As a result, lower strengths were obtained in all samples that aged under high temperature compared to non-aged samples. After the application of short-term (15-30 min) aging processes on samples, it is observed that they have joint strength values about 50% of the joint strength of non-aged samples. However, strength values of short-term aged joints (15, 30 min) remain higher than the strength values of the foam materials used in the tests. These results show that methacrylate-based adhesives subjected to short-term thermal loads up to 200 °C can be used in constructions. 相似文献
We studied a composite material/epoxy/aluminium alloy system and observed a curved crack front during propagation. This leads to doubt as to the value of crack length to be inserted in the adhesion energy formula. In addition, by using the highly sensitive technique of speckle interferometry, it was possible to study anticlastic bending effects in a quantitative manner. Far from the crack front, agreement between theory and experimental is good, yet work remains to be done to understand the zone near the fracture zone. 相似文献
Methods: Occlusal surfaces of 48 extracted human molars were ground to expose flat superficial dentin surfaces. Specimens were randomly divided into two main groups according to the tested self-etch adhesive system either: One-step self-etch (AdperTM easy-one) or two-step self-etch (AdperTM SE Plus). Each adhesive system was applied on the prepared dentin surfaces followed one of these techniques: (1) Passive application of a single layer, (2) Active application of single layer, (3) Passive application of double adhesive layer (with light curing in between), and (4) Active application of double adhesive layers. Resin composite was packed inside micro-tubes fixed on the bonded dentin surfaces and light cured for 40 s. All specimens were stored in artificial saliva either for 24 h or 3 months before testing. Microshear bond strength test was employed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.
Results: AdperTM SE Plus showed higher significant microshear bond strength in compared with AdperTM easy-one. For both adhesive systems active application showed higher significant microshear bond strength to dentin than passive application. Double application of adhesive systems showed lower microshear bond strength than single application.
Conclusion: Active application of self-etch adhesives could improve the dentin microshear bond strength. Double application with curing in between the layers did not improve the bond strength to the tested adhesive. 相似文献
In the fresh water system, the separating effect of the ozonated water on the microorganisms such as the sphaerotilus and the zoogloea which adhere to the piping and form the slime is recognized. When the ozonated water is supplied intermittently to the piping without stopping the flow of the cooling water, a constant volume of cooling water can be maintained. At the velocity of 1 m/sec, the amount of metal corrosion produced by the ozonated water is reduced on the mild steel, increased on the copper and does not change on the cast iron, when compared with that produced by the water containing no ozone.
In the seawater system, since many substances are oxidized by the ozone, the same treatment as that in the fresh water system cannot be applied. However, if the seawater in the cooling system can be replaced with ozone-containing air intermittently once a week, the adhesion of organisms such as barnacles and mussels to the piping can be prevented without having a bad influence on the other living oceanic organisms. 相似文献
The operation of these water treatment systems has shown that safe and high quality pool water is obtained reliably and economically. One pool (Main Pool) is of Olympic size, the other (Learner pool) is designed especially for use by children. Both pools utilize a full corona discharge ozone water treatment system. They were the first ozone systems in the U.S. to be built for public pools using the process of ozonation, flocculation, filtration, ozone removal and residual chlorination.
An extensive testing program was initiated in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Health. The bacteriological water quality from these swimming pools was in compliance with Wisconsin State Health Regulations and the German DIN Standard 19,643.
The first year of operation of the Peck Aquatic Center has shown that the corona discharge ozone pool water treatment process can:
1) Operate reliably in a public swimming pool environment without the need for highly or special operator qualifications.
2) Produce continuously bacteria- and virus-free pool water without the harmful and unpleasant effects of chlorine.
