus uberis mastitis

An outbreak of Streptococcus uberis mastitis was described to gain insight into the dynamics of Strep. uberis infections at a herd level. Data were obtained from a longitudinal observational study on a commercial Dutch dairy farm with good udder health management. Quarter milk samples for bacteriological culture were routinely collected at 3-wk intervals from all lactating animals (n = 95 +/- 5). Additional samples were collected at calving, clinical mastitis, dry-off, and culling. During the 78-wk observation period, 54 Strep. uberis infections were observed. The majority of infections occurred during a 21-wk period that constituted the disease outbreak. The incidence rate was higher in quarters that had recovered from prior Strep. uberis infection than in quarters that had not experienced Strep. uberis infection before. The incidence rate of Strep. uberis infection did not differ between quarters that were infected with other pathogens compared with quarters that were not infected with other pathogens. The expected number of new Strep. uberis infections per 3-wk interval was described by means of a Poisson logistic regression model. Significant predictor variables in the model were the number of existing Strep. uberis infections in the preceding time interval (shedders), phase of the study (early phase vs. postoutbreak phase), and prior infection status of quarters with respect to Strep. uberis, but not infection status with respect to other pathogens. Results suggest that contagious transmission may have played a role in this outbreak of Strep. uberis mastitis.     

Sau-PCR和AILP技术对一起副溶血弧菌引起食物中毒的分型研究

运用Sau-PCR和扩增基因间片断多态性(AILP)两种基因分型技术对副溶血弧菌进行分析.对广州一起由副溶血弧菌引起的食物中毒进行常规鉴定后,应用Sau-PCR和AILP技术对分离到的3株菌株进行分型,结果1株人源分离菌与2株食源分离菌的Sau-PCR型别和AILP型别均相同.表明此次食物中毒爆发为同一株副溶血弧菌引起.Sau-PCR和AILP技术作为两种新的分子分型技术,具有快速、稳定、准确、高分辨力和低成本的优点,可以作为食物中毒中对细菌进行鉴定的分析技术,为流行病学调查和溯源提供可靠依据.     

Detection and isolation of Salmonella from naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds following an outbreak investigation.

Naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds, epidemiologically linked to foodborne disease outbreaks in Oregon and British Columbia, were tested for the presence of Salmonella. Ten sample units from the suspected lot were sprouted and grown for 4 days. After enrichment of the grown sprouts, an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and culture method (modified procedure of the Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual) were used for the detection and isolation of Salmonella. Four of the 10 sample units were positive with the EIA; however, 5 of the 10 sample units were culture positive (four were positive for Salmonella serotype Newport and a fifth was positive for Salmonella serotype Albany and serotype Schwarzengrund). The positive alfalfa seed sample units were further tested after shredding, soaking, and washing before culturing. Results suggest that sprouting and shredding methods may yield greater detection and recovery rates of Salmonella, but more research with a larger sample size is warranted.     

Health risks derived from consumption of lettuces irrigated with tertiary effluent containing norovirus

Wastewater is a valuable resource for water-scarce regions, and is becoming increasingly important due to the rising frequency of droughts as a result of climate change. The health risks derived from ingestion of lettuce that has been irrigated with effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Catalonia (Spain) were estimated following a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach using site-specific data. Norovirus (NoV) was selected for this analysis, since it is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Catalonia. Two scenarios, irrigation with secondary and with tertiary effluent, were analysed. An uncertainty analysis was conducted to determine the impact of possible internalization of NoV into edible parts of the lettuce. The mean disease burden for ingestion of lettuce irrigated with secondary and tertiary effluent was 7.8 × 10^− 4 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per person per year (pppy) and 3.9 × 10^− 4 DALYs pppy, respectively. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the model parameters with higher influence on the probability of disease are the concentration of NoV in the effluent and the consumption of lettuce. In order to decrease the disease burden to the guidance level of 10^− 6 DALYs pppy, the tertiary treatment should be able to achieve a 4.3 log reduction of the concentration of NoV. If internalization of NoV into lettuces occurs, this would require a reduction of 7.6 log. This is the first time that site specific data and virus internalization in crops are incorporated in a QMRA of irrigation of lettuce and its impact is quantified.     

