Experimental and analytical study of direct contact condensation of steam in water

The object of this work is to improve our understanding and analysis capability for direct contact condensation of steam in water. Transition criteria between regimes of direct contact condensation have been proposed. A transition criterion for the onset of chugging has been developed from the transient conduction model as well as a criterion for the existence of a condensing jet from the two-layer turbulent eddy transfer model. In order to analyze the effect of non-condensable gas on the chugging boundary, a transient conduction-diffusion model for steam and steam-gas mixtures can be calculated. In particular, the amount of non-condensable gas required to suppress chugging can be quantified by use of this model. The critical gas content is found to be of the order of a few percent. In addition, a methodology is suggested for calculating the product of the interfacial area and the heat transfer coefficient for oscillatory jets. All the models and transition criteria developed are applicable for upward steam injection only with the exception of the methodology used for calculating the heat transfer of high velocity steam jets.     

Measurement of heat transfer coefficients for direct contact condensation in core makeup tanks using holographic interferometer

The present work is to improve our understanding and analysis of direct contact condensation on the gravity injection of CMTs and to measure the heat transfer coefficients around steam bubbles using the holographic interferometer and high speed camera. The condensation regime map associated with the downward injection of steam into water through the steam pipe is investigated to understand the mechanism of the direct contact condensation. The present map shows that the boundary of chugging and subsonic jetting with the larger diameter pipe is shifted to the larger steam mass flux. Steam cavity mode, not found in the literature, and the unique mode of downward injection for the present geometry, is observed at the low subcooled water temperature. With the holographic interferometry and the high speed camera, the heat transfer mechanism for the direct contact condensation in CMTs is understood and the heat transfer coefficients are measured.     

基于ADS1～3缩比模型的双孔蒸汽喷放冷凝传热系统程序计算与实验验证

高温蒸汽在过冷水中喷放直接接触式冷凝是AP1000、CAP1400等三代先进压水堆一回路在事故超压情况下重要的降温降压途径。本文基于系统程序RELAP5、COSINE对饱和蒸汽通过双孔喷洒器喷入大容积过冷水中进行直接接触冷凝这一过程进行建模、计算、分析,获得高温蒸汽从喷口喷出后沿轴向的温度分布。同时开展蒸汽喷放冷凝可视化实验,采用热电偶矩阵和高速摄像机等对关键热工参数进行测量,以获得蒸汽汽羽的温度分布和喷放流型等,用于验证系统程序对蒸汽喷放冷凝过程模拟的准确性。结果表明,采用RELAP5程序基本能模拟简化条件下的ADS蒸汽喷放冷凝总体变化规律,模拟结果与实验结果相比平均误差为2.97%。此外,采用COSINE程序对喷放冷凝过程模型进行了进一步修正和改进,考虑水箱内整体流动对喷放特性的影响,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,平均误差为1.89%。但由于实际双孔喷放过程较为复杂,并且存在明显的三维特性,所以仍需对系统程序中相关冷凝传热模型进行完善,以更精确地模拟其局部冷凝特征。     

System Code Calculation and Experimental Verification for Double-hole Steam Jet Condensation Heat Transfer Process Based on ADS1 3 Scaled Model

The steam direct contact condensation of high-temperature steam in sub-cooled water is an important way to reduce the temperature and pressure in the primary circuit in the third generation of advanced pressurized water reactors such as AP1000 and CAP1400 in the event of accidental overpressure. Based on the system codes of RELAP5 and COSINE, the process of saturated steam injecting into large volume sub-cooled water through a double-hole nozzle was modeled, calculated and analyzed. The temperature distributions along the axial direction of the high-temperature steam ejected from the nozzle were obtained. At the same time, the visual experiments of steam jet condensation were performed. The thermocouple matrix and high-speed camera were used to measure the key thermal-hydraulic parameters to obtain the temperature distributions along the steam plume and the flow patterns of the steam jet, which were used to verify the accuracy of the system code to simulate the process of steam spraying and condensation. The results show that the system code RELAP5 can basically simulate the general trend of ADS steam condensation process under the simplified model. The average error of the simulation results is 2.97% compared with the experimental results. In addition, the COSINE code was used to further modify and improve the model of the spraying condensation process. Considering the influence of the overall flow in the water tank on the condensation characteristics, the simulation results fit well with the experimental results, with an average error of 1.89%. However, the actual double-hole spraying process is complex and has obvious three-dimensional characteristics, so the relevant condensation heat transfer model in the system code still needs to be further improved to simulate its local condensation characteristics more accurately.     

Experimental and computational study on jet final depth under coolant jet-melt interaction

Pouring coolant into molten material provides an efficient method for cooling molten core debris in light water reactor. This coolant jet-melt interaction mode needs to be studied for proposed application and safety concern. The jet breakup pattern and its final depth are crucial factors for efficient cooling. In the present study, the hydraulic penetration behavior of coolant jet is investigated using experimental and numerical approaches. A series of visual experiments are conducted using low-density gasoline as coolant jet and high-density water as molten fuel. The images of jet behaviors and the data of gasoline jet penetration depth are obtained and analyzed. Based on FLUENT15.0 a 3D axisymmetric model is built and Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used. The hydraulic penetration behaviors of jet and final penetration depth are correctly simulated and analyzed. The fluctuating phenomenon of penetration depth and the effects of various parameters are discussed. Jet velocity and density ratio are key factors to final penetration depth. The conclusions are helpful to understand the parameter influence and the fluctuation mechanism of final penetration depth and substantiate the understanding of the coolant jet hydraulic penetration behavior during coolant jet-melt interaction.     