3) Creates a user constituency group praising and promoting the use of “minimal chlorine swimming” in the community. 相似文献
Materials and Methods: Thirty-three bovine incisors were used in this study. After the labial enamel surfaces were highly polished, they were etched, water sprayed, and air-dried. Afterward, the enamel surfaces were treated with or without (control) one of three PAEs-containing primers (40%MDP, Ivoclar Vivadent; Resulcin AquaPrime A + B, DMG; Xeno V, Dentsply), water sprayed, and air-dried. Subsequently, an adhesive Heliobond (Ivoclar Vivadent) was applied and resin composite (Core Build-up, Bisco) was placed incrementally. They were prepared into multiple beams of about 1 × 1 × 8 mm for MTBS tests. The enamel surfaces and resin–enamel interfaces were analyzed by SEM and TEM. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and LSD test.
Results: Using PAEs-containing primers could increase the enamel MTBS (p < 0.05). The primer MDP produced higher MTBS than the primer Resulcin AquaPrime A + B and Xeno V. The SEM findings revealed the primed enamel surfaces were covered with a thin or glue-like layer of monomer-calcium salts of PAEs and the residual enamel crystallites, and various micro-porosities were detected within the hybrid layers. The TEM findings revealed the hydroxyapatite crystallites were tightly covered by the adhesive, the adhesive mixed with resin composite, or sparse irregular enamel crystallites.
Conclusion: The application of PAEs-containing primers on the etched enamel substrate could significantly increase the immediate enamel bond strengths. However, this effect was dependent on the individual PAEs-containing primer used. 相似文献
Ozonated water was produced using a contact system specifically designed for these tests by Ozotech Ltd. Ozone residual concentrations in the order of 0.1 mg/L were found to be capable of removing 80-99% of the biofilm in single applications. However, effectiveness of ozone was dependent on morphology, thickness and age of the biofilms. Intermittent application of ozone, using residual concentrations < 0.1 mg/L, was found to be capable of weakening the biofilm, but a minimum period of 3-h was required for effective control.
The fluid velocity was found to affect the rate and amount of biofilm removed. The effects of fluid velocities in the range 0.5-2.5 m/sec were examined. In general, the higher the velocity the greater the initial rate of removal and the percentage of the biofilm removed; this suggested that ozone action was mass transfer dependent.
The effect of ozone on bacterial cell structure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy techniques. Changes in cell structure were revealed after contact with ozone and residuals above 0.4 mg/L were required for 100% kill of bacterial suspensions.
In conclusion, the effectiveness of ozone for full-scale application will vary depending on the morphology of the biofilm, the velocity of the fluid and the ozone dose applied. An ozone dosing regime for commercial application is suggested. 相似文献
Highlights:
Mathematical model of cascade for separation of multicomponent isotope mixture has been developed.
The model verification has been done.
The isotope transient regularities into cascade during nonstationary processes has been identified. 相似文献
Introduction of new technological achievements and development in the field of flame retardancy (FR)
Review of the current state of science and technology in FR
Review of applications and markets for FR products
Presentation of recent developments in local and global standardization and in testing technology
Discussion of toxicity and environmental issues
Provision of a unique opportunity for newcomers to FR research technology and marketing to become acquainted with the FR field in all its aspects
Discussion of halogen-based and non-halogen-based flame retardant chemicals, syngergism, intumescence, FR mechanisms, modeling, flame parameters, inherently FR polymers, and polymer blends 相似文献
The control strategies investigated and compared are multiloop SISO, 2-way decoupling and l-way decoupling. The control variables are the standard ones, i.e. reflux flow and boilup.
In most of the cases INA has been found to be a useful tool for design of the loops and for comparison of the different control approaches. INA has also been found to be useful for simultaneous tuning of the decouplers and the feedback controllers.
For 2-way decoupling the criterion to minimize interaction at the critical frequency for each primary feedback loop has been found useful in most, but not all, cases. The scheme can be designed by pure gains in the decouplers and there is no reason to introduce dynamics into the decouplers—the systems studied are already sufficiently rich in dynamics.
INA has been found to be a suitable vehicle for the choice between the two possible l-way decoupling schemes.
With the design approach taken, l-way decoupling has been found to provide considerably better control quality than 2-way decoupling in two of the six systems, the differences in control quality being small in the other cases.