Determination of norovirus contamination in oysters from two commercial harvesting areas over an extended period, using semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR

The human health risk associated with the consumption of molluscan shellfish grown in sewage-contaminated waters is well established. Noroviruses, which cause gastroenteritis, are the principal agents of shellfish-related illness. Fecal-indicator quality standards based on Escherichia coli are well established in Europe and elsewhere. However, norovirus outbreaks after consumption of shellfish meeting these standards still occur, and the need to improve consumer health protection is well recognized. Alternative approaches proposed include direct monitoring of viral pathogens and the use of alternative indicator organisms capable of providing a better indication of virus risk. This study applies a recently developed TaqMan PCR assay to assess norovirus contamination in shellfish. Comparison was made with E. coli as the existing sanitary standard and a male-specific RNA bacteriophage as a possible alternative. Two commercial pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) harvesting areas were monitored over a 31-month period. The results show peaks of norovirus contamination in both areas during winter months, with average levels approximately 17 times higher in oysters sampled October to March than during the remainder of the year, consistent with epidemiological data for the United Kingdom showing oyster-associated illness is confined to winter months. While there was no apparent association with E. coli, an association between levels of norovirus contamination and the male-specific RNA bacteriophage was noted, with average norovirus levels over 40 times higher in samples with male-specific RNA bacteriophage counts of >1,000 PFU/100 g than in samples with <100 PFU/100 g. Overall, these results suggest that norovirus monitoring in shellfish production areas could be an effective strategy for reduction of virus risk.     

后基因组时代诺如病毒的研究进展

食源性疾病暴发通常是由食品中的微生物污染所引起.诺如病毒是引起急性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一,每年在世界范围内频繁暴发,威胁着人们的生命安全,增加人们的财富负担.由于诺如病毒易发生突变,各个行业尤其是食品行业的全球化发展迅速,致使诺如病毒的感染已成为严重的公共卫生问题.随着后基因组时代的到来和技术的成熟,诺如病毒的研究取得...     

从一起河鲀中毒调查探讨河鲀食用安全性的风险管理措施

目的通过一起河鲀中毒事件的流行病学调查和人群关于河鲀安全性的知识、态度、行为(KAP)调查,探讨河鲀食用安全的风险管理措施。方法通过病例搜索,调查病例家庭成员进食史及发病情况,采用回顾性队列研究分析发病的高危因素,制作调查问卷调查了解当地村民有关河鲀中毒的知识、态度和行为。结果共搜索到14例病例,其中1例死亡。症状主要为头晕(100%)、四肢无力(79%)、四肢肌肉麻痹和行走困难(71%)、口舌肢端麻痹(71%)等。食用河鲀是发病的危险因素,加工过程保留鱼肝共同煮食可增加中毒的危险(RR=1.8,95%CI=1.1~3.1)。KAP调查发现70%(33/47)的村民近3年曾进食过河鲀,其中88%(29/33)来源于市场或流动摊贩;98%(46/47)的村民知道河鲀有毒,94%(44/47)的村民知道国家法律禁止食用河鲀鱼,但仍有94%(44/47)的人认为其味道鲜美值得品尝。结论食用混杂于无毒河鲀中的有毒河鲀是导致本次食物中毒的主要原因。居民对河鲀安全性知晓率高但依从性差。     

Ozone inactivation of norovirus surrogates on fresh produce

Preharvest contamination of produce by foodborne viruses can occur through a variety of agents, including animal feces/manures, soil, irrigation water, animals, and human handling. Problems of contamination are magnified by potential countrywide distribution. Postharvest processing of produce can involve spraying, washing, or immersion into water with disinfectants; however, disinfectants, including chlorine, have varying effects on viruses and harmful by-products pose a concern. The use of ozone as a disinfectant in produce washes has shown great promise for bacterial pathogens, but limited research exists on its efficacy on viruses. This study compares ozone inactivation of human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus [FCV] and murine norovirus [MNV]) on produce (green onions and lettuce) and in sterile water. Green onions and lettuce inoculated with FCV or MNV were treated with ozone (6.25 ppm) for 0.5- to 10-min time intervals. Infectivity was determined by 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) and plaque assay for FCV and MNV, respectively. After 5 min of ozone treatment, >6 log TCID(50)/ml of FCV was inactivated in water and ～2-log TCID(50)/ml on lettuce and green onions. MNV inoculated onto green onions and lettuce showed a >2-log reduction after 1 min of ozone treatment. The food matrix played the largest role in protection against ozone inactivation. These results indicate that ozone is an alternative method to reduce viral contamination on the surface of fresh produce.     

广州市一起群体性诺沃克病毒性胃肠炎调查分析

诺沃克病毒的感染是成人和大龄儿童流行性非细菌性肠炎的主要病因 ,但由于检验方法尚不普及 ,临床上确诊的较为少见。 2 0 0 3年 10月广州市越秀区某小学学生出现呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、发热等症状 ,人数达 82人 (其中 1名老师 ) ,经广州市、越秀区疾病预防控制中心反复多次详细的现场调查 ,并在广东省疾病预防控制中心的技术支持下 ,利用RT PCR方法在病人粪便标本中检测到诺沃克类病毒。首次在广州市证实该事件的病因是诺沃克类病毒引起的急性胃肠炎。