气动式脉冲液体射流泵性能实验研究

实验研究了喷嘴直径为5 mm,扩散管直径分别为5、7 mm,提升高度为6.7 m的气动式脉冲液体射流泵的性能。结果表明:料桶内的液面高度对气动式脉冲液体射流泵的效率、扬程、输送量影响甚微,而随着操作压力的增加,脉冲液体射流泵的效率、扬程、输送量也增大。证明了在本实验条件下,最佳喷嘴间距与喷嘴直径之比为0.8～2.0范围内,并讨论了不同喷嘴间距所对应的最低操作压力条件。     

Measurement of heat transfer coefficients for steam condensation on a vertical 21.5-mm-O.D. tube in the presence of air

ABSTRACT

Governing the rate of heat transport by condenser tubes in the passive containment cooling system (PCCS), the steam condensation over a vertical cylinder in the presence of air was investigated experimentally. The main objective of this study was to explore if the condensation heat transfer coefficient relies on the tube dimension, which has been a variable missed in most condensation models or has been embraced without experimental demonstration under phase change environments. The mean heat transfer coefficient was measured in the condensation test facility named JERICHO (JNU Experimental Rig for Investigation of Condensation Heat transfer On tube). The outer diameter of the condenser tube used in this study was set to 21.5 mm. The measured heat transfer coefficients were compared to those obtained from the 40-mm-O.D. tube, and a multiplier to correct the variation of the heat transfer coefficient with the tube diameter was proposed for its application to Lee correlation. The proposed correlation was further validated against another set of experimental data obtained from a separate test facility housing the 31.8-mm-O.D. tube.     

气溶胶直接进样装置样品引入流量优化及气溶胶损失率研究

由于空气中的氧气会影响电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的测量,空气直接进样测量会导致待测核素的离子化程度降低,从而使灵敏度大大降低甚至于熄火停机。因此为了实现ICP-MS直接对空气气溶胶样品测量,设计了一套气溶胶直接进样装置以实现空气和工作氩气的交换,保证气溶胶由氩气载带进入ICP-MS进行测量。针对该进样装置进行了置换效率测定与分析,通过与ICP-MS联机测量系统本底结果以及整套测量系统的运行成本分析,选择了最优化的空气样品引入流量为0.8 L/min,氩气引入流量为10 L/min。通过气溶胶损失率研究,证明气溶胶经过该直接进样装置时基本无需考虑气溶胶损失的问题。基于气溶胶直接进样装置的研制和性能测试,实现了ICP-MS直接快速测量场所空气中气溶胶,为后续ICP-MS快速定量测量空气气溶胶中的各种长寿命放射性核素奠定了基础,为场所和流出物中气溶胶的快速连续测量提供了一种新的方法。     

A study on the boron injection initiation temperature curve of BWR

Boron injection initiation temperature (BIIT) provides important information for the safe shutdown of the reactor using boron injection system during anticipated transient without scram (ATWS). The purpose of this paper is to study BIIT curve of boiling water reactor owners’ group (BWROG). The unreasonable and non-conservative parts of BIIT are pointed out and suggested modifications are made. The starting reactor power of BIIT is increased in order to meet the actual application. The lower limit of suppression pool temperature of BIIT is revised for conservative operation during ATWS conditions. Analysis of the effects of maximum temperature capacity of the suppression chamber and concentration of boron in standby liquid control tank shows that BIIT is decreased by adopting a more conservative value of maximum temperature capacity of the suppression chamber. Consequently, early boron injection is anticipated. For system with automatic boron injection system, BIIT is not required.     

Thermal-hydraulic analysis on the effect of operator action in the loss of shutdown cooling system accident in a PWR

It is necessary to develop PSA methodology and integrated accident management technology during low power/shutdown operations. To develop this technology, thermal-hydraulic analysis is necessarily required to access the trend of plant process parameters and operator's grace time after initiation of the accident. In this study, the thermal-hydraulic behavior in the loss of shutdown cooling system accident during low power/shutdown operations at the Korean standard nuclear power plant was analyzed using the best-estimate thermal-hydraulic analysis code, MARS2.1. The effects of operator's action and initiation of accident mitigation system, such as safety injection and gravity feed on mitigation of the accident during shutdown operations are also analyzed.When steam generators are unavailable or vent paths with large cross-sectional area are open in the accident, the core damage occurs earlier than the cases of steam generators available or vent paths with small cross-sectional area. If an operator takes an action to mitigate the accident, the accident can be mitigated considerably. To mitigate the accident, high-pressure safety injection is more effective in POS4B and gravity feed is more effective in POS5. The results of this study can contribute to the plant safety improvement because those can provide the time for an operator to take an action to mitigate the accident by providing quantitative time of core damage. The results of this study can also provide information in developing operating procedure and accident management technology.