The effect of model mismatching on the results, caused e.g. by process nonlinearities, is discussed and simple rules to decrease the parameter sensitivity for 2-way decoupling schemes are given. When model mismatching is considered, the advantage of l-way decoupling over 2-way decoupling seems to increase.
One deficiency of the INA design as used in this paper is that it does not single out the design which is to be preferred on the grounds of robustness. 相似文献
1. Surface irregularities caused by melt flow phenomena
2. Crystallization behavior
3. Melt drawing phenomena in certain types of polyethylene 相似文献
This study aims to develop an integrative model to predict the filtration efficiencies in realistic tests by incorporating the effects of the filtration velocity profile and challenging particle size distribution classified by a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) into the existing filtration models. Face velocity profile is modeled with fluid mechanics simulations; the initial generated particle size distribution, the particle charging status and the DMA transfer function are modeled to obtain the challenging particle size distribution. These results are then fed into the filtration models. Simulated results are compared with experimental ones to verify the model accuracy. This model can be used to reduce filtration test artifacts and to improve the experimental procedure.
The results reveal that the face velocity upstream the filter exhibits high degree of homogeneity not affecting the filtration efficiency if the filter pressure drop is not very low. The generated particle size distribution and the DMA selection size window could influence the challenging particle size distribution and therefore the measured filtration efficiency.
Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research 相似文献
Methods: Seven hundred and twenty stainless steel brackets were divided into 3 groups according to the adhesive system used (Transbond XT light-cure adhesive [TXT], Transbond LR capsule [LR], and Light Bond light-cure adhesive paste [LB]), and each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to light-curing procedure (LED or halogen). Brackets were bonded with adhesives onto tooth buccal surfaces and polymerized. Each specimen contained 24 brackets that simulated the oral environment (n = 5). The specimens were immersed in a 75% ethanol/water solution at 37 °C for 10 min, 1 h, 1 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 30 d, respectively. Eluted monomers (Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA) were detected using HPLC.
Results: There was residual monomer release at all time periods, and the highest amount of release was observed cumulatively on the 30th day. The cumulative Bis-GMA released from adhesives was not different (p > 0.05). The cumulative TEGDMA released from adhesives was statistically different (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between QTH and LED light-curing units for each adhesive (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: The release of residual monomers stays at a high level for a long time after polymerization. The total leaching of residual monomers from the Light Bond light-cure sealant resin plus Light Bond light-cure adhesive paste was higher than that of other materials for both curing units. Different curing units (LED or QTH) did not affect the monomer release from the orthodontic adhesives. 相似文献
- oxido-flocculation, using Fe2+, H2O2
- inter-oxidation, using O3, H2O2 and eventually an heterogeneous catalyst.
- disinfection, using UV, O3 and H2O2 combinations.
Results show that triazines can be removed by all these processes with different efficiencies. At full scale, the O3/H2O2 process presents the best performances from an economical and technical point of view. 相似文献
According to literature reports and own research, PAHs presence in wastewaters is common. It was confirmed that PAHs are the components of municipal landfill leachate. Membrane techniques are one of the most interesting ways of removing PAHs from leachate.
The purpose of this article is to monitor PAHs concentration changes during the membrane (reverse osmosis - RO) leachate treatment processes. In the first stage of testing leachates were filtrated on the sand bed (pre-filtration). After the pre-filtration they were directed to the membrane module for the main filtration.
Sixteen PAHs listed by EPA were analyzed. The results with information on PAHs concentration in leachate samples were presented using HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLD). The changes in PAHs concentration were determined in leachate samples before and after pre-filtration as well as after RO. The decrease of PAHs concentration in the samples was observed after these processes. The total concentration of 16 PAHs in raw municipal landfill leachates amounted to 23.64–26.95 μg/L. The research confirmed the high efficiency in removal of PAHs while using a reverse osmosis (59–72%). Including the pre-filtration, the overall level of removed PAHs reached 81–86%. The average PAHs concentration after pre-filtration and RO was in the 4.46–4.99 μg/L range. The municipal landfill leachate with a high concentration of PAHs should be cleaned before it is discharged into the environment. 相似文献
Material and methods: CAD/CAM blocks of 2-mm thickness were sectioned with a slow-speed diamond-saw sectioning machine. The slabs were then embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin (n = 12), and resin cements were applied to the surface of the specimens. All specimens were stored in water for 24 h and subjected to 5000 thermal cycles. Bond strength was measured by means of the shear bond strength test. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey LSD post hoc tests.
Results: The results of the two-way ANOVA test indicated that the bond strength values varied significantly depending on the CAD/CAM restorative materials, resin cements, and interaction of these variables (p < 0.05). The RNC group showed the highest bond strength for Panavia F 2.0 (p < 0.05); there were no significant differences among other CAD/CAM materials for Panavia F 2.0 (p > 0.05). The LDG group showed the highest bond strength for Multilink N, it was followed by the ZLDC group (p < 0.05); there were no significant differences between RNC and HC groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: Choosing resin cements for restorations should be done carefully because bond strength values vary significantly depending on the resin cement and CAD/CAM restorative material. 相似文献
Materials and methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 40 extracted human third molars. Forty box-shaped cavities were divided into four groups, based on the desensitizers used (n = 10). All teeth were restored with the same bonding agent and composite material. No desensitizer was applied in the control group. In the experimental groups, BisBlock, Gluma and Universal bonding agents were the desensitizers. The desensitizers were applied after completion of composite restorations according to manufacturers’ instructions. All specimens were then thermocycled at 5–55 °C, with a 10-s dwell time for 500 cycles. The samples were then immersed in 0.5% methylene blue dye for 24 h, sectioned into two equal halves, evaluated for microleakage using a stereomicroscope at 30× magnification and scored on a scale of 0–3. The data were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test at the significance level p < 0.05.
Results: There were no significant differences in microleakage after desensitizer application (p > 0.05). However, based on the obtained numerical values in our study, while the BisBlock and bonding groups showed lower microleakage at the occlusal margin, BisBlock, Gluma and bonding group showed lower microleakage at the gingival margin compared to the control group.
Conclusions: The application of desensitizers as a post-treatment option could be considered an advisable procedure to minimize microleakage. 相似文献
It has been indicated that the removal of the five species of aromatic nitro compounds by ozonation can well be expressed mathematically by first order reaction equations. Besides, the reaction constants and half-life periods for various species of the tested nitro compounds were calculated at different temperatures and pH.
An ozonation effect index (OI) was developed in the study to express the degree of degradation of substrates by ozonation, by means of which the five aromatic nitro hydrocarbons were compared with each other and finally ranked in the following order from greatest to smallest degrees of degradation:
p-nitroaniline > nitrobenzene > p-dinitrobenzene > p-nitrotoluene > m-dinitrobenzene
It has also found that the CODm/M ratio increases with ozone doses. This means that some easily degradable intermediates are produced, and increase in concentration with increase of ozone dose in the ozonation process.
The mechanisms of removing the five aromatic nitro hydrocarbons are discussed from the viewpoint of orienting effects of substituent groups on the aromatic rings. 相似文献
High filtration rates were tested in this study. The 2.1m deep filters were run at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 35 m/h with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of only 3.6 minutes.
The important findings of this work are
?The high-rate biologically active carbon (BAC) filters met the objective of controlling ozone DBPs. These results confirm that high rate, low EBCT filters can provide significant biodegradation. Anthracite biofilters provided significantly less removal of ozone DBPs.
?The high rate BAC filters showed significant reduction of background HAAs. BAC reduced the background HAAs to below the long-term target of 30 μg/L. Anthracite biofilters did not exhibit HAA removal.
?Biological filtration with either media was ineffective for background THM removal. The long-term target of 40 μg/L could not be achieved without GAC adsorption. 相似文献